吉林省2000-2009年食源性致病菌污染状况分析

目的了解吉林省食品中沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、肠出血性大肠埃希菌(EHEC)O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌、空肠弯曲菌的污染状况,确定可能污染上述致病菌的高危食品,为食源性疾病监测提供科学依据。方法依据国标方法,并采用显色培养基,对样品分别进行沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、EHEC O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌、空肠弯曲菌分离、生化及血清学鉴定。结果检测生畜肉、生禽肉、熟肉制品、动物性水产品、生食蔬菜、乳及乳制品、速冻面米食品、非发酵豆制品等样品共4 238件,检出致病菌772株,总检出率18.22%。其中单增李斯特菌检出360株,检出率最高8.49%;其次为沙门菌检出328株,检出率7.74%;金黄色葡萄球菌检出30株,检出率2.88%;副溶血弧菌检出23株,检出率5%;EHEC O157:H7检出31株,检出率0.73%;未检出空肠弯曲菌。8类样品中致病菌阳性率最高的为生禽肉,占42.89%;其次为生畜肉,占40.95%;速冻面米食品,占22.22%;动物性水产品,占20.92%;生食蔬菜,占14.69%;非发酵豆制品,占11.83%;熟肉制品,占9.38%;乳及乳制品,占0.70%。结论吉林省居民主要消费食品存在食源性致病菌污染,其中生猪肉、生鸡肉、速冻面米食品是主要受污染的食品品种。     

北京市昌平区2010-2015年市售食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌污染状况分析

目的 了解北京市昌平区市售食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌污染状况,为政府部门有效监管提供技术支持。 方法 2010-2015年,在辖区内农贸市场、超市/便利店和餐饮单位抽取12类368件食品样品进行单核细胞增生李斯特菌检测。 结果 368件食品样品中检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌16株,总检出率为4.35%。其中,不同类别食品中生禽肉检出率最高(25.71%),其次是生畜肉(11.11%)和鲜冻水产品(6.67%);各季度样品中三季度样品检出率最高(7.41%),其次是二季度(4.11%),一、四季度样品未检出;农贸市场、超市/便利店和餐饮单位等不同销售场所样品检出率分别为4.85%、4.11%和4.20%。 结论 2010-2015年北京市昌平区市售生禽肉、生畜肉和鲜冻水产品存在单核细胞增生李斯特菌污染,且以三季度污染较为突出。     

吉林省食源性沙门菌污染监测分析

目的了解吉林省食品中沙门菌的污染状况,确定可能污染沙门菌的高危食品,为食源性疾病监测提供科学依据。方法依据国标方法,并采用显色培养基,对样品进行沙门菌分离、生化及血清学鉴定。结果检测生畜肉、生禽肉、熟肉制品、动物性水产品、生食蔬菜、乳及乳制品、速冻面米食品、非发酵豆制品、沙拉等9类样品共3 398件,检出沙门菌300株,检出率8.83%。结论吉林省居民主要消费食品存在沙门菌污染,其中生禽肉、生畜肉是主要受污染的食品品种。建议政府加大对动物宰杀行业及食品销售渠道的严格管理,尽量减少食源性致病菌的交叉污染,同时做好卫生知识的宣传教育工作,防止食源性疾病的发生。     

2020—2022年上海市浦东新区市售食品中沙门菌耐药特征研究

【目的】了解市售食品中沙门菌污染情况、血清型分布以及耐药情况。【方法】对2020—2022年浦东新区抽检的市售食品进行沙门菌检测,并对所获菌株开展血清学分型和15种抗生素的微量肉汤法药敏试验。【结果】2497件食品共检出118株沙门菌,总检出率为4.7%,优势检出类别依次为禽肉类、畜肉类和水产类。118株沙门菌可分为24种血清型,肠炎沙门菌(26.4%)、鼠伤寒沙门菌(16.2%)和德尔卑沙门菌(14.4%)是主要优势型别。沙门菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高,达63.6%,其次是四环素、氯霉素、复方新诺明和萘啶酸。3种优势血清型中鼠伤寒沙门菌多重耐药率最高为89.5%,其次是德尔卑沙门菌(70.6%)和肠炎沙门菌(61.3%)。【结论】市售食品中,畜、禽肉与水产品沙门菌污染严重,血清型别多样化,畜肉以鼠伤寒、德尔卑沙门菌为主,禽肉以肠炎沙门菌为主;耐药谱广泛,多重耐药率高,不同于畜肉、水产类分离株,禽肉源菌株对氨苄西林、萘啶酸和多黏菌素的耐受较高,具有一定的食品安全隐患。     

铁岭市2010年食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的了解铁岭市食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况,对食源性致病菌进行监测。方法随机采集市售食品（生畜肉、生禽肉、动物性水产品、中式凉拌菜、鲜榨果汁、非发酵豆制品、婴幼儿配方奶粉）,依据全国食源性致病菌监测2010年度工作手册及GB/T 4789-2003《食品卫生微生物学检验》进行检测。结果生禽肉、动物性水产品和中式凉拌菜中致病菌检出率分别为5.0%、20.0%和30.0%。115份样品中沙门菌检和副溶血性弧菌检出率均为3.5%,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率0.9%,未检出其它致病菌。结论铁岭市食品中存在食源性致病菌的污染,副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏是污染食品的主要致病菌。     

某市市售食品中微生物污染监测分析

[目的]了解我市市售食品中微生物污染现状,为我市食品微生物污染监测提供依据. [方法]按照<2006年江苏省食源性致病菌监测计划要求>,抽取我市8种食品(生禽肉、生畜肉、动物性水产品、生食蔬菜、熟肉制品、蔬菜沙拉、速冻面米食品、非发酵豆制品)计131件样品,按2005年全国食源性致病菌监测计划所提供的检测技术要求进行增菌、分离、鉴定. [结果]131份样品共检出15株食源性致病菌,其中18份动物性水产品中检出副溶血性弧菌9株.检出率50.0%;31份生肉中检出沙门菌5株,检出率16.2%;20份速冻面米食品中检出单增李氏特菌1株,检出率5.0%;肠出血性大肠杆菌、弯曲菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均未检出. [结论]我市食品中微生物污染较严重,应加强其监督管理.     

2018年北海市市售动物性水产品致病性弧菌污染状况调查

目的了解北海市动物性水产品中致病性弧菌的污染状况,为控制食源性疾病及食物中毒事件的发生提供依据。方法对北海市3个城区随机采集市场和超市销售的动物性水产品样本,参照《2018年国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中的微生物检验标准进行致病性弧菌检测。结果采集动物性水产品样品240份,检出致病性弧菌180份,总检出率为75.00%,其中海水产品的致病性弧菌检出率为91.67%,淡水产品的检出率为58.33%,海水产品的检出率高于淡水产品(χ^2=35.56,P<0.05)。检出4种致病性弧菌,其中副溶血性弧菌的检出率最高(57.92%),其次为溶藻弧菌(55.83%),创伤弧菌、河弧菌的检出率分别为10.83%和6.67%,未检出霍乱弧菌。海水产品副溶血性弧菌检出率(78.33%)高于淡水产品(37.50%)(χ^2=41.05,P<0.05)。检出的139株副溶血性弧菌均携带tlh毒力基因,tdh和trh两种毒力基因均未检出。结论北海市动物性水产品致病性弧菌污染较为严重,存在较大的食品安全风险,应加强水产品养殖和流通环节的致病性弧菌监测。     

石家庄市2010年食源性致病菌主动监测结果分析

目的 为进一步做好石家庄市食源性致病菌主动监测工作,有针对性的对市售食品及餐饮食品进行致病菌检测,确定易受污染的高危食品,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据.方法 e依据《20L0年河北省食源性致病菌监测技术指南》的要求对石家庄市8大类13种共240份食品样品进行主动监测.结果 于240份样品中共检出致病菌53株,总检出率为20.42％.其中单增李斯特菌检出15株,检出率为12.71％;金黄色葡萄球菌检出27株,检出率为21.77％;沙门菌检出1株,检出率为0.46％;副溶血性弧菌检出5株,检出率为12.20％;创伤弧菌检出3株,检出率为7.32％;阪崎肠杆菌检出2株,检出率为8.33％ (2/24).样品中未检出大肠杆菌0157:H7和空肠弯曲菌.各类样品食源性致病菌的污染率分别为生畜肉37.50％,生禽肉46.67％,熟肉制品9.52％,速冻米面制品56.25％,即食性非发酵豆制品0,鲜冻水产品29.17％,生食水产品11.76％,生食类蔬菜0,婴幼儿配方粉8.33％,冰激凌6.67％,中式凉拌菜20.00％,沙拉26.67％,鲜榨果汁47.37％.结论 石家庄市市售食品及餐饮食品中存在食源性致病菌的污染,生畜肉、生禽肉、速冻米面制品、动物性水产品和餐饮食品中中式凉拌菜、沙拉、鲜榨果汁受到的污染较为严重.金黄色葡萄球菌是石家庄市食源性致病菌中的主要污染菌.     

株洲市2015年食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的:了解株洲地区市售食品致病菌污染及分布情况,分析潜在的风险,为制定有效的监管措施提供依据。方法:依据《2015年国家食品污染物和有害风险监测工作手册》,抽取有代表性的农贸市场、食品超市、网店、快餐店随机采集13类食品,进行单增李斯特氏菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、空肠弯曲菌、霍乱弧菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌的污染情况进行监测。结果:247份食品样品中检出5类致病菌共52株,总检出率为21.05%,其中动物性淡水食品致病菌检出率最高,达81.25%,明显高于平均检出率;生畜肉、生禽肉、动物性海水产品及水果沙拉餐饮食品,致病菌检出率分别为42.86%,54.55%,62.50%,20.00%,x~2=20.62,P<0.01,各类食品中食源性致病菌污染情况有显著性差异。结论:株洲地区食品中食源性致病菌污染相对较高,建议加强食品各环节的监控力度,加强对各类食品的监督检测,了解潜在的风险,采取相应的预防和控制措施,防止食源性疾病的发生。     

2015年郑州市食品中食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的为了解郑州市内2015年食品中食源性致病菌的污染现状及其分布,进而为致病菌的预防和控制提供有效的依据。方法 2015年对郑州市9类(餐饮食品、生肉制品、焙烤及油炸类食品、动物性水产品、蛋与蛋制品、乳与乳制品、蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品和调味品)244份食品样品进行致病菌(单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、霍乱弧菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和沙门氏菌)检测。结果 244份食品样品中,共检出致病菌47株,样品45个,总检出率18.44%,主要被金黄色葡萄球菌(18.06%)和副溶血性弧菌(16.67%)感染,而沙门氏菌和霍乱弧菌未检出。9类食品中焙烤及油炸类食品样品全被污染,检出率100.00%,生肉制品检出率36.11%,动物性水产品检出率27.50%,餐饮食品检出率13.83%,而水果及其制品、蔬菜及其制品、乳与乳制品、蛋与蛋制品和调味品均未检出致病菌。结论郑州市2015年食品中存在食源性致病菌污染,主要以金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌为主,9类食品中焙烤及油炸类食品、生肉制品、动物性水产品和餐饮食品皆被不同程度的污染。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.