基于SMAA模型的肠促胰素类降糖药的获益/风险评价

摘要：目的:选择随机多准则可接受性分析（SMAA）模型对肠促胰素类降糖药中的二肽基肽酶-4抑制药（DPP-4I）和胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动药（GLP-1RA）进行获益/风险评价（BRA）。方法:确立评价指标,同时系统检索Medline、Embase、the Cochrane Library、Clinical Trials数据库,搜集在2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者中开展的DPP-4I与GLP-1RA相互比较、DPP-4I或GLP-1RA与其他降糖药比较且至少报告一项本研究所关注结局指标的随机对照试验（RCT）,检索时限均从建库至2019年3月29日,采用SMAA模型和网状Meta分析（NMA）对DPP-4I和GLP-1RA相互之间或各自与其他降糖药之间进行BRA,并进行敏感性分析。结果:确定了与肠促胰素类药物治疗相关的26项BRA指标,最后BRA结果提示GLP1-RA在此评价体系内优于DPP-4I的概率为84.5%。此外,DPP-4I相较于胰岛素、二甲双胍、钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2抑制药（SGLT-2I）、磺脲类、噻唑烷二酮类（TZD）和α-糖苷酶抑制药（AGI）,其BRA的可接受度分别为93.1%,38.5%,6.5%,80.4%,41.4%和72.1%;GLP-1RA相较于胰岛素、二甲双胍、SGLT-2I、磺脲类、TZD与AGI,其BRA的可接受度分别为90.6%,70.4%,24.0%,94.2%,69.8%和89.4%。结论:GLP-1RA在此评价体系内有较大概率优于DPP-4I,DPP-4I优于胰岛素与磺脲类,劣于二甲双胍和SGLT-2I的可接受度较高,GLP-1RA优于胰岛素、磺脲类、TZD与AGI,劣于SGLT-2I的可接受度较高,敏感性分析前后结论一致,较为稳健。但由于研究间异质性、药物的分类方式、结局指标的选择以及偏倚风险的存在,可能均会对NMA和SMAA结果的准确性造成一定的影响,因此下结论时需谨慎;此外,进行决策时,还应考虑药物定价。     

基于肠促胰素治疗对心血管危险因素的影响

心血管疾病是2型糖尿病(T2DM)的主要并发症之一。慢性高血糖状态及其常伴有的血脂紊乱、高血压、低度全身炎症和氧化应激等心血管疾病的危险因素共同导致糖尿病微血管和大血管并发症的高风险,常用的降糖药物不能充分改善这些血管病变的危险因素。新的以肠促胰素胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)为基础的糖尿病治疗药物-GLP-1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)和二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂逐渐应用于临床,GLP-1除了具有促进胰腺胰岛素分泌的作用,还有一些胰腺外的作用,如减慢胃排空、促进饱胀感、减少食物摄入、减轻体重以及对心血管和神经系统的影响。本文综述了基于肠促胰素治疗2型糖尿病的临床试验中对心血管危险因素影响的数据,提示GLP-1RA和DPP-4抑制剂治疗在不同程度上影响体重、血压和血脂,改善心血管疾病风险状况,可能成为更有价值的2型糖尿病治疗药物。当然,目前还需要等待长期大规模的临床研究结果证实这些药物在2型糖尿病治疗中的真正价值。     

GLP-1受体激动剂和DPP-4抑制剂对心血管系统的保护作用

胰高糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂和二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂是近年上市的治疗2型糖尿病的新型药物。GLP-1主要通过抑制心肌细胞凋亡、改善内皮细胞功能、减轻体重、降低血糖、降低血压、改善心肌收缩力、舒张血管等直接或间接发挥其心脏保护作用,GLP-1受体激动剂和DPP-4抑制剂对体重、血压和血脂等心血管危险因素有改善作用。GLP-1受体激动剂和DPP-4抑制剂作用于新靶点,具有其独特的优点,将会是一类抗糖尿病新药。     

DPP-4抑制剂超药物说明书用法专家共识

中国20岁以上人口的2型糖尿病的患病率已经达到9.7%。传统降糖药物在2型糖尿病的防治中发挥了重要作用,但仍存在低血糖、体重增加、增加心血管风险以及药物继发失效使血糖控制进行性恶化等局限性。二肽基肽酶-4（dipeptidyl peptidase-4, DPP-4）抑制剂是近年研发的口服降糖药,因作用机制独特、疗效确定、低血糖发生率少、对体重中性作用或轻度降低、心血管安全性良好等特点受到普遍关注,临床应用越来越广泛。DPP-4抑制剂减少体内胰高血糖素样肽-1（glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1）降解而增加循环GLP-1浓度2～3倍,GLP-1通过血糖依赖性刺激胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素,抑制胰岛α细胞分泌胰高血糖素而发挥降低血糖的作用。     

DPP-4抑制剂：不仅仅是一种降糖药

二肽基肽酶4（DPP-4）抑制剂是一类新型口服降糖药物,主要通过提高胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）浓度刺激胰岛素、抑制胰高糖素分泌而控制糖尿病患者血糖,临床应用越来越广泛。除降糖作用之外,DPP-4抑制剂还显现出调节炎症反应、降低心血管危险因素、促进伤口愈合以及改善阿尔茨海默病等降糖外作用。     

肠促胰岛素激素类2-型糖尿病药物研究进展

近年来糖尿病患者递增,糖尿病已经成为严重危害人类健康的疾病。新型2-型糖尿病药物的研发已成为当前药物研究的一大热点。研究表明葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素分泌多肽（glucose-dependent-insulinotropie polypeptide,GIP）和胰高血糖素样肽-1（glucagons like peptide-1.GLP-1）是人类重要的肠促胰岛素激素,GLP-1和GIP对于保持人体葡萄糖稳态平衡意义重大。目前根据GLP-1和GIP的作用机制研发出胰高血糖素样肽-l类似物和受体激动剂以及二肽基肽酶-4（DPP-4）抑制剂,均具有广阔的临床价值及市场前景。     

胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂治疗糖尿病肾病的临床研究进展

糖尿病影响全球健康问题,糖尿病肾病是其通常的微血管并发症之一,而且还是导致肾病的主要疾病之一（ESRD）。目前降血糖药物中的胰高血糖素-1受体激动剂（glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist,GLP-1RA）,成为治疗糖尿病患者的主要方法,能有效降低血糖。越来越多的研究表明,无论低血糖效应如何,GLP-1RA都有保护肾脏的作用。本文通过分析临床资料,分析GLP-1RA应用于治疗糖尿病的临床研究进展。     

降糖药物的黄金搭档——DPP-4抑制剂二甲双胍

治疗2型糖尿病的新型口服药物——二肽基肽酶-4（DPP-4）抑制剂,是一类丝氨酸蛋白酶,能够特异性地裂解胰高糖素样肽1（GLP-1）的N端二肽残基,是体内外主要促使GLP-1降解、失活的关键酶之一。DPP-4抑制剂的作用机制是通过抑制DPP-4,提高体内内源性GLP-1的浓度,延长其活性,从而达到控制血糖的目的。二甲双胍为2型糖尿病患者的基础用药,其作用机制为抑制肝糖原输出,     

口服胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂研究进展及非临床评价的考虑

胰高血糖素样肽-1（Glucagon-like Peptide-1,GLP-1）是一种由肠道L细胞分泌的肠促胰素 （Incretin）,根据人体血糖水平调控胰岛素和胰高血糖素分泌,维持血糖稳定。胰高血糖素样肽-l受体激动剂（GLP-1 Receptor Agonists,GLP-1RA）是近年来开发的新型降糖药,通过模拟天然GLP-1而激活GLP-1受体,达到控制血糖的目的,同时GLP-1RA还具有控制体质量和改善非酒精性脂肪肝等多重临床获益,正逐步成为治疗糖尿病的第一大处方药物。目前已上市的GLP-1RA主要为注射用药,而与注射给药相比,口服制剂给药方便、治疗痛苦小,患者依从性更好。口服GLP-1RA药物已成为新的糖尿病治疗药物的重要研发方向之一。本文梳理了目前在研GLP-1RA口服小分子和肽类降糖药的研发现状,分析该靶点药物研究应用进展,并从非临床有效性和安全性方面提供评价策略,以期为同类药物的研发和应用提供参考。     

DPP-4抑制剂治疗糖尿病国内研究现状

二肽基肽酶-4（DPP-4）抑制剂是一类新型口服降糖药物,其通过抑制DPP-4酶活性,提高体内内源性胰升糖素样肽1（GLP-1）水平,增强肠促胰素作用进而发挥降糖作用。DPP-4抑制剂除了能有效的控制血糖水平,还能保护胰岛功能,延缓疾病进程,在临床上已被广泛用于治疗糖尿病。本文通过查阅国内相关文献及资料,对相关科研成果进行总结归纳,就DPP-4抑制剂治疗糖尿病在国内的研究状况做一综述。     

Pleiotropic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies on vascular complications in diabetes

Accelerated atherosclerosis and microvascular complications are the leading causes of coronary heart disease, end-stage renal failure, acquired blindness and a variety of neuropathies, which could account for disabilities and high mortality rates in patients with diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) belongs to the incretin hormone family. L cells in the small intestine secrete GLP-1 in response to food intake. GLP-1 not only enhances glucose-evoked insulin release from pancreatic β-cells, but also suppresses glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells. In addition, GLP-1 slows gastric emptying. Therefore, enhancement of GLP-1 secretion is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a responsible enzyme that mainly degrades GLP-1, and the half-life of circulating GLP-1 is very short. Recently, DPP-4 inhibitors and DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have been developed and clinically used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as a GLP-1-based medicine. GLP-1R is shown to exist in extra-pancreatic tissues such as vessels, kidney and heart, and could mediate the diverse biological actions of GLP-1 in a variety of tissues. So, in this paper, we review the pleiotropic effects of GLP-1-based therapies and its clinical utility in vascular complications in diabetes.     

Cardiovascular effects of DPP-4 inhibition: beyond GLP-1

Dipeptydil-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are available as oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Their metabolic effect is mediated through sparing incretin hormones (such as glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1) from the rapid degradation by DPP-4. In turn, GLP-1 improves meal-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells thus reducing hyperglycemia. It has been shown that GLP-1 signaling is also active in the cardiovascular system, where it may exert beneficial effects. However, DPP-4 has several non-incretin substrates, and its immunomodulatory activity is known from decades. DPP-4 physiologically cleaves cytokines, chemokines and neuropeptides involved in inflammation, immunity, and vascular function. Owing to these off-target mechanisms, DPP-4 inhibitors hold promise for cardiovascular protection, but may also face unexpected side effects. Herein, we review available data on the cardiovascular effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, with a special interest in GLP-1-independent mechanisms. The modulation of endothelial progenitor cells, inflammatory pathway and ischemic response emerges as the major cardiovascular target of DPP-4 inhibitors.     

DPP-4 inhibitors in diabetic complications: role of DPP-4 beyond glucose control

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (gliptins) are an emerging class of antidiabetic drugs that constitutes approximately fifty percent of the market share of the oral hypoglycemic drugs. Its mechanism of action for lowering blood glucose is essentially via inhibition of the rapid degradation of incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), thus the plasma concentration of GLP-1 increases, which promotes insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and suppresses glucagon secretion from the α cells. In addition to the direct actions on the pancreas, GLP-1 exhibits diverse actions on different tissues through its action on GLP-1 receptor, which is expressed ubiquitously. Moreover, DPP-4 has multiple substrates besides GLP-1 and GIP, including cytokines, chemokines, neuropeptides, and growth factors, which are involved in many pathophysiological conditions. Recently, it was suggested that DPP-4 is a new adipokine secreted from the adipose tissue, which plays an important role in the regulation of the endocrine function in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. Consequently, DPP-4 inhibitors have been reported to exhibit cytoprotective functions against various diabetic complications affecting the liver, heart, kidneys, retina, and neurons. This review outlines the current understanding of the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on the complications associated with type 2 diabetes, such as liver steatosis and inflammation, dysfunction of the adipose tissue and pancreas, cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, and neuropathy in preclinical and clinical studies.     

胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂和二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的疗效与安全性对比的系统评价

目的：比较胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）受体激动剂和二肽基肽酶-4（DPP-4）抑制剂联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的疗效和安全性。方法：计算机检索Pubmed,Embase,Cochrane Library,CNKI,WanFang,VIP,CBM数据库,纳入GLP-1受体激动剂和DPP-4抑制剂联用二甲双胍比较治疗2型糖尿病的随机对照试验（RCT）,检索时间截止至2016年6月1日。由两位研究者根据纳入排除标准筛选文献、提取资料以及对文献质量进行评价,采用Rev-Man 5.3.5软件对数据进行分析。结果：共纳入14篇RCT。Meta分析结果显示：GLP-1受体激动剂+二甲双胍在降低糖化血红蛋白,降低空腹血糖,减轻体重,降低收缩压方面均优于DPP-4抑制剂+二甲双胍,差异具有统计学意义;在降低舒张压方面,2组并无差别;DPP-4抑制剂+二甲双胍组不良反应发生率更低,差异具有统计学意义;在低血糖方面,2组发生率相当,没有统计学差异。结论：GLP-1受体激动剂+二甲双胍在降低2型糖尿病患者的血糖,体质量控制以及降低收缩压方面优于DPP-4抑制剂+二甲双胍,但是不良反应发生率更高。     

Direct effects of DPP-4 inhibition on the vasculature. Reconciling basic evidence with lack of clinical evidence

Diabetes is burdened by macrovascular and microvascular complications that collectively reduce life expectancy. As the ultimate goal of diabetes treatment is to prevent excess morbidity and mortality associated with its complications, the interest on cardiovascular effects of glucose lowering medications is high. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) lower blood glucose by protecting the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from enzymatic degradation, thereby restoring meal-stimulated insulin release. DPP-4 has several non-incretin substrates, including cytokines, chemokines, and neurohormones, which can exert favourable, but also unpredictable, vascular effects, once they are stabilized by DPP-4i. Choi et al. now provide additional evidence that DPP-4i counteracts vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, resulting in an attenuation of neointimal hyperplasia. Though several other in vitro, preclinical, and preliminary clinical studies on surrogate end-points suggest that DPP-4i can exert similar direct vasculoprotective actions, results of placebo-controlled phase IV trials have so far shown no reduction cardiovascular endpoints by DPP-4i. In this commentary, we put DPP-4 pleiotropy and complexity into context, trying to reconcile why results from basic science have not yet translated into clinical evidence of cardiovascular protection.     

Potential new approaches to modifying intestinal GLP-1 secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: focus on bile acid sequestrants

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a progressive decline in insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, an increase in hepatic glucose production, and a decrease in insulin sensitivity. The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulate glucose-induced insulin secretion; however, in patients with type 2 diabetes, the incretin system is impaired by loss of the insulinotropic effects of GIP as well as a possible reduction in secretion of GLP-1. Agents that modify GLP-1 secretion may have a role in the management of type 2 diabetes. The currently available incretin-based therapies, GLP-1 receptor agonists (incretin mimetics) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (CD26 antigen inhibitors) [incretin enhancers], are safe and effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, they may be unable to halt the progression of type 2 diabetes, perhaps because they do not increase secretion of endogenous GLP-1. Therapies that directly target intestinal L cells to stimulate secretion of endogenous GLP-1 could possibly prove more effective than treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors. Potential new approaches to modifying intestinal GLP-1 secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes include G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, α-glucosidase inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, metformin, bile acid mimetics and bile acid sequestrants. Both the GPCR agonist AR231453 and the novel bile acid mimetic INT-777 have been shown to stimulate GLP-1 release, leading to increased insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance in mice. Similarly, a study in insulin-resistant rats demonstrated that the bile acid sequestrant colesevelam increased GLP-1 secretion and improved glucose levels and insulin resistance. In addition, the bile acid sequestrant colestimide (colestilan) has been shown to increase GLP-1 secretion and decrease glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes; these results suggest that the glucose-lowering effects of bile acid sequestrants may be partly due to their ability to increase endogenous GLP-1 levels. Evidence suggests that GPCR agonists, α-glucosidase inhibitors, PPAR agonists, metformin, bile acid mimetics and bile acid sequestrants may represent a new approach to management of type 2 diabetes via modification of endogenous GLP-1 secretion.     

Chronic administration of alogliptin, a novel, potent, and highly selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, improves glycemic control and beta-cell function in obese diabetic ob/ob mice

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes by increasing plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels. However, the effects of chronic DPP-4 inhibition on in vivo beta-cell function are poorly characterized. We thus evaluated the chronic effects of the DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin benzoate (formerly SYR-322) on metabolic control and beta-cell function in obese diabetic ob/ob mice. Alogliptin (0.002%, 0.01%, or 0.03%) was administered in the diet to ob/ob mice for 2 days to determine effects on plasma DPP-4 activity and active GLP-1 levels and for 4 weeks to determine chronic effects on metabolic control and beta-cell function. After 2 days, alogliptin dose-dependently inhibited DPP-4 activity by 28-82% and increased active GLP-1 by 3.2-6.4-fold. After 4 weeks, alogliptin dose-dependently decreased glycosylated hemoglobin by 0.4-0.9%, plasma glucose by 7-28% and plasma triglycerides by 24-51%, increased plasma insulin by 1.5-2.0-fold, and decreased plasma glucagon by 23-26%, with neutral effects on body weight and food consumption. In addition, after drug washout, alogliptin (0.03% dose) increased early-phase insulin secretion by 2.4-fold and improved oral meal tolerance (25% decrease in glucose area under the concentration-time curve), despite the lack of measurable plasma DPP-4 inhibition. Importantly, alogliptin also increased pancreatic insulin content up to 2.5-fold, and induced intense insulin staining of islets, suggestive of improved beta-cell function. In conclusion, chronic treatment with alogliptin improved glycemic control, decreased triglycerides, and improved beta-cell function in ob/ob mice, and may exhibit similar effects in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Cardiovascular effects of anti-diabetes drugs

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease remains the major contributor to morbidity and mortality in diabetes. From the need to reduce cardiovascular risk in diabetes and to ensure that such risk is not exacerbated by drug treatments, governmental regulators and drug manufacturers have focused on clinical trials evaluating cardiovascular outcomes.

Areas covered: Findings from mechanistic and clinical trials of biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors will be reviewed. These drug classes will be compared within the context of available cardiovascular outcomes data. Clinical implications of new study regulations will be examined.

Expert opinion: Recent cardiovascular studies provide a more comprehensive evaluation of specific anti-diabetes therapy in individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Long-term effects of anti-hyperglycemic agents in patients with lower cardiovascular risk are still speculative. Historical data supports continued use of metformin as a first-line agent. DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists appear to have neutral effects on cardiovascular outcomes. The significantly decreased cardiovascular risk associated with empagliflozin SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy is impressive and may change how practitioners prescribe add-on therapy to metformin.     

A novel long acting DPP-IV inhibitor PKF-275-055 stimulates β-cell proliferation resulting in improved glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats

The enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inactivates the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 has therapeutic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes, but its potential is limited by a short half-life, DPP-4 inhibition is a promising approach to diabetes treatment. This study examined chronic (once-a-day dosing for 8 weeks) effects of the DPP-4 inhibitor PKF-275-055 (1, 3, and 10mg/kg) on β-cell regeneration and plasma DPP-IV activity, intact GLP-1, glucose, and insulin after an oral glucose load in neonatal wistar rats injected with streptozotocin (STZ) (n2-STZ model), a recognized model of type 2 diabetes. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, PKF-275-055 (3, and 10mg/kg) significantly reduced glucose excursion during the oral glucose tolerance test conducted 2h and 10h after administration, with increases in plasma insulin and active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels and significantly inhibited (> 50% inhibition) plasma DPP-IV activity during both the 1st and 2nd OGTT in diabetic rats. In contrast, PKF-275-055 (1-10mg/kg) did not cause hypoglycemia in fasted normal rats. Furthermore, PKF-275-055 significantly inhibited advance glycation end product (HbA1c), HOMA-Index, gastric emptying and small intestinal transit rates, with significance at doses of 1mg/kg or higher. Immunological staining showed PKF-275-055 stimulates β-cell regeneration and reduces pancreatic cell apoptosis in diabetic treated rats. The present preclinical studies indicate that PKF-275-055 is a novel selective DPP-IV inhibitor with long-acting antidiabetic effect that might be a potential agent for type 2 diabetes.