营养素补充剂中维生素矿物质允许的最高含量的评定方法(综述)

补充多种维生素矿物质制剂，预防慢性疾病。补充剂中营养素含量的确定已受到广泛关注。2004年美国营养责任委员会提出确定营养素补充剂维生素矿物质最高含量(upper level for supplement，ULS)的方法，并与美、英、欧共体等采用的方法作出了比较。     

四种方法补充富马酸亚铁改善大鼠铁营养状况比较

目的通过动物实验,比较4种不同方式补充富马酸铁对大鼠铁营养状况的影响。方法刚断乳的雌性Wistar大鼠,用铁缺乏饲料(<10mg铁/kg饲料)喂养至血红蛋白低于100g/L。选择50只大鼠,按血红蛋白含量和体重随机分为铁缺乏对照组(ID)、每日小剂量补铁组(LDs)、每周1次小剂量补铁组(LWs)、每日大剂量补铁组(HDs)、每周1次大剂量补铁组(HWs),每组10只大鼠。补充期为12周。实验结束时,取大鼠的腹主动脉血,测定血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞游离原卟啉(FEP)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、血清铁(SI)、总铁结合力(TIBC)、运铁蛋白饱和度(TS)等。结果补充4周后,HDs或HWs补充组Hb含量升高速度显著高于LDs、LWs补充组。补充8周后,4种补充方式之间Hb、FEP含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但补充12周后,HDs补充组大鼠的SI、TS、SF含量显著高于HWs、LDs、LWs补充组,HDs补充组的TS接近60%。结论间歇性补铁,短期效果不如每日补铁,但延长补充时间,其改善机体铁营养状况的效果与每日补铁基本相同。     

Food Supplement Use Differs from the Recommendations in Pregnant Women: A Multinational Survey

The aim was to investigate, among pregnant women, (1) the use of food supplements and (2) the awareness of food supplement recommendations and beliefs about food supplement use in four European countries: Finland, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The participants (n = 1804) completed an online questionnaire with predefined statements. Daily intakes of vitamins and minerals were calculated using uploaded pictures or weblinks of the supplement packages. Country differences were assessed. Most participants (91%) used at least one food supplement during pregnancy. A prenatal multivitamin was the most commonly used supplement type (84% of the users), and 75% of the participants thought consumption of multivitamin is recommended. Of the participants, 81% knew that folic acid is recommended during pregnancy while 58% knew the recommendation for vitamin D. In 19% of the supplement users, the daily safe upper intake limit of at least one nutrient was exceeded. Nevertheless, most participants agreed that they knew which supplements (91%) and doses of supplements (87%) needed to be used during pregnancy. To conclude, the majority of the participants used food supplements, but lower proportions knew and adhered to the recommended intakes. Between-country differences were observed in the use and knowledge of and beliefs regarding supplements. The results suggest a need for assessment and monitoring of supplement use in antenatal care to ensure appropriate use.     

灌肠补钾的护理疗效观察

本文通过观察灌肠补钾的护理疗效,得出结论：口服补钾、静脉补钾与灌肠补钾三种方式的总体治疗效果相似,而在不良反应方面存在一定差异性,应根据患者不同症状选取合理的补钾方法。     

缺锌和补锌对大鼠血清锌、铜及血脂水平影响的研究

健康雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠４５只，先进行２５天锌缺乏实验，继之２１只大鼠再进行１５天锌补充实验。结果显示，缺锌可致大鼠血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）含量增高，而血清锌（Ｚｎ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）及其亚组分ＨＤＬ２－Ｃ含量明显下降，并且血清Ｚｎ含量与上述各指标均呈很好的剂量反应关系。适量补锌（１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）均可使大鼠的各项指标完全恢复，而大剂量补锌（２５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）则使ＨＤＬ－Ｃ及ＨＤＬ２－Ｃ有延迟恢复的趋向。血清铜（Ｃｕ）含量始终无明显改变。提示，膳食锌含量缺乏可致血脂代谢紊乱，而大剂量补锌又可使血脂恢复延迟，因此，膳食中Ｚｎ含量应有适当的剂量范围。     

Simultaneous determination of Fe and Ni in guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth) by HR-CS GF AAS: Comparison of direct solid analysis and wet acid digestion procedures

Direct solid sampling method was compared with the conventional wet acid digestion method to simultaneously assay iron and nickel in guarana by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Measurements were done with the secondary lines of Fe and Ni. Four digestion procedures using mixtures of HNO₃ and H₂O₂ (procedure A), HNO₃ and HCl (procedure B), HNO₃, HCl and H₂O₂ (procedure C) and HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ (procedure D) were evaluated. All tested procedures provided quantitative recoveries for Ni, whereas a good recovery for Fe was obtained only with procedure D. Procedure D was chosen for the digestion of all guarana samples. The limit of detection for the direct solid sampling method was 1.004 μg g⁻¹ for Fe and 0.022 μg g⁻¹ for Ni, and the precision ranged from 3.5–20.0% and 2.8–8.0% for Fe and Ni, respectively. Method accuracy was evaluated by statistical comparison between analyte concentrations, obtained by measurements in the solid samples by the proposed method and after the digestion of the samples by procedure D. The validation of the analytical results obtained for the solid and the digested sample was performed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence.     

HOW USEFUL ARE SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAMS?

The usefulness of supplementary feeding programs is questioned because they failed to make the expected impact on the target groups.     

上海市奉贤县2岁以下儿童生长评价及影响因素分析

通过对上海市奉贤县3813名3～23月儿童生长发育资料的分析发现:奉贤县儿童生长状况介于城市和郊区之间,6月内明显高于WHO平均水平,6月后则明显落后.逐步回归分析表明:3～5月组儿童生长不利因素为奶粉类、粮谷类辅食添加过早过多,疾病(贫血、腹泻、反复急性呼吸道感染等);6～11月组有利因素为家庭条件好,动物类辅食添加多、晚断奶,不利因素为奶粉添加过早、疾病;12～23月组有利因素为动物性辅食添加多、家庭条件好、蔬菜水果添加多、粮谷类添加多等,不利因素为反复急性呼吸道感染.     

每日或间歇性大剂量补充硫酸亚铁对大鼠铁营养状况和抗氧化功能的影响

目的:比较不同方式补充硫酸亚铁对大鼠铁营养状况和抗氧化功能的影响。方法:刚断乳的雌性Wistar大鼠,用铁缺乏饲料喂养至血红蛋白(Hb)低于100g/L。按Hb含量和体重随机分为五组,分别为铁缺乏对照组(ID)、每日小剂量补铁组(LDs)、每周一次小剂量补铁组(LWs)、每日大剂量补铁组(HDs)、每周一次大剂量补铁组(HWs),每组10只大鼠。补充期12w。实验结束时,测定大鼠血清铁(SI)、血清铁蛋白(SF)及血清和肝组织匀浆丙二醛(MDA)等含量。结果:各补充组大鼠SI、SF、运铁蛋白饱和度(TS)、肝脏及脾脏铁含量均显著高于对照组,而总铁结合力(TIBC)则显著低于对照组。HDs组和HWs组大鼠SI、TS、SF显著高于LDs、LWs,TIBC显著低于LDs和LWs组(P<0.05)。HDs或HWs组血清和肝脏MDA含量显著高于对照组,LWs组血清MDA含量显著高于对照组,LDs组肝脏MDA含量也显著高于对照组(P<0.05),HDs和HWs组血清和肝脏MDA含量均显著高于LDs、LWs组。结论:每日大剂量补充或每周一次大剂量补充硫酸亚铁3个月,有导致铁过量以及机体脂质过氧化增强的危险。     

Abstracts of Articles on Vitamins

In evaluating dietary data with reference to guidelines for a healthy diet, some potential pitfalls (i.e., method of food consumption assessment and calculation to include or exclude energy derived from alcohol) were investigated. The percentage of energy intake (en%) derived from total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), mono- and disaccharides (MD) and intake of cholesterol and dietary fiber per megajoule were calculated using 2-day records obtained in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey of 1987-1988. Subjects (aged 4-85, n = 5595) were classified into age-sex groups. Mean values and intake distributions were calculated with and without adjustment for within-person variation. Except for the intake of cholesterol and MD, mean intake levels were not in accord with guidelines. About 20% of the women and 23% of the men met the goal for fat intake, 20% of the men and 27% of the women for dietary fiber, and about 60 and 70% for MD and cholesterol. Only 3% of subjects had SFA intake < or = 10 en%, whereas < 1% had a diet in accord with all criteria studied. After adjustment for within-person variation, percentages meeting the guidelines were generally lower for fat, SFA and dietary fiber and slightly higher for cholesterol and MD. Among elderly, unadjusted results were more in agreement with the prevalence estimates based on habitual dietary intake data than with adjusted ones. Fat intake (en%) was inversely related with intake of added MD and alcohol. Our data indicate that guidelines should state explicitly whether energy-related recommendations include energy derived from alcohol, and that the prevalence of a high-fat intake is more affected by the calculation method than by food consumption assessment.     

A Review of Rehabilitation Benefits of Exercise Training Combined with Nutrition Supplement for Improving Protein Synthesis and Skeletal Muscle Strength in Patients with Cerebral Stroke

Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is one of the main causes of chronic disability, and it affects the function of daily life, so it is increasingly important to actively rehabilitate patients’ physical functions. The research confirmed that the nutrition supplement strategy is helpful to improve the effect of sports rehabilitation adaptation and sports performance. The patients with chronic strokes (whose strokes occur for more than 6 months) have special nutritional needs while actively carrying out rehabilitation exercises, but there are still few studies to discuss at present. Therefore, this paper will take exercise rehabilitation to promote muscle strength and improve muscle protein synthesis as the main axis and, through integrating existing scientific evidence, discuss the special needs of chronic stroke patients in rehabilitation exercise intervention and nutrition supplement one by one. At the same time, we further evaluated the physiological mechanism of nutrition intervention to promote training adaptation and compared the effects of various nutrition supplement strategies on stroke rehabilitation. Literature review pointed out that immediately supplementing protein nutrition (such as whey protein or soybean protein) after resistance exercise or endurance exercise can promote the efficiency of muscle protein synthesis and produce additive benefits, thereby improving the quality of muscle tissue. Recent animal research results show that probiotics can prevent the risk factors of neural function degradation and promote the benefits of sports rehabilitation. At the same time, natural polyphenols (such as catechin or resveratrol) or vitamins can also reduce the oxidative stress injury caused by animal stroke and promote the proliferation of neural tissue. In view of the fact that animal research results still make up the majority of issues related to the role of nutrition supplements in promoting nerve repair and protection, and the true benefits still need to be confirmed by subsequent human studies. This paper suggests that the future research direction should be the supplement of natural antioxidants, probiotics, compound nutritional supplements, and integrated human clinical research.     

Science in Liquid Dietary Supplement Promotion: The Misleading Case of Mangosteen Juice

Liquid dietary supplements represent a fast growing market segment, including botanically-based beverages containing mangosteen, acai, and noni. These products often resemble fruit juice in packaging and appearance, but may contain pharmacologically active ingredients. While little is known about the human health effects or safety of consuming such products, manufacturers make extensive use of low-quality published research to promote their products. This report analyzes the science-based marketing claims of two of the most widely consumed mangosteen liquid dietary supplements, and compares them to the findings of the research being cited. The reviewer found that analyzed marketing claims overstate the significance of findings, and fail to disclose severe methodological weaknesses of the research they cite. If this trend extends to other related products that are similarly widely consumed, it may pose a public health threat by misleading consumers into assuming that product safety and effectiveness are backed by rigorous scientific data.     

3～6岁儿童锌和蛋白质补充试验研究

对289名3～6岁儿童为期2个月补充锌和蛋白质,补充期热能、蛋白质和锌的摄入量分别达到RDA82.6％～88.2％、86.2％～93.3％、105.0％～110.3％。膳食蛋白质来源豆类和动物类约占43％,锌约50％由饮料补充。实验结束时,唾液锌值由补充前的56±35μg/L上升到85±38±g/L;味觉测试积分值5分者由42.6％上升至68.6％,≤4分者由57.4％下降至31.4％;发锌值<110μg/g者由64.6％下降至36.3％,均值由90.6μg/g上升至138.7μg/g(P<0.05)。尿羟脯氨酸指数≥2者,由33.9％上升至58.9％,<2者,由66.1％降至41.1％(P<0.01);尿素氮肌酐比值≥12者,由11.1％上升至42.1％,<12者,由88.9％降至57.9％(P<0.01)。身高月增长值基本达到1985年10省城区同龄儿童月增长参考值。显示了补充效果。     

A comparison of the energy supplements Polycal and Duocal in cancer patients

Reduced food intake is a common problem in patients with malignant disease. Oral supplements can be easily added to foods to increase their nutrient-energy content. In a previous study (Parkinson et ah , 1987), Polycal was found to be the most acceptable energy supplement although it did not increase the energy content as much as had been hoped. Duocal, a relatively new product, was not then tested. It has a higher energy density, so might be expected to give a greater increase at the same level of palatability. This study was set up to compare the palatability and ability to increase energy of Polycal and Duocal, when incorporated into commonly used recipes. The first stage assessed the relative palatability of the two energy supplements, and found them to be equal. The second stage then set out to find the maximum acceptable amount of Duocal which could be added to a recipe. It was found that Duocal could make a larger contribution to increasing the energy content of the diet than Polycal.     

Revised Finnish dietary supplement database

The aim of the project was to revise the Finnish dietary supplement database used for the purpose of estimating total dietary intakes in food consumption surveys, and as a valuable tool for dietary risk assessment. Data for the revised database were compiled from the relevant governmental agencies and from the dietary supplement database of the Type I Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Nutrition study. In addition, information on dietary supplements was obtained from product labels and manufacturers’ websites. The dietary supplement database thus compiled contained a total of 491 dietary supplements, including 154 vitamin and mineral products, 138 vitamin supplements, 106 mineral supplements, and 93 other dietary supplement products. The total number of nutrients per dietary supplement ranges from 1 to 36 (median 2). The dietary supplement database is now integrated into the national food composition database. In conclusion, for the purposes of estimating total dietary intakes, there is an increasing need to revise and update the dietary supplement database. The rapidly developing dietary supplement market makes the updating of the dietary supplement database a challenging and time-consuming task. Thus, a recommendation for the construction and compilation of dietary supplement databases, together with a standard for data transfer, is needed.     

孕妇营养素补充剂使用及影响因素分析

目的了解孕妇营养素补充剂使用现状及影响因素,为今后指导孕妇合理选用营养素补充剂提供科学依据。方法采用问卷调查方式收集473名孕妇基本信息、营养素补充剂使用、对营养素补充剂的认知情况和态度等情况,并进行分析。结果 473名孕妇中,有274人(57.93%)选用营养素补充剂,其中41.67%是接受医生推荐,选用较多的是维生素类,为168人(32.75%),选用维生素矿物质复合型类149人(29.04%),31.75%选择同时服用≥2种补充剂;营养素补充剂认知得分平均为(64.46±23.99)分,不同文化程度、职业孕妇认知得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);86.47%的孕妇不赞成长期服用营养素补充剂。结论孕妇营养素补充剂的使用具有一定普遍性,医生推荐是孕妇选用营养补充剂的主要原因;孕妇营养素补充剂使用与年龄、职业、文化程度、家庭收入等因素有关。     

微量元素和人体免疫功能

微量元素对正常免疫功能的维持具有重要作用。反复感染时不仅有免疫功能受损，而且伴有多种微量元素缺乏或失衡，临床上及时补充多种维生素、微量元素制剂，能改善免疫功能，防治反复感染。     

The Dietary Supplement Creatyl-l-Leucine Does Not Bioaccumulate in Muscle,Brain or Plasma and Is Not a Significant Bioavailable Source of Creatine

Creatine is an important energy metabolite that is concentrated in tissues such as the muscles and brain. Creatine is reversibly converted to creatine phosphate through a reaction with ATP or ADP, which is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase. Dietary supplementation with relatively large amounts of creatine monohydrate has been proven as an effective sports supplement that can enhances athletic performance during acute high-energy demand physical activity. Some side effects have been reported with creatine monohydrate supplementation, which have stimulated research into new potential molecules that could be used as supplements to potentially provide bioavailable creatine. Recently, a popular supplement, creatyl-l-leucine, has been proposed as a potential dietary ingredient that may potentially provide bioavailable creatine. This study tests whether creatyl-l-leucine is a bioavailable compound and determines whether it can furnish creatine as a dietary supplement. Rats were deprived of dietary creatine for a period of two weeks and then given one of three treatments: a control AIN-93G creatine-free diet, AIN-93G supplemented with creatine monohydrate or AIN-93G with an equimolar amount of creatyl-l-leucine supplement in the diet for one week. When compared to the control and the creatine monohydrate-supplemented diet, creatyl-l-leucine supplementation resulted in no bioaccumulation of either creatyl-l-leucine or creatine in tissue.     

Dietary Supplements and the Skin: Focus on Photoprotection and Antioxidant Activity—A Review

Skin health is not only significantly affected by ageing, but also by other lifestyle-related factors, such as sun exposure, exercise and eating habits, smoking or alcohol intake. It is known that the cutaneous tissue can exhibit visible signs of senescence, in the form of, for example, dull complexion, loss of firmness, or changes in pigmentation. Consumers attempt to improve skin health and appearance not only by cosmetic products, but also with the consumption of food supplements. Recently, there has been an increase in the amount of food supplements with claims that are related to skin and hair health. Nevertheless, the literature is still scarce in evidence of the efficacy of this type of products. Considering this scenario, we aim in this review to assemble studies and methodologies that are directed at the substantiation of the cutaneous health claims of food supplements. For example, we reviewed those that were indicative of antioxidant properties, improvement in pigmentation disorders, increased hydration or protection against the damages caused by ultraviolet radiation.     

离子色谱法测定铁强化酱油中NaFeEDTA的含量

目的建立离子色谱测定铁强化酱油中铁营养强化剂乙二胺四乙酸铁钠（NaFeEDTA）的方法。方法以4.5 mmol/L的Na2CO3溶液为淋洗液,醇沉净化样品,碱性条件下高速离心后测定。结果采用本法,标准曲线的相关系数在0.999以上,并可以采取单点校正或标准加入法;按吸取2.5 ml样品进行测定,方法检出限为40 mg/100ml;加标回收率在93.6%～96.4%之间,RSD为1.12%,共存的高浓度Cl^-和氨基酸以及其他一些常见的NO2^-、NO3^-、Mn^2＋、Zn^2＋等无机离子和乙酸等均不干扰测定。结论与国家标准方法和文献报道的检测方法相比,本法操作便捷,测定速度较快,利大于弊,较适于在基层检测部门推广。