2017年开封市居民期望寿命及减寿分析

目的了解2017年开封市居民期望寿命及寿命损失情况。方法收集2017年开封市死亡资料,采用ANACONDA(Analysis of Causes of National Deaths for Action,ANACONDA)软件对死亡数据质量进行评价,通过死亡率、标化死亡率、构成比、死因顺位、期望寿命、潜在减寿年数(Potential Years of Life Lost,PYLL)等指标对居民死亡情况及寿命损失进行描述。结果2017年全市共报告死亡病例25099例,死亡率645.05/10万(标化死亡率577.12/10万),男性死亡率高于女性且差异有统计学意义(χ^2=26.00,P<0.001)。居民平均期望寿命为78.08岁(男性74.90岁,女性81.26岁)。前五位死因依次为:心脏病、脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、损伤与中毒。去除前五位死因后,平均期望寿命增加10.43岁。四类慢性病造成的早死概率为18.32%。2017年开封市1~69岁人群因各种疾病导致128808人年的潜在减寿年数损失,平均减寿年数(Average Years of Life Lost,AYLL)为13.77年。结论慢性病尤其是心脑血管疾病及恶性肿瘤是造成开封市居民寿命损失的主要原因,期望寿命的提高关键在于对循环系统疾病、恶性肿瘤等慢性病的预防和控制。     

2011—2016年重庆市心脑血管疾病死亡分析和减寿评估

目的分析重庆市居民2011—2016年心脑血管疾病死亡情况和潜在寿命损失,为居民的健康和生存质量促进提供科学依据。方法利用2011—2016年重庆市死因登记数据,根据ICD-10国际疾病编码对心脑血管疾病进行分类,采用死亡率、标化死亡率、潜在减寿年数(Potential Year of Life Lost,PYLL)、平均减寿年数(Average Years of Life Lost,AYLL)、潜在减寿率(Potential Year of Life Lost Rate,PYLLR)进行分析。结果2011—2016年重庆市居民心脑血管疾病年均死亡率为230.16/10万,标化死亡率为184.34/10万,其中心脏病死亡率为111.20/10万,脑血管病死亡率为118.96/10万,男性心脑血管疾病的死亡率高于女性;心脑血管疾病死因前3位为冠心病、脑出血和其他脑血管病。心脑血管疾病年均PYLL为226 607.33人年,AYLL为3.35年/人,PYLLR为7.60‰,主要心脑血管疾病死因年均PYLL前3位为脑出血、冠心病和其他脑血管病。结论重庆市2011—2016年心脑血管疾病死亡风...     

2017年南充市死因监测地区居民死因及减寿分析

目的了解南充市死因监测地区居民主要死亡原因和减寿情况,为制定疾病预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法通过对2017年南充市死因监测死亡个案以性别、年龄、死亡原因进行分层测算居民死亡率、主要死亡顺位、潜在减寿年数等主要指标,采用SPSS 13.0进行χ~2检验,检验水准α=0.05,分析南充市2017年死因监测地区居民主要死亡流行特征。结果 2017年南充市死因监测地区死亡13 837人,粗死亡率为675.81/10万,标化死亡率为444.46/10万。慢性非传染性疾病死亡率最高,导致的死亡占死亡总数的89.68%。前5位死因顺位分别是恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、呼吸系统疾病、心脏病和损伤及中毒。50岁以上年龄组死亡率随年龄的增大逐渐升高,4大类慢性病过早死亡率为18.35%。全死因导致的潜在减寿年数(PYLL)64 758人年,平均潜在减寿年数(AYLL)为12.61人年,潜在减寿率(PYLLR)为352.30‰。结论南充市死亡监测地区居民主要死因以慢性非传染性疾病为主,恶性肿瘤、循环系统疾病及下呼吸道疾病是居民的主要死因,是今后疾病预防控制工作的重点,需针对不同人群不同病种实施综合预防措施。     

张家港市2010-2014年脑血管病死亡病例特征

目的分析脑血管病死亡人群的流行病学特征和危害程度。方法利用2010-2014年张家港市脑血管病死亡资料,使用Death Reg 2005以及SPSS 16.0计算粗死亡率、标化死亡率、潜在减寿年数(PYLL)、减寿率(PYLL‰)、平均减寿年数(AYLL)等指标。结果5年间张家港市居民脑血管病死亡较为平稳,平均粗死亡率156.80/10万,占总死亡的22.74%,标化率58.75/10万,居死因顺位第二。随着年龄的增长,居民脑血管死亡率逐渐增加,尤其是60岁以后迅速上升,占脑血管总死亡的95.47%。居民因脑血管病死亡造成的PYLL为8 999人年,减寿率2.21‰,AYLL为9.56年/人。结论脑血管病是张家港市居民的主要死因,应加强中老年人群脑血管病的防治工作,提高中老年人群的生命质量。     

2010 - 2016年江苏省老年人群意外跌倒死亡流行特征

目的 了解江苏省≥60岁老年人群意外跌倒死亡的流行特征和寿命损失情况,为制定我省预防跌倒伤害干预措施提供科学依据。方法 收集全国疾病监测系统中2010 - 2016年江苏省死因监测数据,计算城乡、不同性别、不同年龄的意外跌倒死亡率及疾病负担指标:潜在减寿年数（Potential Years of Life Lost, PYLL）、潜在减寿率（Potential Years of Life Lost Rate, PYLLR）和平均减寿年数（Average Years of Life Lost, AYLL）。年度变化百分比用于检验死亡率的时间变化趋势。结果 2010 - 2016年,江苏省60岁以上老年人口比例逐年增加。意外跌倒是我省老年人群因意外死亡的首位原因。老年人意外跌倒死亡率随年龄增加而升高。男、女和农村居民意外跌倒死亡率都呈逐年上升趋势（标化t男 = 9.260,t女 = 11.161,t农村 = 13.931,三者P＜0.001）。男性意外跌倒死亡的PYLL、PYLLR和AYLL都高于女性,农村居民总体高于城市居民。结论 老年跌倒已成为江苏省不容忽视的公共卫生问题,在农村更为严峻。应将跌倒干预工作作为江苏省老年人伤害防控的优先领域。     

2015年河池市罗城县居民恶性肿瘤死亡状况与潜在减寿分析

目的:分析2015年河池市罗城县居民恶性肿瘤死亡资料。方法:从全人群死因监测系统导出2015年罗城县居民死亡原因报表、常规质量分析报表,应用XLS工作表计算居民恶性肿瘤粗死亡率、标化死亡率、PYLL、PYLLR、AYLL等。结果:2015年罗城县居民恶性肿瘤粗死亡率126.96/10万,标化死亡率116.91/10万,占居民总死亡人数16.47%,居全人群死因顺位的第3位。男性恶性肿瘤粗死亡率明显高于女性(P<0.05)。恶性肿瘤潜在减寿年数(PYLL)5230.00人年,减寿率(PYLLR)17.87‰,平均减寿年数(AYLL)16.66年。结论:恶性肿瘤严重影响罗城县居民健康,我们应加强对全人群的健康教育,对重点癌种和高发人群开展针对性的预防措施。     

上海市徐汇区2002～2006年儿童青少年死因分析和减寿评估

【目的】了解近五年来上海市徐汇区5~19岁儿童青少年病伤死亡发生、发展的流行特征,为制定和开展儿童青少年疾病综合防治和有效干预措施提供科学依据。【方法】应用死亡率、死因构成和顺位、潜在减寿年数(Po-tential Years of Life Lost,PYLL)、标化潜在减寿年数(SPYLL)、潜在减寿率(PYLL‰)、标化减寿率(SPYLL‰)、平均减寿年数(AYLL)等健康测量指标对来自2002~2006年徐汇区生命统计报表进行死因分析和减寿评估。【结果】儿童青少年死亡率为15.71/105,标化死亡率为14.35/105,男女性死亡率比值是1.31。损伤中毒(5.68/105)和肿瘤(5.51/105)是危害儿童青少年最主要前二位死因,占全死因死亡的71.28%,居男性死因首位的肿瘤死亡率是女性的1.93倍;居女性死因首位的损伤中毒占女性死亡总数的47.37%。PYLL为6 167人年,SPYLL为5 753.09人年,PYLL‰为10.31‰,SPYLL‰为9.61‰,AYLL为65.61年/人。【结论】死因分析和减寿评估表明,损伤中毒和肿瘤成为危害5~19岁儿童青少年生命健康的主要原因,并造成较大损失,卫生等相关政府部门应加强儿童青少年早期伤害预防和重要疾病监测控制,维护和促进学生身心健康和生命安全。     

上海市居民减寿年数和减寿率的分析

减寿年数(Potential Years of Life Lost/PYLL)和减寿率(Rate of PYLL),是目前国外分析人的死亡年龄以及疾病对人群寿命危害的一项敏感的流行病学指标^(1～2)。本文试用减寿年数和减寿率方法分析上海市居民健康危害情况,为明确重点防治对象提供了科学依据。     

2010年如东县居民主要死因减寿年数分析

目的:了解2010年如东县前5位主要死因对其居民寿命损失的影响,为制定疾病控制策略提供科学的依据。方法:根据2010年如东县居民死因资料,应用DeathReg2005软件,确定居民主要死因,并对前5位死因的减寿率(PYLL‰)、减寿年数(PYLL)和平均减寿年数(AYLL)指标进行分析。结果:2010年如东县居民死亡率为956.2/10万,前5位死因依次为循环系统疾病、肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、损伤和中毒、消化系统疾病。全死因合计的PYLL为45 771.50人年,PYLL‰为10.8‰;AYLL为1.9年/人。前5位PYLL‰依次为肿瘤、损伤和中毒、循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病和消化系统疾病。结论:循环系统疾病、肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、损伤和中毒、消化系统疾病为如东县居民的主要死因,肿瘤所造成的死亡给整个人群带来的生存时间和工作时间的损失最大,损伤和中毒潜在危险性也最大。     

2009—2018年上海市浦东新区居民主要死因及减寿分析

目的了解2009—2018年浦东新区居民死因分布特征与潜在寿命损失,评估不同疾病导致的疾病负担,为制定区域防控策略提供依据。方法收集2009—2018年浦东新居民死因资料,采用国际疾病分类标准(ICD-10)对居民死因进行分类,分别计算粗死亡率、标化死亡率、潜在减寿年数(PYLL)、减寿率(PYLLR)、平均减寿年数(AYLL)对浦东新区居民死亡资料进行分析。结果2009—2018年浦东新区居民年均粗死亡率为7.55‰,标化死亡率为3.62‰,浦东新区居民前五位死亡原因分别为循环系统疾病、肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、内分泌营养和代谢疾病、损伤中毒,合计占死亡总数的87.85%。浦东新区居民各类疾病导致的PYLL为687729人年,PYLLR为24.11‰,AYLL为3.19年/人,减寿顺位前五位疾病,分别是肿瘤、循环系统疾病、损伤中毒、内分泌营养与代谢疾病、先天异常,合计占居民寿命损失的82.08%。结论包括循环系统疾病、肿瘤、内分泌营养代谢疾病在内的慢性非传染性疾病是浦东新区居民的主要死亡原因,并引起了沉重的疾病负担,应作为今后的防控重点,应采用综合性的防控措施,降低慢性病的危害,保护居民健康。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.