Methylene blue modulates adhesion molecule expression on microvascular endothelial cells

Objective and design

As methylene blue (MB) has been recently proposed to preserve blood pressure in case of vasoplegic syndrome and shock, an entity directly related to systemic inflammation, we aimed to elucidate the effect of MB on the expression of adhesion-molecules in endothelial-cells.

Materials and treatment

Human microvascular endothelial-cells (HuMEC-1) were treated with 10, 30 or 60 µM MB for 30 min and 2 h each. Additionally, the treated HuMEC-1 were co-cultured with either human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or Jurkat cells (human T-lymphocytes) for 2 h.

Methods

HuMEC-1 were analyzed after MB treatment and after co-culture experiments for expression of different adhesion-molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, L-selectin, E-selectin) via FACS measurement and western blot analysis. The supernatants of the experiments were analyzed with regard to the soluble forms of the adhesion molecules.

Results

We found that MB is able to modulate the expression of adhesion-molecules on EC. Administration of MB increases the expression of E-selectin and VCAM-1 depending on the dosage and time of exposure. ICAM-1 measurements provide evidence that different circulating blood cells can differently alter the adhesion-molecule expression on EC after MB exposure.

Conclusion

Our results provide evidence regarding the immunomodulatory effect of MB upon endothelial-cells after inflammation.     

p27Kip1 modulates cell migration through the regulation of RhoA activation

The tumor suppressor p27(Kip1) is an inhibitor of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes and plays a crucial role in cell cycle regulation. However, p27(Kip1) also has cell cycle-independent functions. Indeed, we find that p27(Kip1) regulates cell migration, as p27(Kip1)-null fibroblasts exhibit a dramatic decrease in motility compared with wild-type cells. The regulation of motility by p27(Kip1) is independent of its cell-cycle regulatory functions, as re-expression of both wild-type p27(Kip1) and a mutant p27(Kip1) (p27CK(-)) that cannot bind to cyclins and CDKs rescues migration of p27(-/-) cells. p27(-/-) cells have increased numbers of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions. This is reminiscent of cells in which the Rho pathway is activated. Indeed, active RhoA levels were increased in cells lacking p27(Kip1). Moreover, inhibition of ROCK, a downstream effector of Rho, was able to rescue the migration defect of p27(-/-) cells in response to growth factors. Finally, we found that p27(Kip1) binds to RhoA, thereby inhibiting RhoA activation by interfering with the interaction between RhoA and its activators, the guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Together, the data suggest a novel role for p27(Kip1) in regulating cell migration via modulation of the Rho pathway.     

IFRD1 modulates disease severity in cystic fibrosis through the regulation of neutrophil effector function

Identification of IFRD1 as a modifier gene for cystic fibrosis lung disease
Gu et al. (2009)
Nature 458: 1039–1044     

5-Lipoxygenase gene expression in the thymus.

Eicosanoids are arachidonic acid metabolites issued both the cyclooxygenase and the lipoxygenase pathways. Many of these products were reported to modulate the immune response. Since most of eicosanoids have a short half life they are considered as local immunomodulators. Interactions between eicosanoids and thymocytes appear to be complex within the thymus. It was reported that cyclooxegenase derivatives of arachidonic acid are produced in this primary lymphoid organ mostly by cells of the thymic microenvironment. On the other hand it is not yet clearly established (1) what is the location of the lipoxygenase-positive cells within the gland and (2) what is the ratio of cells producing lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid when compared to the whole thymocyte population. Using two oligonucleotides complementary to the rat 5-lipoxygenase mRNA we demonstrated (by both hybridization on Northern blots and in situ hybridization) the expression of the 5-lipoxygenase gene in the thymus. 5-lipoxygenase positive cells appear to be associated in "clusters" and are mostly located in the thymic cortex. It is likely that they belong to the thymic microenvironment.     

Nerve dependent regulation of neural cell adhesion molecule expression in skeletal muscle

The expression of neural cell adhesion molecule was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence on adult mouse skeletal muscle subjected to a variety of experimental lesions. Adult mouse muscle does not express neural cell adhesion molecule at the sarcolemma. However, following denervation there is a rapid rise in neural cell adhesion molecule levels; this is initially in the cytoplasm of the myofibres but by 18 days there is intense reactivity at the sarcolemma. A nerve crush lesion was used to show that the increase in neural cell adhesion molecule levels following denervation is accompanied by a switch-off of neural cell adhesion molecule expression following reinnervation. Paralysis of skeletal muscle by botulinum toxin injection is sufficient to activate neural cell adhesion molecule expression. As paralysis of skeletal muscle by botulinum toxin is not accompanied by activation of muscle satellite cells or degeneration products of nerve or myelin, it suggests that the observed levels of neural cell adhesion molecule are synthesised by myofibres. As the expression of neural cell adhesion molecule in these lesions parallels the ability of skeletal muscle to accept innervation it is possible that neural cell adhesion molecule acts as a molecular cue at the sarcolemma in regulating synaptogenesis.     

Cetirizine modulates adhesion molecule expression in a double-blind controlled study conducted in psoriatic patients

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory T-cell-mediated immune dermatosis, characterized by the cutaneous expression of adhesion molecules belonging to the beta1 and beta2 integrin subfamilies, such as intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, ICAM-3, lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and endothelial adhesion molecule (ELAM)-1. Cetirizine is a nonsedating, selective H1-receptor antagonist, whose therapeutic efficacy is probably the result of its effect on both the immediate allergic reaction and the late-phase allergic response. The aim of this study was to investigate adhesion molecule expression (ICAM-1, ICAM-3, VCAM-1, LFA-1 and ELAM-1) by using an immunophosphatase alkaline (APAAP) technique in a double-blind controlled study. Nineteen patients with active psoriasis vulgaris minima were randomized into two groups: group A (two men and six women, aged 22-59 years) was treated with cetirizine (30 mg a day, 3 times a day for 15 days) and group B (three men and eight women, aged 24-72 years) were administered placebo. Positive cells were counted by two independent and blinded observers and at least three adjacent high-power fields (250 X) were analyzed. In group A, ICAM-1-positive cells decreased from 75.8 (SE +/- 15.12) to 38.8 (SE +/- 7.57) ICAM-3-positive cells decreased from 61.7 (SE +/- 12.72) to 45.2 (SE +/- 9.44) and LFA-1 decreased from 103.9 (SE +/- 17.34) to 66.5 (SE +/- 8.63) after cetirizine treatment (p = 0.02). In group B, a nonsignificant reduction was found after placebo administration in the expression of adhesion molecules except for ELAM-1, which showed a slight variation, from 23.4 (SE +/- 3.56) to 21.5 (SE +/- 3.26). The reduction in the expression of adhesion molecules in psoriasis after cetirizine treatment suggests a possible inhibitory effect of this drug on some cell surface proteins and subsequently on the migration of inflammatory cells in psoriatic skin lesions. Our findings support its antiinflammatory effect in addition to its H1-blocking activity.     

Cell-cell contact modulates expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 in PC12 cells.

The effect of cell contact on the expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 was investigated. The rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 cells were cultured at various densities in the presence or absence of the nerve growth factor. The addition of the nerve growth factor promoted the expression of L1. The expression of L1 was higher when the cells were cultured at high density than when done at low density both in the presence or absence of the nerve growth factor. Immunohistochemical staining of L1 showed that the expression of L1 was higher in the cells contacting each other. These results show that cell interaction affects the expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 in the PC12 cells.     

Corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates human trophoblast invasion through carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 regulation

Abnormalities in the process of trophoblast invasion may result in abnormal placentation. Both the embryonic trophoblast and maternal decidua produce corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which promotes implantation. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), which is expressed in extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) of normal human placenta, may also function in tro-phoblast/endometrial interactions. We investigated whether locally produced CRH plays a role in trophoblast invasion, primarily by regulating CEACAM1 expression. We examined cultures of freshly isolated human EVTs, which express CEACAM1, and an EVT-based hybridoma cell line, which is devoid of endogenous CEACAM1. CRH inhibited EVT invasion in Matrigel invasion assays, and this effect was blocked by the CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1)-specific antagonist antalarmin. Additionally, CRH decreased CEACAM1 expression in EVTs in a dose-dependent manner. After transfection of the hybridoma cell line with a CEACAM1 expression vector, the invasiveness of these cells was strongly enhanced. This effect was inhibited by addition of blocking monoclonal antibody against CEACAM1. Furthermore, blocking of endogenous CEACAM1 in EVTs inhibited the invasive potential of these cells. Taken together these findings suggest that CRH inhibits trophoblast invasion by decreasing the expression of CEACAM1 through CRHR1, an effect that might be involved in the pathophysiology of clinical conditions, such as preeclampsia and placenta accreta.     

Cell adhesion molecule expression in the sheep thymus

Cell adhesion molecules are potential regulating factors in both prethymic and intrathymic T cell development. An experimental challenge has been the development of a large animal model that facilitates in vivo studies of both intrathymic development and lymphocyte migration. To extend earlier studies of thymic development, we have developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to a variety of sheep cell adhesion molecules. Immunohistochemistry was used to define mAb reactivity and flow cytometry was used to quantify expression of cell adhesion molecules within the thymus. To facilitate flow cytometry definition of cortical thymocytes, mAbs were developed to the sheep CD1 antigen. Dual parameter flow cytometry provided a phenotypic characterization of cell adhesion molecule expression on both CD1(+) and CD1(-) sheep thymocyte populations. These studies demonstrated significantly enhanced cortical thymocyte expression of three cell adhesion molecules: beta1 integrin (CD29), ICAM-2 and LFA-3. The beta1 integrin cell adhesion molecule was also expressed at higher levels on CD1(+) thymocytes in post-natal lambs as compared to adult sheep. These studies of thymocyte membrane molecule expression should facilitate future investigations of sheep intrathymic development and T lymphocyte immigration.     

Bidirectional regulation of neutrophil migration by mitogen-activated protein kinases

To kill invading bacteria, neutrophils must interpret spatial cues, migrate and reach target sites. Although the initiation of chemotactic migration has been extensively studied, little is known about its termination. Here we found that two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) had opposing roles in neutrophil trafficking. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase Erk potentiated activity of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK2 and inhibited neutrophil migration, whereas the MAPK p38 acted as a noncanonical GRK that phosphorylated the formyl peptide receptor FPR1 and facilitated neutrophil migration by blocking GRK2 function. Therefore, the dynamic balance between Erk and p38 controlled neutrophil 'stop' and 'go' activity, which ensured that neutrophils reached their final destination as the first line of host defense.     

Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule modulates photic signaling in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus

Polysialic acid (PSA), a sialic acid polymer that regulates plasticity and cell-cell interactions in neural tissues, is expressed in the mammalian circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In vivo enzymatic removal of PSA from the mouse SCN significantly impaired both the photic induction of Fos protein in SCN cells and light-induced phase-resetting of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm. Genetic deletion of PSA and it's neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) carrier correspondingly attenuated light-induced circadian phase-shifting. Comparison of PSA levels between young and old mice revealed a large aging-related reduction in SCN PSA content that accompanies the diminished capacity for circadian photic response reported in old rodents. Collectively these data support the contention that PSA modulates photic signaling in the SCN, and that normal reductions in the cell surface molecule contribute to aging-related deficits in SCN circadian clock function.     

过表达细胞黏附分子1抑制卵巢癌细胞迁移及侵袭

目的:研究过表达细胞黏附分子1(cell adhesion molecule 1,CADM1)对卵巢癌增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响.方法:qRT-PCR测定CADM1mRNA在卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3及人正常卵巢上皮细胞hose中的表达,将SKOV3细胞分成两组,即CADM1过表达组和对照组,转染48 h后Western印迹测定两组CADM1蛋白表达量,采用lipofectamine 2000分别转染pcDNA3.1-CADM1及pcDNA3.1质粒,采用CCK-8、克隆形成、细胞划痕及Transwell实验分别检测两组细胞增殖、克隆形成、细胞迁移及侵袭能力.结果:CADM1mRNA在SKOV3中表达水平显著低于hose细胞系(1.54±0.34 vs.5.63±0.96,p＜0.05);转染48 h后,CADM1过表达组和对照组CADM1蛋白表达量分别为2.53±0.42,0.37±0.09,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CADM1过表达组和对照组在0,24,48,72 h 450 nm处的OD值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);CADM1过表达组与对照组克隆形成数相比(60.4±7.6 vs.58.3±8.2),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);CADM1过表达组细胞迁移率显著低于对照组(20.3％±3.5％vs.60.1％±4.2％,P＜0.05);CADM1过表达组侵袭细胞数显著少于对照组(24.5±5.3 vs.65.1±6.9,P＜0.05).结论:CADM1在卵巢癌细胞系中低表达,过表达CADM1对卵巢癌细胞增殖和克隆形成无影响,但可抑制迁移和侵袭,起抑癌基因的作用.     

Propranolol affects stress-induced leukocytosis and cellular adhesion molecule expression

In this study, the impact of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol on resting and acute psychological- and physical-stress-induced circulating leukocyte numbers and the density of cellular adhesion molecules was investigated. In a randomized double-blind crossover design, 45 healthy volunteers performed a 15-min public speaking task and 21 subjects performed a 16-min bicycle exercise after 5 days of ingesting a placebo and after 5 days of ingesting 100 mg/day propranolol. One week of ingesting propranolol modestly elevated the numbers of CD62L+ (P<0.019) but not CD62L- T-lymphocytes. Moreover, propranolol preferentially blunted-psychological stress-induced increases in na?ve T-helper (CD4+CD62L+; P<0.049) and na?ve T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+CD62L+; P<0.003), as well as activated T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+CD29+; P<0.005). However, exercise-induced increases in leukocyte numbers were enhanced following propranolol treatment (P<0.04). In contrast to the effect on the numbers of adhesion-molecule-bearing cells, there was only a modest effect of propranolol on stress-induced alterations of the density of CD62L, CD54 and CD11a. In this study, propranolol treatment interfered with the adrenergic regulation of circulating leukocyte numbers by blunting psychological stress effects but enhancing exercise effects. Propranolol affected the cell activation status to a lesser extent, as reflected by the density of adhesion molecules.     

Superoxide dismutase ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by reducing oxidative stress, adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed intestine

Oxidant stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), are candidate drugs for modulating this pathogenic factor. This study was designed to determine the therapeutic value of SOD in an experimental model of colitis and to study the mechanisms underlying its effects on intestinal inflammation. For that purpose, colitic (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced) and control rats were studied. Groups of colitic animals were treated with different doses of SOD (1, 4, or 13 mg/kg/day) or vehicle, starting after induction of colitis and during 7 days. Clinical and pathological markers of colitis severity and lipid peroxidation in colonic tissue were measured. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in colonic venules and expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) were determined. Development of colitis was associated with a significant loss in body weight, an increase in macroscopic and microscopic damage scores, and colonic myeloperoxidase activity. Administration of SOD significantly attenuated these changes in a dose-dependent manner and reduced lipid peroxidation in colonic tissue. The increase in leukocyte rolling and adhesion in colonic venules of colitic rats were significantly reduced by administration of SOD, 13 mg/kg/day. Development of colitis was associated with a marked increase in endothelial VCAM-1 expression, which was significantly reduced by treatment with SOD. In conclusion, treatment with SOD significantly reduces peroxidation reactions in the inflamed colon and affords significant amelioration of colonic inflammatory changes in experimental colitis. This effect is related to a reduction in VCAM-1 expression and leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed intestine.