济南市蔬菜中重金属含量监测与评价

目的了解济南市市售蔬菜及产地土壤中重金属污染物分布特征,初步分析蔬菜中重金属来源。方法 2014年1-11月对济南市市售蔬菜及其产地的土壤中的铅、汞、镉、砷含量进行测定。采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对污染程度进行评价,并计算不同重金属在蔬菜中的富集效率。结果 152份蔬菜样品中,4种重金属汞检出率(83.1%)最高,砷检出率(12.7%)最低;不同种类蔬菜中镉、汞含量差异有统计学意义(均P0.05),其余差异无统计学意义。土壤中4种重金属检出率均等于或接近100%。蔬菜中镉(0.049)的风险指数最小,砷(0.202)和铅(0.314)风险指数处于安全水平,汞风险指数(0.80)处于轻度污染水平;蔬菜土壤中4种重金属内梅罗综合指数为0.564,整体处于安全水平,各单项污染指数均为安全等级。蔬菜对不同金属富集效率汞(0.024)镉(0.013)铅(0.002 6)砷(0.001 1)。结论济南市市售蔬菜和产地土壤中重金属含量处于安全水平。蔬菜总汞处于轻度污染状态,应加强对蔬菜中重金属污染物总汞含量的控制。     

江西省蔬菜中重金属污染状况调查及评价

目的 了解江西省市售蔬菜中重金属的污染状况,评估经蔬菜途径摄入重金属的健康风险。方法 2012-2017年在全省范围内采集9类蔬菜共1533份,检测其铅、镉、砷、汞含量,采用单项污染指数及综合污染指数评价不同蔬菜中各重金属的污染状况,并对其健康风险进行评估。结果 9类蔬菜铅、镉、砷和汞的超标率分别为2.22%、1.40%、0.35%和0.91%,平均含量分别为0.046、0.022、0.042和0.0015 mg/kg;叶菜类铅、镉和汞的平均值和P95值最高,其中小白菜/青菜污染较为严重。9类蔬菜的单项和综合污染指数均处于安全、清洁水平;居民日常经蔬菜摄入各重金属的健康风险处于可接受水平。结论 江西省市售蔬菜总体上受重金属污染程度较轻,但部分蔬菜受铅和镉污染相对突出,应继续加强监测和控制。     

厦门市2018年市售水产品重金属污染状况分析

目的了解厦门市售水产品中铅、镉、铬、砷与汞5种重金属元素污染状况,为其限量标准制定和风险评估提供依据。方法2018年在厦门市6区超市和农贸市场抽取189份样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定重金属元素,并分析检出率、超标率和元素含量。结果样品中铬和砷总检出率均为100.0%,其余3种元素总检出率分别为铅>镉>汞;干制类中铬、镉、铅、砷含量检出值高于其他4类样品;各元素在5类样品中总超标率为砷>镉>铅>铬>汞。仅腌制类未检出超标样品。结论厦门市售水产品中存在一定程度重金属污染,干制类污染情况相对严重,应加强监管并采取控制措施。     

南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷和汞含量的调查分析

目的 了解南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞污染情况,及时发现食品安全隐患,为风险预警提供依据.方法 2011年从南宁市的6个城区随机采集农贸市场销售的蔬菜样本,共13个品种390份,按照GB/T 5009进行分析;采用加标回收试验进行质量控制.结果 390份蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞检出率分别为89.2％、91.3％、61.8％、7.4％,超标率均为零.结论 南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞含量均未超出限量标准,属轻度污染.     

北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中重金属污染状况及分析

目的了解北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞、铬及镍6种元素的含量水平,并评价其食用安全性。方法从8个市场采集了9种新鲜食用菌和5种干制食用菌,共计94份样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法对样品中的铅、镉等6种元素的含量进行测定。结果鲜食用菌中6种元素的平均含量依次为铅>镉>砷>镍>铬>汞,干食用菌中为铬>镍>镉>铅>砷>汞,鲜食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞含量均低于GB 2762—2012的要求,干食用菌中仅个别食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞含量超标,占干食用菌总量的4.4%,铬、镍的平均含量在鲜食用菌中处于较低水平,在干食用菌中存在较大差异。不同食用菌中元素含量存在较大差异,其变异系数最大值为204.3%。结论北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中铅等元素的含量总体处于较低水平,食用相对安全。     

珠海市蔬菜重金属污染的调查研究

目的：了解珠海市本地产蔬菜中重金属污染情况。方法：对本地产各类蔬菜120份样品进行砷、镉、铬、铜、镍、铅、锌、汞元素含量检测，采用国家卫生标准限值评价蔬菜重金属污染状况。结果：结果为蔬菜中镉、铬、镍、铅、汞元素有超标情况，其中镉元素超标率最高；对不同种类蔬菜重金属含量统计，叶菜类蔬菜重金属超标率最高，茄果类、豆类次之，根茎类蔬菜中重金属含量较低，根茎类蔬菜所有指标均达到相应的卫生标准。结论：珠海市本地产蔬菜重金属污染比较严重，特别是镉元素的污染，可能存在重金属本底值高的问题，亦预示不容忽视工业废水、废气、废渣中的重金属对菜田的污染。     

江苏省南通市市售海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞、无机砷及甲基汞污染评价

目的 测定南通市市售海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞、无机砷及甲基汞含量,了解其污染状况,为安全生产和食用海产品提供依据。方法 取四类18种海产品可食部位粉碎均匀后,使用微波消解处理样品,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定海产品中铅、镉、砷含量,原子荧光光谱仪测定海产品中汞含量,液相色谱-原子荧光谱仪测定海产品中甲基汞和无机砷含量;依据《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2017）评价结果,采用单因子污染指数法（single factor polltion index, Pi）和重金属综合污染指数法（heavy metal polltion index,MPI）评价污染程度。结果 四类18种海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞的检出率都为100.00%,无机砷检出率为50.00%,甲基汞检出率为5.56%。对照限量标准,有1份鱼中铅含量超过限量标准,铅含量合格率94.44%,镉、砷、汞、无机砷、甲基汞含量合格率均为100.00%;Pi显示鱼类的铅中度污染、镉和无机砷轻度污染,双壳类无机砷轻度污染,软体类镉轻度污染,MPI：鱼类>双壳类>甲壳类>软体类。结论南通市市售海产品普遍存在...     

中山市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞含量的调查

目的了解中山市市售蔬菜中有害重金属污染状况。方法 2002年上半年对中山市区8个市场13个蔬菜品种抽样,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测蔬菜中铅、镉含量。采用原子荧光光谱法检测蔬菜中汞含量。结果共采集104份蔬菜,其中铅超标20份,不合格率19．2％;镉超标28份,不合格率26．9％;汞超标11份,不合格率10．6％。结论中山市市售蔬菜中有害重金属污染情况较严重,应引起注意。     

重庆市蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷污染状况分析

目的了解重庆市市售蔬菜卫生状况,分析市售蔬菜铅、镉、汞、砷的污染状况。方法在7个区县采集6大类蔬菜,共计225份,对铅、镉、汞、砷含量进行检测,结果与国家标准GB 2760—2012进行对照。结果 225份样品中,合格样品199份,合格率为88.4%,其中铅平均含量为0.086 mg/kg,镉平均含量为0.024 mg/kg,汞平均含量为0.001 99 mg/kg,砷平均含量为0.015 mg/kg,铅的超标率最高,叶菜类蔬菜铅、镉、汞、砷含量相对较高,綦江超标率高于其他6个区县。结论重庆市蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷污染程度较低,但仍需引起农业、环保部门的重视,加强农药安全施用与管理技术指导,有效控制农药对环境污染的危害,开展对重庆市土壤中铅、镉、汞、砷本底值的监测,掌握其本底值,加强对铅、镉、汞、砷污染的预防及监测工作,以保障蔬菜的安全。     

惠州市蔬菜中5种重金属含量监测及其膳食暴露评估

目的监测惠州市蔬菜中重金属含量,了解污染状况,评估健康风险。方法检测惠州市2015—2018年蔬菜中的铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)含量,用Neme-row污染指数法计算污染等级,并通过居民膳食评估暴露风险。结果蔬菜中镉的总超标率3.3%(8/246),其中鳞茎类为13.3%(4/30)、茎类为9.1%(2/22)和叶菜类为2.2%(2/92);其余重金属均未超标;不同金属和不同类蔬菜的污染指数均小于0.7;镉的每月摄入量占每月耐受摄入量的1.7%～31.8%;铅、铬、砷、汞的每周摄入量占其每周耐受摄入量较小。结论惠州市居民食用蔬菜时摄入的铅、镉、铬、砷和汞总体上是安全的。     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).