创伤性后颅窝血肿

目的：总结创伤性后颅窝血肿（THPF）的临床特点。方法：对我科1999年3月-2001年10月间收治并接受手术治疗的9例THPF的病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果：（1）9例均有枕部着力的致伤机制，其中跌倒和低高度坠落伤7例；硬膜外血肿8例，小脑挫裂伤伴小脑血肿1例；（2）就诊时GCS13-15分6例，7例头部外伤后有短暂的昏迷史或创伤后遗忘，4例有头痛或呕吐主诉；（3）8例接受硬膜外血肿清除后颅减压术，1例行小脑血肿清除后颅减压加侧脑室外引流术；其中7例恢复良好，1例中残，1例死亡。结论：THPF有着不同于幕上创伤性颅内血肿的临床特点，及时准确地诊断和积极地治疗是改善预后的关键。     

自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MRI诊断(附4例报告)

目的：对自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿（ＳＳＥＨ）的ＭＲ和临床表现进行评价。材料与方法：本组包括１９９６年至１９９８年的３例ＳＳＥＨ患者,男３例,女１例,年龄３３～６１岁。４例患者均无外伤、血管损伤或凝血机制障碍等病史。均作ＭＲＩ检查并有手术病理证实。结果：在ＭＲ图像上,血肿分别位于硬膜外腔的左后、右后及正后方。其中１例为ＡＶＭ导致的有包膜的血肿,另１例的局部有椎间盘突出。Ｔ１加权能特征性地反映血肿随时间发生的信号变化而最有价值;１．５Ｔ高场强和轴位梯度回波的Ｔ２加权能很好地判断血肿的位置。结论：自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿是一少见病,ＭＲＩ是它的首选检查方法。应当注意的是,要获得理想的临床疗效,就必须做到诊断精确,并及时地手术治疗,解除脊髓压迫。     

非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MR诊断

目的　探讨非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MR表现特点及其鉴别诊断。方法　 14例非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿 ,男 9例 ,女5例 ,年龄 4～ 63岁 ,平均 41.3岁。所有病例均无明显的外伤史。常规行T1W矢状位 ,T2 W矢状位及横切位扫描 ,1例行MR增强扫描。结果　 14例非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿中 11例位于椎管背侧 ,3例位于椎管腹侧 ,呈新月状或长条带状 ,分别累及 3～ 12个脊髓节段 ,平均 5 .2个脊髓节段。血肿位于颈胸段 4例 ,位于胸段 3例 ,位于胸腰段 5例 ,位于腰段 2例。 10例血肿T1W及T2 W均呈较均质性高信号强度 ,3例血肿T1W及T2 W呈不均质性高信号强度 ,1例于T1W呈中等信号强度 ,T2 W呈较低信号强度。 14例中 1例于血肿内可见低信号的血管流空影 ,术后证实为动静脉畸形。血肿于T1W及T2 W与脊髓之间有一低信号带相隔 ,尤以T2 W显示最佳。 2例受压脊髓于T2 W呈高信号。 1例行MR增强扫描 ,血肿壁轻度强化。结论　MR是诊断非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿的最佳检查方法 ,不仅可以清楚地显示血肿的部位及范围 ,而且可以清楚地显示血肿新旧程度及脊髓受损的情况     

自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MRI表现

目的 对自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿(SSEH)的临床及MRI表现进行分析。方法 搜集1994～2001年的8例SSEH患者，其中男5例，女3例，年龄16～50岁。8例患者均无外伤、血液病等病史，1例有高血压病史，于发病4h至3d后分别行MR检查。8例均经手术病理证实。结果 血肿发生于颈椎3例、胸椎2例、颈胸交界部2例、胸腰段1例；血肿位于硬膜外腔的侧后方或正后方，呈梭形，范围长短不一，境界清楚。其中1例血肿为血管畸形(AVM)所致，有2例局部伴有椎间盘突出。血肿信号随时间长短各有差异，在T1WI矢状面和冠状面7例表现为等信号，1例表现为略高信号；在T2WI矢状面和轴面，6例表现为混杂信号，2例表现为混杂高信号。结论 MRI对SSEH的定位、定性及鉴别诊断具有重要作用。     

枕骨髁骨折的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 分析枕骨髁骨折的MSCT表现,提高对头颈部外伤患者枕骨髁骨折的诊断水平.方法 对110例头颈交界区骨折患者进行回顾性分析,发现枕骨髁骨折19例(17%);由2名骨放射专家独立对枕骨髁的MSCT表现进行评价.分型标准:Ⅰ型,枕骨髁粉碎性骨折;Ⅱ型,颅底广泛的骨折延伸至枕骨髁部;Ⅲ型,枕骨髁翼状韧带附着部撕脱骨折;Ⅳ型为混合型,即Ⅰ～Ⅲ型中的2型或2型以上骨折同时存在.结果 19例枕骨髁骨折中,左侧7例,右侧11例,双侧1例.枕骨髁骨折1型1例,骨折位于左侧.Ⅱ型5例,左侧2例,右侧3例,主要为枕骨髁后份和中份受累.Ⅲ型12例,右侧8例,左侧3例,双侧1例;撕脱骨片多数不同程度移位,并且6例骨折线累及关节面,7例翼状韧带增粗.Ⅳ型1例,为Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型枕骨髁骨折同时存在.枕骨髁骨折伴随征象:14例枕骨髁骨折患者分别或同时存在头部和颈椎损伤,包括颅骨骨折8例,硬膜外血肿4例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例,脑挫裂伤1例,颅内积气、大脑镰下疝1例及颈椎骨折脱位9例等.结论 MSCT对枕骨髁骨折能够作出及时、准确的影像学诊断,对于临床选择治疗方案非常重要.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the MSCT findings of occipital condyle fracture (OCF) and improve its diagnostic accuracy. Methods Nineteen patients with OCF, selected from 110 patients suffering high energy injuries at the craniocervical junction, were enrolled into the study. The MSCT appearances of OCFs were retrospectively analyzed by two experienced radiologists. OCF had four types: type Ⅰ was a comminuted fracture, type Ⅱ was a extension of basilar skull fracture, type Ⅲ was an avulsion fracture at the attachment site of alar ligament on occipital condyle, type Ⅳ was a fracture of mixed pattern consisting of two or more above fracture types. Results In 19 patients, the left, right and bilateral OCFs were seen in 7,11 cases, and 1 case, respectively. Type Ⅰ was found in one case, which was a comminution of the left occipital condyle. Type Ⅱ was found in 5 cases, which involved the middle and posterior parts of occipital condyles with 2 on the left and 3 on the right, Type Ⅲ was found in 12 cases which showed various degree of fragment displacement with 3 occuring on the left, 8 on the right, 1 involving bilateral sides, 6 involving articular surfaces and 7 accompaning by enlargment of alar ligaments. Type Ⅳ was found in one case, with coexistence of Type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ. In addition, OCFs were accompanied by head and (or) cervical spine injuries in 14 cases, which included cranial fracture in 8 cases, epidural hematoma in 4 cases, subarachnoid hemorrhage in one case, cerebral contusion and laceration in one case, subfalcial hernia in one case, cervical spine fracture and dislocation in 9 cases, and so on. Conclusion OCFs can be accurately diagnosed by MSCT, which is important for selection of treatment protocols.     

钻孔引流治疗儿童创伤性单侧后颅窝硬膜外液态血肿(30例报告)

目的探讨钻孔引流儿童创伤性单侧后颅窝硬膜外液态血肿的可行性与疗效。方法对2001年1月~2014年1月采用钻孔引流的30例儿童创伤性单侧后颅凹硬膜外液态血肿患者资料进行回顾性分析。在局麻(1%盐酸利多卡因)加基础麻醉(异丙酚)下,在血肿最厚处钻孔(直径1.0cm),吸除大部分液态血肿,放置引流管,引流24~48h。结果本组30例中25例全部清除,5例清除90%左右,手术时间约30min。术后患者临床症状迅速改善,无严重后遗症发生。全部治愈出院,平均住院7d。结论钻孔引流治疗儿童创伤性单侧后颅凹硬膜外液态血肿是一种创伤小、安全、快速、有效的手术方法。     

MR imaging in the diagnosis of spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas

Three patients with spontaneous (idiopathic) spinal epidural hematomas were diagnosed with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Magnetic resonance is an accurate, rapid method of localizing and characterizing the hematomas. We believe that MR (where available) should be the primary method of diagnosis in cases in which spinal epidural hematoma is suspected.     

Computed tomography of spinal epidural hematoma

Three cases of spinal epidural hematoma are presented. Computed tomography (CT) was the first diagnostic method used in two patients and demonstrated a surgically confirmed spinal epidural hematoma in both patients. In a third patient who presented with a complete block on myelography, CT was helpful in assessment of the extent of the lesion and suggested a vertebral hemangioma as the cause of the hematoma. CT is a very useful tool in the diagnosis of spinal epidural hematomas.     

双侧慢性硬膜下血肿的CT诊断(附43例分析)

目的：本文报告43例双侧慢性硬膜下血肿的CT诊断。方法：回顾分析43例双侧慢性硬膜下血肿的CT检查资料。结果：43例共86个血肿，血肿呈混杂密度42个，等密度32个，低密度12个；血肿呈新月形66个、半月形15个、3字形5个；伴脑灰白质界面内移43例，侧脑室变窄41例，中线结构移位17例。结论：双侧慢性硬膜下血肿多见于老年男性患者，CT检查是诊断本病最简单而可靠的方法。     

64层螺旋CT在纵隔血肿诊断中的价值

目的评价64层螺旋CT在纵隔血肿合并其他脏器损伤诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经临床与手术证实的11例纵隔血肿患者的完整CT资料。结果前纵隔血肿5例,中纵隔血肿4例,后纵隔血肿2例;弥漫性血肿8例,局限性血肿3例。CT平扫发现纵隔血肿合并气胸、肋骨骨折等合并征4例,而螺旋CT多平面重建（multiplanar reconstruction,MPR）发现气胸、肋骨骨折及胸骨体骨折、颅脑外伤等7例。结论纵隔内心脏、大血管的损伤常导致弥漫性血肿,而小血管的损伤常导致纵隔内血肿呈局限性。螺旋CT扫描尤其多平面重建不仅能显示血肿的直接征象,而且还能同时发现伴发的其他损伤。因此,能为临床及时确诊和正确治疗提供可靠信息。     

小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿

目的 研究小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿的临床特点。并探讨其发生机制。方法 总结分析我科1991年1月-2001年10月收治的小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿23例。结果 本组手术清除血肿21例。血肿自行吸收2例。无死亡。结论 小儿迟发性外伤性硬脑膜外血肿多发生在伤后2-5d，占该类血肿78.3%，跌倒伤是主要的致伤原因，此类血肿可发生于颅内任何部位，但多伴有颅骨线形骨折。小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿及时发现和治疗，预后良好，CT扫描是可靠而简便的诊断方法，而延误诊断往往造成严重后果。     

Nontraumatic parietal subcortical hemorrhage: clinical-computed tomographic correlations

The clinical and computed tomographic findings in 25 patients with parietal lobe hematomas are discussed. Six patients had anterior-lateral parietal hematomas (18 to 36 mm). These patients were normotensive. No etiology was delineated even when angiography was utilized. Six patients had medial parietal hematomas (12 to 24 mm) with extension to the thalamus. Two patients were normotensive and six were hypertensive. Three patients had posterior parietal hematomas (10 to 18 mm). These patients were hypertensive. Eight patients had parietal hematomas extending to the temporal and frontal region (30 to 60 mm). Three of these patients died. Four patients were normotensive and four were hypertensive. One of these normotensive patients had cerebral metastases. Two patients had parietal hematomas which extended to the occipital region (20 to 34 mm). These patients were normotensive. Peripheral rim enhancement was demonstrated on follow-up CT scan (performed 2 to 4 weeks after the initial study) in 14 of 21 cases. On follow-up CT of the 21 surviving patients with parietal hematomas (excluding the case due to metastases) performed more than 4 weeks after the clinical ictus, 14 appeared hypodense and 7 appeared isodense. Residual neurological deficit and recurrent seizures were more frequent if the hematoma "aged" to a hypodense appearance.     

Revised classification of posterior fossa cysts and cystlike malformations based on the results of multiplanar MR imaging

MR and clinical data on 31 patients with posterior fossa CSF collections were analyzed. A clear separation of these patients into classical categories was not possible because of new information obtained from the MR images. We present a new classification of these disorders. The Dandy-Walker malformation, Dandy-Walker variant, and mega-cisterna magna seem to represent a continuum of developmental anomalies of the posterior fossa. A possible embryologic basis for this continuum is suggested. Discrete posterior fossa CSF collections that are clearly separate from the fourth ventricle and vallecula are classified as posterior fossa cysts. Posterior fossa CSF collections that communicate with the fourth ventricle and are associated with cerebellar atrophy are classified as prominent cisterna magna. Both the Dandy-Walker complex and posterior fossa cysts can cause enlargement of the posterior fossa and scalloping of the inner table of the occipital bone. The Dandy-Walker complex presents with seizures, developmental delay, and enlarging head size; it requires CSF diversion when associated with hydrocephalus. Posterior fossa cysts present with symptoms of a posterior fossa mass; they generally require surgical resection. Prominent cisterna magna is a result of degenerative disorders and requires no surgical therapy. This new classification facilitates both diagnosis and therapy of these disorders. MR revealed that disorders previously referred to as the Dandy-Walker malformation, the Dandy-Walker variant, and the mega-cisterna magna actually are not separate entities, but appear to represent steps on a continuum of developmental anomalies of the posterior fossa. Because of this, we suggest a new term, the Dandy-Walker complex, be used to describe this continuum.     

Spinales chronisches subdurales Hämatom

Compared with spinal epidural hematomas, spinal subdural hematomas are rare; chronic forms are even more uncommon. These hematomas are associated not only with lumbar puncture and spinal trauma, but also with coagulopathies, vascular malformations and tumors. Compression of the spinal cord and the cauda equina means that the patients develop increasing back or radicular pain, followed by paraparesis and bladder and bowel paralysis, so that in most cases surgical decompression is carried out. On magnetic resonance imaging these hematomas present as thoracic or lumbar subdural masses, their signal intensity varying with the age of the hematoma. We report the clinical course and the findings revealed by imaging that led to the diagnosis in three cases of chronic spinal subdural hematoma.     

Nontraumatic posterior temporal lobe hemorrhage: clinical computed tomographic correlations.

Ten patients with nontraumatic posterior temporal hematomas were analyzed. These hemorrhages were spontaneous (four cases) or hypertensive (six cases). With right posterior temporal hematomas, headache and confusion of sudden onset were the initial common characteristic clinical signs. The absence of prominent lateralizing neurological deficit simulated a diffuse toxic or metabolic encephalopathy. With left-sided hematomas, Wernicke-type aphasia was the initial feature. The 10 hematomas were 1.8 to 2.8 cm in maximal diameter. In these 10 cases, clinical outcome was good, as all patients survived and the hematoma resolved spontaneously.     

Entstehungsbedingungen, Quellen und Typologie von tödlichen Subduralblutungen

Comparative analysis of subdural hematomas (SDH) with or without injuries of the cerebral matter. A total of 166 fatal head injuries caused by blunt force (BHI) between 1987–1997 were examined by the author, beginning with a careful removal of the brain during autopsy with special attention to the superficial blood vessels. In most cases the examination of the brain was carried out after formalin fixation. The cases were classified according to the major injury patterns of: type 1:?contusion of the cerebral cortex without extracerebral space-occupying hematoma (51) type 2:?contusions or lacerations of the cerebral cortex with space-occupying subdural hematoma (SDH; 42) type 3:?only SDH (no contusions of the brain; 30) type 4:?epidural hematoma (6) type 5:?coma and brain pressure in cases of minor macroscopic injury (13) type 6:?injuries of the posterior cranial fossa (10) The remaining 14 cases exhibited rare injury patterns. In BHI with a clear cause and direction of the injury (example: fall from a standing position), the incidence of SDH depended on the direction of the impact. SDH occurred in 12 out of 38 cases with an occipital, in 12 out of 17 cases with a lateral and in 4 out of 5 cases with a frontal impact. Based on the injury type, the ratio of occipital impact/all other localizations was 33/18 in type 1, 18/24 in type 2 and 2/28 in type 3. In ca. 40% of the 72 SDH cases observed, SDH was the single intracranial result of the trauma. Cases with only SDH (type 3) clearly differed from SDH combined with injuries of the cerebral matter (type 2), including the circumstances of the injury, the presence of skull fractures (yes/no: type 2: 39/3, type 3: 2/28), the frequency of hospital admissions and trepanations, as well as the number of chronic alcoholics. 28 out of 42 cases of type 2, but only 11 of 30 cases of pure SDH, were due to ?unsuspicious“ falls. Batteries were undoubtedly responsible for 5/42 cases in type 2 (all falls caused by blows) and 8/30 in type 3. No clear differentiation could be made between accident and beating in 11 out of 30 cases in type 3 and in only 1 case in type 2. Pure SDH is particularly problematic to assess because it often involves a combination of dubious circumstances, suspicious external injuries, but no valid evidence from the findings alone to reconstruct the type of the violent event. In view of clinical reports on the existence of spontaneous SDH, a particularly careful and extensive examination should be untertaken in these cases to reliably answer the question of a traumatic genesis.     

Klippel-Feil syndrome in association with posterior fossa suboccipital dermoid cyst

We present the second case of Klippel-Feil syndrome in association with a posterior fossa dermoid cyst extending through the occipital bone and presenting as a suboccipital subcutaneous mass. We describe its radiographic, CT, and MRI appearances as well as on MRI diffusion-weighted images. Posterior cranial fossa dermoid cysts and sinuses should be added to the list of congenital abnormalities which must be sought in patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome. Diffusion-weighted images of brain may differentiate these masses from cerebral spinal fluid collections. Received: 8 February 2000 Revised: 22 May 2000 Accepted: 23 May 2000     

Nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage: CT/angiographic correlation

Cerebral angiography in patients with nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage may or may not uncover the underlying cause of the disorder. The CT and cerebral angiographic studies of 67 consecutive patients with nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage were reviewed to assess the relationship between CT pattern and location of hemorrhage and the frequency of diagnostic angiographic findings. Origins of these hematomas were also determined and correlated with radiographic findings. CT revealed 26 temporal, 18 frontal, 17 parietal, three occipital, and three multiple lobar hematomas. Thirty-three patients had "pure" lobar hematomas, 12 had coexistent intraventricular hemorrhage, 12 had associated subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 10 had both intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage accompanying their lobar hematomas. Angiographic findings were diagnostic in 29 cases (43%). In the presence of accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage, angiographic findings were diagnostic in 17 (77%) of 22 patients; in its absence, angiography was diagnostic in 12 (27%) of the remaining 45 patients. Diagnostic angiograms were also more frequent in the presence of a frontal or temporal lobar hematoma than with a parietal or occipital lobar hematoma. While CT patterns do influence the frequency of diagnostic angiographic findings, cerebral angiography is recommended in all patients with otherwise unexplained nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.     

Peripheral contrast enhancement in chronic epidural hematomas.

Three cases of chronic epidural hematomas with contrast enhanced margins on computed tomography (CT) are presented. The CT findings in epidural hematoma are discussed, and two possible mechanisms for the enhancing margin of the chronic epidural hematoma are suggested.     

自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MRI诊断

目的 探讨自发性脊柱硬膜外血肿MRI表现特征.方法 对9例自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MRI表现作回顾性分析,本组患者均无明显的外伤史,发病后4～24h行MRI检查5例,1～3天行MRI检查3例,5天行MRI检查1例.常规横轴面、矢状面T2WI、TIWI及T2 WI脂肪抑制技术.结果 血肿发生于颈段4例,胸段2例,颈胸交界部2例,腰段1例.9例均表现为脊髓硬膜外梭形,长度7～12cm.血肿位于脊髓正后方4例,脊髓右后方3例,脊髓左后方1例,脊髓正前方1例,脊髓不同程度受压移位,脊髓与血肿间见线条状低信号影.4～24h行MRI检查5例,于T2 WI上呈稍高信号3例,高信号1例,等信号1例;于T11WI上呈等信号3例,等低信号2例.1～3天行MRI检查3例,于T2WI上呈低信号1例,等信号1例,等低信号1例;于T1WI上呈等信号2例,等低信号1例.5天行MRI检查1例,于T2 WI上呈低信号;T1WI上呈稍高信号.9例中T2WI压脂上呈低信号3例,等信号4例,高信号2例.结论 MRI是诊断自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的最佳检查方法,不仅可以清楚地显示血肿的部位及范围,而且可以清楚地显示血肿新旧程度.