海淀区2002～2006年食源性致病菌监测分析

[目的]了解我区2002～2006年(2004年除外)食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况,分析其动态变化,为预防食源性疾病及食品卫生监督监测提供科学依据.[方法]从我区农贸批发市场、超市及餐饮饭店共随机采集619件食品样品,依据"北京市食品污染物监测2005年食源性致病菌监测实验室技术手册"及GB/T4789-94 2003.进行食源性致病菌检测.[结果]共抽检食品样品619件,检出3种食源性致病菌共115株,总检出率18.58%;其中检出单核细胞增生李斯特氏茵58株、沙门氏菌26株,金黄色葡萄球菌31株,副溶血性弧菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌0157:H7、空肠弯曲菌均未检出.[结论]海淀区近年食品中存在食源性致病菌污染,总检出率高于国内近年食品污染水平,其中2005年总检出率为38.00%.检出的致病菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,主要污染的是生肉类.6种食源性致病菌中,单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检出率最高.     

嘉兴市南湖区食品中食源性致病菌污染调查

目的了解食品中食源性致病菌的污染及菌相分布状况,为南湖区提供食品中致病菌污染资料,为食品卫生监督管理提供科学依据。方法依据国标方法,采用全自动微生物分析仪,对食品样品分别进行沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、海鸥菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌(O157:H7)培养、分离及血清学、生化鉴定。结果共计检测食品样品148份,检出食源性致病菌42株,检出率28.38%。其中沙门菌6株、金黄色葡萄球菌7株、单增李斯特氏菌10株、副溶血性弧菌17株,海鸥菌2株。结论南湖区11种主要食品中存在食源性致病菌污染,以副溶血性弧菌污染最为严重,其次是单增李斯特氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。     

2010年重庆市食品食源性致病菌监测分析

目的了解重庆市食品食源性致病菌污染状况。方法依据《2010年食源性致病菌监测工作手册》检验方法对样品分别进行沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、创伤弧菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌、空肠弯曲菌进行检测分离、鉴定。结果监测肉与肉制品、蔬菜及其制品、水产品,婴幼儿配方食品、冷冻食品等八大类共计1620件,检出致病菌93株,总检出率为5.74%(93/1620)。其中沙门氏菌检出率为1.63%(25/1530),单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检出率0.34%(4/1170),副溶血性弧菌检出率6.11%(22/360),金黄色葡萄球菌检出率5.24%(41/780);创伤弧菌检出率0.28%(1/360);阪崎肠杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7及空肠弯曲菌未检出。结论重庆地区食品存在食源性致病菌污染,其中水产品和生畜肉是主要污染食品品种,而熟肉和生食水产品导致食源性疾病的风险较高。     

2017年新乡市食源性致病菌监测分析

目的了解新乡市食品中主要食源性致病菌污染状况,预防微生物食源性疾病的发生。方法依照《2017年河南省食品安全风险监测方案》要求,以新乡市市内4区和7个县区的11类169份食品为研究对象,采样地点包括各大超市、快餐店、学校食堂、路边摊及固定摊位。对样品分别进行致泻大肠埃希氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、创伤弧菌、副溶血性弧菌、弯曲菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌、单增李斯特氏菌、沙门氏菌等10种食源性致病菌进行检测。结果 169份食品样品中检出共8株致病菌,总检出率为4.73%,其中2株(13.33%)弯曲菌,4株(7.27%)致泻大肠埃希菌,1株(6.25%)创伤弧菌,1株(6.25%)副溶血性弧菌。结论新乡市食品受到不同程度的食源性致病菌的污染,特别是部分生食食品中像生禽肉、双壳贝类中有一定的检出率,应加强市售食品的监测力度,减少可能引起食源性疾病的危险因素,同时做好本市食品安全的风险评估。     

2012-2014年惠州市市售食品中食源性致病菌污染状况调查

目的了解本地区市售食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况。方法采用随机抽样方法,分别对我市的部分超市、市场、商店、专卖店及餐饮服务场所的11类食品共637份进行沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、阪崎肠杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、致泻性大肠埃希氏菌的检测。并将分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株进行肠毒素检测和药敏试验。结果637件样品中检出致病菌60株,总检出率为9.41%。其中检出率最高的是蜡样芽胞杆菌,检出率17.05%,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门菌检出率5.42%、1.37%、0.92%和0.20%, 未检出致泻性大肠埃希氏菌和副溶血性弧菌,各致病菌检出率有显著性差异(χ²=127.0999,P=0.000)。各类食品中以餐饮食品、豆制品和婴幼儿食品食源性致病菌检出率较高,分别为29.41%、21.88%和17.81%,以金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌污染为主。有23株金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素,阳性率为69.70%,并同时对青霉素、苯唑西林、庆大霉素、红霉素、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、克林霉素、四环素、复方新诺明存在不同程度的耐药。结论我市部分市售食品存在食源性致病菌污染的状况,主要以金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染为主,沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、阪崎肠杆菌也有不同程度的污染。     

2010-2012年邵阳市食源性致病菌污染状况监测分析

目的了解主要食源性致病菌在食品中的污染状况,确定高危食品,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》检测技术要求,2010-2012年在邵阳市5个监测点共采集食品样品827份,对沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、空肠弯曲菌和大肠埃希氏菌O157∶H7等10种菌的污染情况进行监测。结果 827份样品中,共检出食源性致病菌146株,总检出率为17.65%。2010-2012年不同年份致病菌样品检出率分别为22.81%(65/285)、16.44%(37/225)、13.88%(44/317)。不同种类食品中动物性水产品致病菌的检出率为53.13%,生禽肉为44.00%。对农贸市场、超市、餐饮店3种不同消费场所样品检测,其中餐饮店食源性致病菌检出率为29.87%。结论邵阳市食品食源性致病菌的污染广泛,水产品、生禽肉类是主要污染品种,3种不同消费场所以餐饮店检出率较高,在食源性疾病中存在较高感染的风险。     

2010-2016年内蒙古自治区肉及肉制品中食源性致病菌监测

目的 了解2010-2016年内蒙古自治区肉及肉制品中食源性致病菌污染状况,评价其存在的主要危害因素,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法 随机采集市售肉及肉制品样品,根据《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》标准操作程序,监测单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157〖DK〗∶H7、致泻大肠埃希氏菌和弯曲菌等6种常见食源性致病菌。结果 3759份样品中共检出485株阳性菌株,致病菌总检出率为12.90%。其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌污染较严重,检出率为7.21%(255/3539),空肠弯曲菌次之,检出率为3.51%(13/370),金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌和大肠埃希氏菌O157〖DK〗∶H7检出率分别为2.98%(92/3089)、2.95 %(111/3759)、1.20%(12/998)和0.11%(2/1830)。各类食品总检出率范围为2.89%~34.78%,调理肉制品检出率最高,熟肉制品最低。结论 肉及肉制品食源性致病菌污染率较高,存在导致食源性疾病的潜在危险。     

宝鸡市2014-2016年食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解宝鸡市食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况,为监管部门采取有效的防范措施提供科学依据。 方法 2014-2016年采集宝鸡市部分市售食品842份,根据《全国食源性致病菌监测手册》对其进行检测。 结果 检测结果显示,在842份样品中,有153份样品检出致病菌,总检出率为18.17%。其中污染最为严重的是生肉及其生肉制品和调理肉制品(生肉添加调理料),检出率为66.67%和58.33%。三年间共检出7种食源性致病菌,分别为蜡样芽胞杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、铜绿假单胞菌、副溶血性弧菌、霍乱弧菌。 结论 宝鸡市部分市售食品受食源性致病菌污染严重,特别是生肉食品,因此要严格规范肉制品加工过程,防止生、熟交叉污染。同时,相关部门应做好动物的检疫工作。     

2012—2016年无锡市食源性致病菌监测结果

目的了解2012—2016年无锡市食品中主要食源性致病菌的污染情况。方法按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》,在全市各监测点采集14大类食品,开展副溶血性弧菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、阪崎肠杆菌、霍乱弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌等16种食源性致病菌的监测。结果 2012—2016年共监测14大类样品1 129件,检出食源性致病菌阳性样品158件,总检出率为13.99%。检出率最高的食源性致病菌是副溶血性弧菌(22.54%),其他依次是蜡样芽孢杆菌(16.67%)、阪崎肠杆菌(5.38%)、霍乱弧菌(2.60%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(2.23%)、单核细胞增生李斯特菌(1.08%)。食源性致病菌检出率,不同样品中以水产品最高(30.53%),不同采样地点中以农贸市场检出率最高(27.74%);散装样品检出率(17.28%)高于定型包装样品(6.43%)(P<0.05)。结论无锡市部分市售食品中存在食源性致病菌污染,应继续加强主动监测,为实现高危食品的识别和危险性评估提供科学依据。     

2013年漯河市食品中食源性致病菌污染状况分析

目的了解漯河市2013年度市售食品食源性致病菌污染的基本情况,及时发现食品安全风险隐患。方法采集漯河市9大类139份样品,按《2013年国家食品污染和有害因素风险工作手册》进行检测。结果总检出率为7.91%,共检出11份食源性致病菌。其中,铜绿假单胞菌在桶装饮用水中检出率最高,为50.00%;蜡样芽孢杆菌在乳及乳制品中检出率8.33%;阪崎肠杆菌在婴幼儿食品检出率6.67%;金黄色葡萄球菌在速冻米面制品检出率6.67%;单增李斯特氏菌在冷冻饮品中检出率5.26%。结论 2013年漯河市食品中存在不同程度的食源性致病菌污染,其中铜绿假单胞菌污染桶装饮用水情况较严重,应引起重视。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.