神经内镜下治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患采用神经内镜下进行第三脑室底和(或)透明隔造瘘的手术方法进行治疗，分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法 对10例不同原因造成的梗阻性脑积水患进行10次神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘或，和透明隔造瘘术。结果 随诊1—12月，平均6月显效8例有效1例无效1例(改V—P分流术)。手术并发症：1例轻度颅内感染、1例轻度脑室内出血，无死亡病例。结论 神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘或，和透明隔造瘘手术治疗梗阻性脑积水是一种完全有效的手术方法。但为了提高手术疗效应有良好的手术器械，严格掌握手术适应症并能熟练进行手术操作。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水

梗阻性脑积水是神经外科的常见疾病之一,因患者往往伴有不同程度的颅内高压症状,随着病程的迁延,直接影响患者的生活质量。本院自2008年5月至2009年2月共收治梗阻性脑积水患者17例,     

分流失败小儿脑积水的神经内镜治疗

目的探讨小儿分流调整失败后应用神经内镜技术治疗的方法和体会。方法应用单纯内镜手术方法，对6例脑室-腹腔分流调整失败患儿进行分流管调整术，脉络丛烧灼术，第三脑室造瘘术。结果5例先天性梗阻性脑积水、1例松果体区占位行脑室腹腔分流术后发生堵塞患儿，应用神经内镜技术进行治疗，手术过程顺利；3例患者有不同程度发热，持续时间2～7d；随访6个月至24个月病情明显好转，脑积水改善，分流管通畅。结论神经内镜对脑室-腹腔分流调整失败患儿进行治疗，具有微创、安全、准确、并发症少、经济等优点，是神经外科较好的治疗方法。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效观察

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术（ETV）治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效。方法 2013年5月至2015年5月ETV治疗梗阻性脑积水42例。结果 成功造瘘39例,因术中出血二期行脑室-腹腔分流术3例。术中出现心率减慢4例、造瘘口少量出血3例,术后短暂发热21例、可疑感染1例、头皮切口漏2例。术后随访3~36个月,平均（10.4±2.7）个月;改善36例（85.7%）,无改变4例（9.5%）,恶化2例（4.8%）。术后3个月复查CT或MRI显示:侧脑室缩小33例（78.8%）,侧脑室无明显变化但前角间质性水肿减轻5例（11.9%）,侧脑室无变化4例（9.5%）。结论 ETV治疗梗阻性脑积水效果较好,手术操作简单,安全系数高,并发症少。     

神经内镜第三脑室造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水32例临床分析

最近几年,随着影像学技术、内窥镜器械的进步,显微解剖研究有了进一步提高,第三脑室底部造瘘术（ETV）成为神经外科治疗梗阻性脑积水的一种重要方法[1]。自2005年以来,我科应用硬性神经内镜行第三脑室造瘘手术治疗梗阻性脑积水32例,取得较好疗效。现报道如下。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水的长期疗效分析（附142例报道）

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术（ETV）治疗梗阻性脑积水的长期随访效果。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2018年8月EVT治疗的142例梗阻性脑积水的临床资料。结果 142例均顺利完成手术,造瘘口大小2～10 mm,平均5 mm。术后CT显示脑积水均缓解,其中119例（83.8%）症状逐步改善,23例无明显改善。术后发生颅内出血26例（18.3%）,保守治疗后恢复;发生颅内感染6例（4.2%）,药物治疗后恢复;未见明显偏瘫、意识障碍、尿崩、明显记忆力障碍、基底动脉损伤、动眼神经损伤情况。失访10例,其余132例随访1～147个月,平均89.7个月,其中118例（89.4%）随访超过36个月。首次ETV失败10例（7.6%）,发生时间在术后1～37个月,其中8例行CT检查后改行VPS,1例再次行ETV,1例术后5个月因急性脑积水行脑室外引流术后出现硬膜下血肿而死亡。结论 ETV是治疗梗阻性脑积水的首选方式,长期有效率高,失败多发生于术后3年内,注意随访,根据病情可再次ETV或VPS解决脑积水。     

神经内窥镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患者采用神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室底造瘘的手术方法．分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法梗阻性脑积水原因分别为第三脑室后部肿瘤5例，中脑顶板胶质瘤2例，Chiari畸形2例，另12例为不明原因引起的导水管梗阻或狭窄。同位素^99Tcm-TPA脑池显像显示为非脑脊液吸收障碍性阻塞性脑积水。神经内窥镜从侧脑室经蒙氏孔进入第三脑室，在乳头体前方第三脑室底最薄处造一瘘口与脚间池相通。结果术后随访12～26个月，所有患者脑积水症状均缓解，脑室体积缩小。结论神经内窥镜行第三脑室底造瘘治疗非脑脊液吸收障碍性脑积水是一种有效的微创手术。     

神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水及其术后颅内压的监测

目的探讨神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘术（ETV）治疗梗阻性脑积水的效果及其术后颅内压（ICP）监测的意义。方法采用ETV治疗梗阻性脑积水36例，其中术后行ICP动态监测9例。结果术后患者症状缓解33例（91．7％），复查头颅CT或MRI示脑室系统较术前缩小；3例（8.3％）肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水症状缓解不明显，改行脑室-腹腔分流术。本组无死亡病例。9例术后行ICP监测结果示：①ETV术后18h内平均ICP〈10mmHg，18h后平均ICP轻度上升，稳定于10-12mmHg之间，肿瘤引起的脑积水ICP上升较快；②4例单纯导水管梗阻性脑积水术后使用甘露醇，用药后1-2h ICP下降1-2mmHg，2h后ICP逐渐恢复至用药前水平。结论①ETV后18h内ICP稍低，可能与术中放出脑脊液过多有关，可暂不应用脱水药物；②肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水应积极治疗原发病变。     

神经内镜治疗脑积水

目的：探讨神经内镜在脑积水治疗中的作用。方法：采用神经内镜单独或辅助手术的方法,对111例患者行126次治疗。结果：随访3－34个月。第三脑室底脚间池造瘘术的54例导水管狭窄性脑积水45例（83％）有效。脉络丛凝固术的26例交通性脑积水20例（77％）有效。透明隔穿通术的6例单侧脑室积水均有效。内镜引导置管的40例次脑积水,分流管颅内端均通畅。并发症：术后体温发烧1－4天11例,颅内感染2例,硬膜下出血及积液2例。结论：神经内镜用于脑积水的治疗,明显改善手术疗效、降低并发症,可使部分患者免除体内置管之苦,应作为导水管狭窄性脑积水、进展缓慢的交通性脑积水及单侧脑室积水的首选治疗方法。对分隔型及其他类型脑积水,内镜应作为术中重要辅助工具。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗非交通性脑积水（附37例分析）

目的总结神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗非交通性脑积水的经验。方法对37例非交通性脑积水病人行神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术，随访12-36个月。结果35例病人术后症状明显缓解，且无明显并发症，2例无效者改行脑室-腹腔分流术后症状缓解。结论神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗非交通性脑积水是一种微创、有效、术后恢复快、并发症少的手术方法。     

神经内窥镜手术治疗小儿脑积水

目的介绍一种治疗导水管狭窄性梗阻性脑积水的新方法.方法经侧脑室-室间孔-三脑室置入神经内窥镜,于三脑室底与脚间池之间造一瘘孔.结果 9例近期疗效好,前囟张力正常,2例改行脑室腹腔分流术.结论神经内窥镜下三脑室底脚间池造瘘是一种安全、有效、并发症少的微创手术.     

脑室镜三脑室造瘘术治疗小儿阻塞性脑积水

目的分析本组49例病例，就手术病种和年龄的选择、手术方法及技巧做一介绍。方法全组49例，年龄1个月-18岁，平均33个月。CT、MRI及^99Tc^m-DTPA证实为脑脊液吸收功能正常的阻塞性脑积水。手术方法为经侧脑室、室间孔、三脑室置入神经内镜，于三脑室底与脚间池造一瘘孔。结果术后随访半年-5年，39例有好转；10例因无改善于术后3个月再行脑室腹腔分流手术，术后脑脊液漏3例，未有出血、感染及神经功能损伤等并发症。结论脑室镜三脑室底脚间池造瘘适用于脑脊液吸收功能正常的阻塞性脑积水。脑脊液吸收功能判断需靠同位^99Tc^m-DTPA检查。继发性脑积水治疗效果好于原发性脑积水，大龄儿童效果好于婴幼儿。     

神经内镜治疗第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水四例报道及文献回顾

目的 探讨第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水经神经内镜治疗的方法和手术技巧.方法 分析北京世纪坛医院神经外科收治的4例第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水患者(前侧部肿瘤2例,底部肿瘤1例,后部肿瘤1例)的临床资料、影像学表现,结合相关文献总结手术经验与技巧.结果 4例患者中3例采用单纯神经内镜手术,1例采用神经内镜辅助显微镜下手术.术后患者临床症状明显改善,无严重并发症及死亡病例.随访3～18月,患者复查头部MRI显示肿瘤无复发,脑积水均有不同程度改善.结论 神经内镜导航下可直达肿瘤所在位置,又可减少不必要的损伤,切除肿瘤同时可解除梗阻性脑积水,重建脑脊液循环,是一种治疗第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水安全有效的手术方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the treatment methods and surgical techniques of the third ventricle tumor combined with hydrocephalus under neuroendoscope. Methods The clinical data and imaging findings of 4 patients with third ventricle tumor combined with hydrocephalus, treated with surgery under neuroendoscopy, were retrospectively analyzed; and related literatures were reviewed to conclude the surgical experiences and skills. Results Three of the 4 patients were performed surgery only by neuroendoscopy, and 1 by neuroendoscopic auxiliary microscope for the tumor complete resection. The clinical symptoms improved obviously after the surgery, and no significant complications and no dead case were noted.We followed up the 4 patients for 3-18 months; MRI showed that the tumor did not relapse and the hydrocephalus got improvement. Conclusion Endoscopic navigation can help to directly reach the locations of third ventricle tumor and decrease the unnecessary damage, which enjoys its advantages in tumor resection,relieving obstructive hydrocephalus and rebuilding the cerebrospinal fluid circulation, indicating that surgery under neuroendoscope is a safe, effective and minimally invasive method.     

Complications of endoscopic third ventriculostomy

OBJECTS: Although endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is considered as the first choice in the management of noncommunicating hydrocephalus, it is not without risk or complication. METHODS: The patients who had undergone ETV only between 1998 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 85 males and 70 females, and 173 ETVs were performed in 155 patients. The patients' age ranged from 2 months to 77 years. Complications were categorized as (1) intraoperative, (2) early postoperative (<1 month), and (3) late postoperative (>1 month). Follow-up of the patients ranged from 1 to 86 months. RESULTS: Overall complication rate per patient was 15.4%, and complication per procedure was 18%. Complication rate significantly varied with the etiology of hydrocephalus (P = 0.013). The patients with Chiari type I malformation and tumor had no or very low complication rates. The complication risk was significantly higher in repeat endoscopic procedure (55.5%) than in the first procedure (10%; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: ETV should be the first choice in the management of noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Training, experience, and meticulous technique will decrease the complication rate. Patients undergoing ETV should be followed in a similar manner to patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts.     

第三脑室底造瘘治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的：探讨对梗阻性脑积水患者采用在神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室底造瘘的手术方法。分析手术成功与失败的原因,方法：对21例不同原因造成的梗阻性脑积水患者进行了23次神经内视镜下的第三脑室底造瘘手术。结果：随访1-33个月,平均19个月,显效15例,有效2例,4例无效患者改行V-P分流术,2例接受2次造瘘;手术并发症包括颅内感染2例,严重硬膜下积液1例,暂时性脑疝1例,暂时性动眼神经麻痹1例,中脑及丘脑出血各1例,无死亡病例,结论：神经内窥镜下的第三脑室底造瘘对治疗梗阻性脑积水是一种安全、有效的手术方法,但为了提高手术疗效,减少手术并发症,应采用良好的手术器械、熟练掌握手术方法,选择适当手术患者。     

Endoscopy in the management of intra-ventricular lesions: Preliminary experience in the Middle East

Objectives

The study is aimed at evaluating neuroendoscopic procedures in the management of various intra-cranial intra-ventricular lesions.

Methods

We retrospectively review 24 consecutive patients harboring various intra-ventricular lesions with or without associated hydrocephalus, operated and managed by the authors between December 2002 and December 2007. Depending on the preoperative imaging and working diagnosis, endoscopic biopsy or endoscopic resection/debulking, along with concomitant treatment of hydrocephalus via third ventriculostomy or fenestration of the septum pellucidum and ventriculo-peritoneal shunting, were done.

Results

The single endoscopic procedure was successful in most of the patients (22/24), where the goals of surgery in attaining a diagnostic biopsy or resection, and simultaneous treatment of hydrocephalus, were attained helping guide further therapy. The endoscopic procedure was the only procedure needed in most of the patients.

Conclusions

The endoscopic procedures carried a high success rate in the management of intra-ventricular lesions, and were especially valuable in patients harboring chemo and/or radiosensitive deep seated tumors.     

Spontaneous third ventriculostomy in chronic obstructive hydrocephalus

Introduction Spontaneous ventriculostomy is a rare condition, and only few cases are reported. Cine magnetic resonance imaging can demonstrate the flow from the ventriculostomy. Case report A 25-year-old woman with a known tectal glioma and hydrocephalus was proved to have spontaneous third ventriculostomy.     

Intracranial pressure monitoring after endoscopic third ventriculostomy: an effective method to manage the ‘adaptation period’

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has become the treatment of choice for non-communicating hydrocephalus. Nevertheless, which technique should be considered of choice to identify features correlating with the failure of an endoscopic procedure and which is the optimal postoperative period care standard are still a matter of debate. Traditional neuroimaging techniques have several limitations in assessing the success of the procedure mostly in the early postoperative period. Indeed, a decrease in the ventricular size is often minimal and not visible before 3–4 weeks. MRI, able to detect the presence of a flow void signal through the third ventricle floor, has been reported to have a significantly high incidence of false positives. In our experience, the continuous measuring of intracranial pressure (ICP) by means of a ventricular catheter has been of great help in verifying the correct functioning of the communication between the ventricle and the subarachnoidal spaces during the first postoperative days. Furthermore, ICP monitoring allowed us to safely deal with the intracranial hypertension that may occur shortly after ETV.