癫痫发作间期和亚临床发作期脑SPECT痫灶定位？…

目的：研究癫痫亚临床发作期和发作间期脑ＳＰＥＣＴ的痫灶定位诊断价值。方法：建立亚临床发作期脑血流灌注显像方法，与间期显像对比分析定位；并结合脑ＣＴ、ＥＥＧ、ＥＣｏＧ和疗效综合评价其痫灶定位诊断价值。结果：间期ＳＰＥＣＴ阳性率、准确率、灵敏度分别为：９０．９１％、７７．２７％、８９．４７％，亚临床发作期分别为：９５．４５％、９０．９１％、１００％，优于传统定位诊断。亚临床发作期病灶放射性摄影比值也有     

额叶癫痫的诊断—形态与功能定位的对比

本文对２８例额叶癫痫病人的ＥＥＧ，ＣＴ，ＳＰＥＣＴ检查定位结果进行了对比研究，结果显示：８５．７％的病人发作间期和／或发作期ＥＥＧ有额叶定位征象，两者结合可提高定位诊断阳性率及准确率。ＣＴ检查仅４２．９％发现额叶损害，仍是重要辅助诊断手段。     

癫痫放电灶的EEG、SPECT与PET定位研究

目的：探讨ＥＥＧ、ＳＰＥＣＴ和ＰＥＴ在癫痫病灶定位诊断中的价值和三者之间的关系。方法：１２０例经ＭＲ和ＣＴ检查除外脑部肿瘤及脑血管畸形的癫痫病人，经电视录像－动态脑电图监测、ＳＰＥＣＴ和ＰＥＴ检查定位，比较三者定位方法的灵敏度和一致性。结果：ＰＥＴ定位的阳性率为９０８％；ＳＰＥＣＴ为７４２％；动态脑电图为６０％，三者的完全一致性为２２５％，部分一致性为５１２％。在完全一致性和部分一致性方面，ＳＰＥＣＴ与ＰＥＴ为７８３％，ＥＥＧ与ＳＰＥＣＴ、ＥＥＧ与ＰＥＴ分别为６２４％和７０８％。４例皮质脑电图（ＥＣｏＧ）证实局灶性癫痫样放电与ＰＥＴ检出的葡萄糖代谢减低区完全一致。结论：ＰＥＴ是诊断癫痫病灶灵敏而有效的方法，对癫痫病灶的定位价值优于ＥＥＧ、ＭＲ、ＣＴ和ＳＰＥＣＴ。ＥＥＧ、ＳＰＥＣＴ和ＰＥＴ三者有较高一致性，其中以ＰＥＴ与ＳＰＥＣＴ的一致性最高。     

~(18)F-FDG-PET癫痫灶定位的特异性初探(摘要)

临床上应用ＥＥＧ、ＳＰＥＣＴ、ＥＣｏＧ进行致痫灶定位有一定差异性，我们应用ＰＥＴ对１０例顽固性癫痫术前定位，来探讨ＦＤＧ—ＰＥＴ低代谢区与实际癫痫灶的相符合程度，从而衡量其定位的准确性与特异性。方法：１０例顽固性癫痫患者，强直阵挛性发作１例，复杂部分...     

多发性抽动症患者脑SPECT与CT/MR及EEG比较性研究

目的探讨脑ＳＰＥＣＴ、ＣＴ／ＭＲ、ＥＥＧ对多发性抽动症（ＴＳ）的临床诊断价值。方法对３５例ＴＳ患者进行９９ｍ锝－双半胱乙酯（９ｍＴｃ－ＥＣＤ）脑ＳＰＥＣＴ显像,并于２周内行ＣＴ／ＭＲ和ＥＥＧ检查。结果脑ＳＰＥＣＴ对ＴＳ诊断的灵敏性、特异性、准确性分别为７１４％、１００％、８３６７％;ＥＥＧ检查的阳性率４８６％,明显低于ＳＰＥＣＴ（Ｐ＜００５）;ＣＴ仅发现１例侧脑室轻度增大。结论ＳＰＥＣＴ脑显像对确定ＴＳ的病变部位优于ＥＥＧ和ＣＴ／ＭＲ。     

癫痫放电灶的EEG,SPECT与PET定位研究

目的：探讨ＥＥＧ、ＳＡＰＥＣＴ和ＰＥＴ在癫痫病灶定位诊断中的价值和三者之间的关系。方法：１２０例经ＭＲ和ＣＴ检查除外脑部肿瘤及脑血管畸形的癫痫病人，经电视录像－动态脑电图监测、ＳＰＥＣＴＴ ＰＥＴ检查定位，比较三者定位方法的灵敏度和一致性。结果：ＰＥＴ定位的阳性率为９０．８％；ＳＰＥＣＴ为７４．２％；动态脑电图为６０％三者的完全一致性为２２．５％，ＳＰＥＣＴ、ＥＥＧ与ＰＥＴ分别为６２．４％和７０．     

蝶骨电极检查对颞叶癫痫致痫灶定位的意义

分析５２例蝶骨电极对颞叶癫痫致痫灶的手术定位，发现蝶骨电极均能查出痫样放电，局限于颞叶者为９０．３８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。手术中皮层电图（ＥＣｏＧ）及深部电极（ＤＣｏＧ）描记，证实全部病例颞叶表面或海马、杏仁核均有痫样放电，表明蝶骨电极检查的可靠性，不仅可提高颞叶癫痫脑电图的阳性率且有助于手术定位     

发作间期PET和SPECT检查对颞叶癫痫定位诊断价值

目的：探讨发作间期１８Ｆ－脱氧葡萄糖（ＦＤＧ）正电子发射断层扫描（ＰＥＴ）和９９ｍＴｃ－己撑半脱氨酸（ＥＣＤ）单光子发射断层扫描对顽固性颞叶癫痫（ＴＬＥ）的定位诊断价值。方法：５３例脑电图（ＥＥＧ）定位明确的顽固性ＴＬＥ患者分别行发作间期１８Ｆ－ＦＤＧＰＥＴ和９９ｍＴｃ－ＥＣＤＳＰＥＣＴ检查。其中２１例磁共振（ＭＲＩ）显示有结构性病变并与ＥＥＧ定位结果一致。结果：ＭＲＩ异常组均在ＰＥＴ和ＳＰＥＣＴ相应部位出现低代谢和低灌注表现。ＭＲＩ正常组，ＰＥＴ定位准确性为８４．５％，显著高于ＳＰＥＣＴ的５６．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：对于无结构性病变的颞叶癫痫，发作间期ＰＥＴ检查有较高的定位诊断价值，ＳＰＥＣＴ的临床意义相对较小     

皮层和深部电极监测致痫灶切除治疗顽固性癫痫

目的：研究顽固性癫痫病人致痫灶的术前和术中的定位方法。方法：３４例病人接受了致痫灶切除术。作者根据（１）癫痫发作的临床特点。（２）电生理检查（包括ＥＥＧ、长时脑电监测），（３）影像学检查（ＣＴ、ＭＲ和ＤＳＡ等）进行术前定位，术中应用ＥＣｏＧ和部电极对致痫灶行精确定位。结果：术后经３个月－３年随访，无发作１６例，占４７．１％，改善１７例，占５０％；无变化１例，占２．９％。结论：术前ＥＥＧ，术中ＥＣＯ     

癫痫外科

ＰＥＴ、ＥＥＧ、ＭＲＩ在术前癫痫灶定位价值中的对比研究欧阳辉 邱炳辉　漆松涛　黄祖汉　吴湖炳　王全师　摘要　目的：探讨术中皮层脑电图（ＥＣｏＧ）、术后组织病理和随访结果为标准,比较发作间期１８ Ｆ－ＦＤＧ ＰＥＴ显像、ＥＥＧ、ＭＲＩ在难治性癫痫外科手术前癫痫灶定位中的价值。方法：术前均行发作间期１ ８Ｆ－ＦＤＧ ＰＥＴ脑显像、２～３次 ＥＥＧ和 ＭＲＩ检查,术中行ＥＣｏＧ检查,以ＰＥＴ和ＥＣｏＧ定位的癫痫灶范围行癫痫灶切除或多处软脑膜处横纤维切断术,术后切除病变组织行病理检查与外科治疗效果进行随访,比…     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.