内镜经十二指肠乳头引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床应用疗效分析

目的评估内镜经十二指肠乳头引流治疗巨大胰腺假性囊肿(脓肿)的临床应用疗效。方法2003年6月至2006年6月取沈阳军区总医院消化内镜中心按照统一标准选择入组的胰腺假性囊肿(脓肿)病例10例,其中非感染性8例,感染性1例,胰腺脓肿1例。均采用内镜经乳头引流治疗,通过回顾性总结临床治疗和相关研究指标变化,综合评估此种治疗方法的临床应用疗效。结果内镜治疗失败1例,术后并发假性囊肿感染2例,急性胰腺炎1例。8例随访观察平均16.5个月,其中假性囊肿完全消失4例,假性囊肿残腔形成1例,假性囊肿不断缩小3例。急性重症胰腺炎2例治愈。结论内镜经乳头引流治疗胰腺炎合并巨大胰腺假性囊肿(脓肿)是一种确切有效的治疗方法。     

胰腺假性囊肿的治疗进展

胰腺假性囊肿(pancreatic pseudocyst,PPC)多继发于急慢性胰腺炎、胰腺损伤和胰管梗阻等,大部分经保守治疗后均可自行消退,少数囊肿短时间内增大或有临床症状的常常需要采取一定的治疗措施,否则会引起严重并发症并危及生命。由于PPC的病因、病程、大小、解剖位置及并发症的不同,其治疗也应遵循个体化治疗原则,充分把握治疗指针,以便达到更好的治疗效果。目前治疗PPC的方法多种多样,有保守治疗、内镜下囊肿引流、腹腔镜手术引流、传统手术治疗、内镜联合腹腔镜手术治疗、经皮穿刺置管引流术(PCD)、中医药治疗等,疗效各异,本文就PPC的各种治疗方法作一概述。     

超声内镜引导下经胃壁电穿孔造瘘术内引流胰腺假性囊肿

[目的]评价超声内镜引导下经胃壁造瘘置入双猪尾支架内引流胰腺假性囊肿的疗效及安全性。[方法]回顾性分析行超声内镜引导下经胃壁造瘘置入双猪尾支架内引流胰腺假性囊肿患者5例的临床资料。[结果]5例胰腺假性囊肿患者,囊肿最大15cm×10cm、最小7cm×5cm,分别位于胰腺头体尾部、体尾部和尾部,巨大囊肿患者胃体窦小弯侧有明显压迹。5例患者均一次性电穿孔造瘘内引流成功,成功率100%,随访6~12个月无复发,治愈率100%。[结论]超声内镜引导下经胃壁电穿孔造瘘置管内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿疗效确切,并发症少。     

内镜经十二指肠乳头引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床应用疗效分析

目的评估内镜经十二指肠乳头引流治疗巨大胰腺假性囊肿（脓肿）的临床应用疗效。方法2003年6月至2006年6月取沈阳军区总医院消化内镜中心按照统一标准选择入组的胰腺假性囊肿（脓肿）病例10例，其中非感染性8例，感染性1例，胰腺脓肿1例。均采用内镜经乳头引流治疗，通过回顾性总结临床治疗和相关研究指标变化，综合评估此种治疗方法的临床应用疗效。结果内镜治疗失败1例，术后并发假性囊肿感染2例，急性胰腺炎1例。8例随访观察平均16．5个月，其中假性囊肿完全消失4例，假性囊肿残腔形成1例，假性囊肿不断缩小3例。急性重症胰腺炎2例治愈。结论内镜经乳头引流治疗胰腺炎合并巨大胰腺假性囊肿（脓肿）是一种确切有效的治疗方法。     

超声引导下穿刺引流和超声内镜下经胃引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床疗效比较

目的探讨胰腺假性囊肿引流治疗的临床效果,并将腹部超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流和内镜超声引导下经胃引流的疗效进行比较。方法回顾性分析2004年以来21例通过引流治疗的胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料,分析引流治疗效果。结果21例患者全部完成穿刺置管,成功率为100％,其中3例患者因并发症转外科手术,16例囊肿消失,2例囊肿明显缩小,治疗效果明显。超声引导经皮穿刺置管不受囊肿形成时间限制,方法简便安全,出血并发症少,但带管时问长;超声内镜下引流病人痛苦小,但对内镜技术要求高,出血并发症稍多。结论超声引导下囊肿穿刺引流是诊断、治疗胰腺假性囊肿的重要方法,选择经皮引流还是超声内镜下引流应根据具体病情和科室条件条件而定。     

超声内镜引导下胰腺假性囊肿引流术的临床疗效分析

目的 评价超声内镜(EUS)引导下胰腺假性囊肿(PPC)引流术的安全性和有效性.方法 17例PPC患者行EUS以探查和确定适当的穿刺点及穿刺深度,经内镜活检孔将穿刺针刺入PPC腔内,用注射器抽出囊液,X线引导下沿针孔插入导丝,沿导丝置入针状刀以切开胃壁和囊壁,行球囊扩张,根据囊液性状选择引流方式.评价操作成功率、治疗成功率、并发症发生率和操作技巧.结果 4例行鼻囊肿管外引流,9例行双猪尾支架内引流,4例行鼻囊肿管和双猪尾支架联合引流,其治疗成功率分别为3/4、7/9、4/4.1例患者于支架放置成功后见穿刺部位渗血,因内镜下治疗等措施无效而转行外科手术缝扎止血.4例患者在PPC引流过程中出现感染,其中2例因内科治疗效果不佳转行外科手术切除,另2例经静脉滴注囊液细菌敏感抗生素和经鼻囊肿管甲硝唑溶液冲洗PPC处理后痊愈.中位随访时间为28.5个月,无1例复发.结论 EUS引导下PPC引流术安全有效,支架和鼻囊肿管引流对PPC治疗具有重要价值.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺外引流胰腺假性囊肿66例的临床分析

胰腺假性囊肿(PPC)是最常见的一种胰腺囊性病变,约占全部胰腺囊性病变的75%,主要由急慢性胰腺炎、胰腺手术及腹部外伤所造成,病理特征为囊壁缺乏上皮层.传统的处理方法为外科手术治疗,随着介入治疗和内镜技术的发展,使PPC的治疗方法趋于多样化.本文总结我院采用CT引导下外引流方法治疗66例PPC的疗效.     

慢性胰腺炎并发胰腺假性囊肿的诊治进展

胰腺假性囊肿(PPC)是CP常见病理变化, 20%～40%的CP患者病程中发生PPC。PPC可加重CP患者腹痛, 部分会发生感染、出血等严重并发症。因此, PPC是CP治疗的重要一环。临床上CP继发PPC的治疗可分为内科保守治疗、内镜介入治疗和外科手术治疗。本文结合既往文献, 就CP继发PPC的诊疗进展进行综述。     

《中国胰腺假性囊肿内镜诊治专家共识意见(2022年)》解读

胰腺假性囊肿是急、慢性胰腺炎常见并发症, 其治疗常需要多学科参与。目前国内存在胰腺假性囊肿治疗理念不统一、干预时机不明确、并发症处理不完善等问题。2022年由国家消化病临床医学研究中心(上海)、中华医学会消化内镜学分会超声内镜学组和中国医师协会胰腺病学专业委员会牵头制订国内首部关于胰腺假性囊肿的内镜诊治专家共识意见。本文重点对共识涉及的胰腺假性囊肿定义和分类、诊断、治疗指征、引流方式选择等进行解读, 以期为胰腺假性囊肿的临床治疗提供建议和参考。     

经十二指肠乳头引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿(附9例报告)

目的内镜下经十二指肠乳头囊肿引流术(endoscopic transpillary cyst drainage,ETCD)治疗胰腺假性囊肿(pancreaticpseudocyst,PPC).     

Lumen-apposing metal stents for malignant biliary obstruction: Is this the ultimate horizon of our experience?

In the last years, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has evolved from a purely diagnostic technique to a more and more complex interventional procedure, with the possibility to perform several type of therapeutic interventions. Among these, EUS-guided biliary drainage (BD) is gaining popularity as a therapeutic approach after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO), due to the avoidance of external drainage, a lower rate of adverse events and re-interventions, and lower costs compared to percutaneous trans-hepatic BD. Initially, devices created for luminal procedures (e.g., luminal biliary stents) have been adapted to the new trans-luminal EUSguided interventions, with predictable shortcomings in technical success, outcome and adverse events. More recently, new metal stents specifically designed for transluminal drainage, namely lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS), have been made available for EUS-guided procedures. An electrocautery enhanced delivery system (EC-LAMS), which allows direct access of the delivery system to the target lumen, has subsequently simplified the classic multi-step procedure of EUS-guided drainages. EUS-BD using LAMS and ECLAMS has been demonstrated effective and safe, and currently seems one of the most performing techniques for EUS-BD. In this Review, we summarize the evolution of the EUS-BD in distal MBO, focusing on the novelty of LAMS and analyzing the unresolved questions about the possible role of EUS as the first therapeutic option to achieve BD in this setting of patients.     

Protocol of early lumen apposing metal stent removal for pseudocysts and walled off necrosis avoids bleeding complications

Abstract

Background: EUS-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs; pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC) or walled-off necrosis (WON)) using lumen apposing metal stents (LAMSs) is now standard of care. We adopted a protocol of early LAMS removal and prospectively followed patients to determine if this protocol avoids bleeding complications.

Methods: Prospective, consecutive case series of all patients with PPC and WON who underwent drainage with LAMS at a tertiary care referral center from July 2016 to November 2018. LAMS was removed within 4 weeks for PPC and within 6 weeks for WON. Patients with residual necrosis after 6 weeks underwent removal of initial LAMS and replacement with new LAMS every 6 weeks until resolution. Patients were followed within protocol while monitoring for bleeding complications and clinical success. We also performed a literature review to determine rates of LAMS related bleeding at various timepoints.

Results: Forty patients (PPC n?=?19, WON n?=?21) underwent drainage with LAMS. Median time for LAMS removal was 21.0 days for PPC and 33.5 days for WON. Technical success and clinical success were achieved in 40/40 patients with zero cases of delayed bleeding. A literature review of 21 studies and 1378 patients showed 52/1378 (3.8%) bleeding events with 24/52 (46.2%) events occurring within 1 week of LAMS placement.

Conclusions: An early removal LAMS protocol for PFC is highly efficacious and prevents delayed bleeding. Based on analysis of published cases, half of LAMS related bleeding occurs within the first week suggesting procedural factors rather than stent dwell time impact risk of bleeding.     

Stent displacement in endoscopic pancreatic pseudocyst drainage and endoscopic management

A pancreatic pseudocyst(PPC)is a collection of pancreatic fluid enclosed by a non-epithelialized,fibrous or granulomatous wall.Endoscopic pancreatic pseudocyst drainage(PPD)has been widely used clinically to treat PPCs.The success and complications of endoscopic PPD are comparable with surgical interventions.Stent displacement is a rare complication after endoscopic PPD.Almost all the complications of endoscopic PPD have been managed surgically,and there is rare report involving the endoscopic treatment of intraperitoneal stent displacement.We report here a case of stent displacementafter endoscopic ultrasound-and fluoroscopy-guided PPD in a 41-year-old female patient with a PPC in the tail of the pancreas.The endoscopic treatment was successfully performed to remove the displaced stent.The clinical course of the patient was unremarkable.The cyst had significantly reduced and disappeared by 12 wk.We found that both endoscopic ultrasound and fluoroscopy should be used during endoscopic PPD to avoid stent displacement.The displaced stent can be successfully treated by endoscopic removal.     

哑铃样金属支架置入后内镜下胆囊 取石术的动物实验（含视频）

目的通过动物活体实验探索内镜超声引导下哑铃样金属支架(LAMS)置入后胆囊取石的安全性与可行性。方法选择体重30~35 kg小型猪6头,静脉麻醉下经腹部开放手术于胆囊内分别置入直径0.8~2.0 cm无菌人结石2~4枚,缝合胆囊及腹腔。造模成功后内镜超声引导下置入LAMS。超细内镜经胃越过支架进入胆囊后寻找结石并取出。经内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)及经内镜胆道内支架引流术(ERBD)预防胆漏。再以普通内镜拔出LAMS,金属夹封闭胃壁创面。观察技术成功率、操作时间及并发症发生情况。结果5头猪在内镜超声引导下成功置入LAMS,超细内镜顺利进入胆囊,取石网篮取出直径小于1 cm结石,大结石经激光碎石后完全取出。操作总时间为87~128 min。术后观察无出血、穿孔、感染、胆瘘等并发症发生。另1头猪置入LAMS失败,由于先行EST加ERBD,造成胆囊体积缩小并远离胃腔,穿刺困难。结论内镜超声引导下经胃-胆囊置入LAMS后超细内镜取出胆囊结石技术安全可行,可为行胆囊切除术困难者提供一种新的治疗途径。     

Alternative uses of lumen apposing metal stents

The advent of lumen apposing metal stents(LAMS) has revolutionized the management of many complex gastroenterological conditions that previously required surgical or radiological interventions. These procedures have garnered popularity due to their minimally invasive nature, higher technical and clinical success rate and lower rate of adverse events. By virtue of their unique design,LAMS provide more efficient drainage, serve as conduit for endoscopic access,are associated with lower rates of leakage and are easy to be removed. Initially used for drainage of pancreatic fluid collections, the use of LAMS has been extended to gallbladder and biliary drainage, treatment of luminal strictures,creation of gastrointestinal fistulae, pancreaticobiliary drainage, improved access for surgically altered anatomy, and drainage of intra-abdominal and pelvic abscesses as well as post-surgical fluid collections. As new indications of endosonographic techniques and LAMS continue to evolve, this review summarizes the current role of LAMS in the management of these various complex conditions and also highlights clinical pearls to guide successful placement of LAMS.     

Endoscopic management of complications of chronic pancreatitis

Pseudocysts and biliary obstructions will affect approximately one third of patients with chronic pancreatitis(CP).For CP-related,uncomplicated,pancreatic pseudocysts(PPC),endoscopy is the first-choice therapeutic option.Recent advances have focused on endosonography-guided PPC transmural drainage,which tends to replace the conventional,duodenoscope-based coma immediately approach.Ancillary material is being tested to facilitate the endosonography-guided procedure.In this review,the most adequate techniques depending on PPC characteristics are presented along with supporting evidence.For CP-related biliary obstructions,endoscopy and surgery are valid therapeutic options.Patient co-morbidities(e.g.,portal cavernoma)and expected patient compliance to repeat endoscopic procedures are important factors when selecting the most adapted option.Malignancy should be reasonably ruled out before embarking on the endoscopic treatment of presumed CP-related biliary strictures.In endoscopy,the gold standard technique consists of placing simultaneous,multiple,side-by-side,plastic stents for a oneyear period.Fully covered self-expandable metal stents are challenging this method and have provided 50%mid-term success.     

Lumen‐apposing metal stents for endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided interventions

Lumen‐apposing metal stents (LAMS) are integrated in a single‐step delivery platform and can be deployed under endoscopic ultrasound‐guidance for the drainage of intra‐abdominal fluid collections, decompression of obstructed ductal systems, establishment of anastomosis or creation of fistulous tracts between organs that can facilitate further endoscopic interventions if required. A unique feature of LAMS is their ability to approximate the adjoining structures, thereby minimizing the potential for leak and perforation. Consequently, the innovation has advanced our ability to carry out complex therapeutic interventions and obviate the need for high‐risk surgical procedures, particularly in morbid patients. However, a keen awareness of the technical design of LAMS and its implication on treatment effect is important to minimize adverse events and to improve clinical outcomes. This review outlines the technical approach to placement of LAMS, procedural challenges, adverse events, current clinical indications and emerging applications.     

Endoscopic transmural drainage tailored to quantity of necrotic debris versus laparoscopic transmural internal drainage for walled-off necrosis in acute pancreatitis: A randomized controlled trial

Background and aimsBoth endoscopic and laparoscopic transmural internal drainage are practiced for drainage of walled-off necrosis (WON) following acute pancreatitis (AP) but the superiority of either is not established. Our aim was to compare transperitoneal laparoscopic drainage with endoscopic drainage using either lumen apposing metal stents (LAMS) or plastic stents tailored to the amount of necrotic debris in WON.MethodsIn a randomized controlled trial, adequately powered to exclude the null hypothesis, patients with symptomatic WON were randomized to either endoscopic or laparoscopic drainage. In the endoscopy group, two plastic stents were placed if the WON contained <1/3rd necrotic debris and a LAMS was placed if it was >1/3rd. Primary outcome was resolution of WON within 4 weeks without re-intervention for secondary infection. Secondary outcome was overall success (resolution of WON at 6 months) and adverse events.ResultsForty patients were randomized: 20 to each group. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. Primary outcome was similar between the groups [16 (80%) in laparoscopy and 15 (75%) in endoscopy group; p = 0.89]. The overall success was similar [18 (90%) in laparoscopy vs. 17 (85%) in endoscopy; p = 0.9]. Median duration of hospital stay was shorter in endoscopy group [4 (4–8) vs. 6 days (5–9); p = 0.03]. Adverse events were comparable between the groups.ConclusionLaparoscopic drainage was not superior to endoscopic transmural drainage with placement of multiple plastic stent or LAMS depending on the amount of necrotic debris for symptomatic WON in AP. The hospital stay was shorter with the endoscopic approach.     

Lumen apposing metal stents for pancreatic fluid collections:Recognition and management of complications

For patients recovering from acute pancreatitis,the development of a pancreatic fluid collection (PFC) predicts a more complex course of recovery,and introduces difficult management decisions with regard to when,whether,and how the collection should be drained.Most PFCs resolve spontaneously and drainage is indicated only in pseudocysts and walled-off pancreatic necrosis when the collections are causing symptoms and/or local complications such as biliary obstruction.Historical approaches to PFC drainage have included surgical (open or laparoscopic cystgastrostomy or pancreatic debridement),and the placement of percutaneous drains.Endoscopic drainage techniques have emerged in the last several years as the preferred approach for most patients,when local expertise is available.Lumen-apposing metal stents(LAMS) have recently been developed as a tool to facilitate potentially safer and easier endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections,and less commonly,for other indications,such as gallbladder drainage.Physicians considering LAMS placement must be aware of the complications most commonly associated with LAMS including bleeding,migration,buried stent,stent occlusion,and perforation.Because of the patient complexity associated with severe pancreatitis,management of pancreatic fluid collections can be a complex and multidisciplinary endeavor.Successful and safe use of LAMS for patients with pancreatic fluid collections requires that the endoscopist have a full understanding of the potential complications of LAMS techniques,including how to recognize and manage expected complications.     

Economical effect of lumen apposing metal stents for treating benign foregut strictures

AIM To evaluate the clinical and economical efficacy of lumen apposing metal stent(LAMS) in the treatment of benign foregut strictures.METHODS A single center retrospective database of patients who underwent endoscopic treatment of benign foregut strictures between January 2014 and May 2017 was analyzed. A control group of non-stented patients who underwent three endoscopic dilations was compared to patients who underwent LAMS placement. Statistical tests performed included independent t-tests and fiveparameter regression analysis RESULTS Nine hundred and ninety-eight foregut endoscopic dilations were performed between January 2014 and May 2017. 15 patients underwent endoscopic LAMS placement for treatment of benign foregut stricture. Thirty-six patients with recurrent benign foregut strictures underwent three or more endoscopic dilations without stent placement. The cost ratio of endoscopic dilation to LAMS(stent, placement and retrieval) is 5.77. Cost effective analysis demonstrated LAMS to be economical after three endoscopic dilation overall.LAMS was cost effective after two dilations in the Postsurgical stricture subgroup. CONCLUSION Endoscopists should consider LAMS for the treatment of benign foregut strictures if symptoms persist past three endoscopic dilations. Post-surgical strictures may benefit from LAMS if symptoms persist after two dilations in a post-surgical. Early intervention with LAMS appears to be a clinically and economically viable option for durable symptomatic relief in patients with these strictures.