急性肺栓塞危险分层的研究进展

急性肺栓塞的严重程度可从无症状偶然发现的肺动脉亚段血栓至并发心源性休克和多脏器衰竭的高危肺栓塞。因此,迅速准确危险分层对确保高质量的治疗至关重要。本文对当今临床广泛使用和正在进行研究的急性肺栓塞危险分层评估方法给予综述,并讨论危险评估策略对肺栓塞优化治疗所起的作用。     

心电图在急性肺栓塞患者早期危险分层中的意义

目的探讨心电图在急性肺栓塞(APE)患者早期危险分层中的意义。方法选取APE高危患者90例,收集患者入院后心电图数据,碎裂QRS(fQRS)导联数、胸前导联T波的峰端间隔时间(Tp-e),aVR导联ST段抬高(STEaVR),同时对所有患者依据指南进行危险分层。使用SPSS18.0进行统计学分析处理。结果 fQRS、Tp-e、STEaVR在APE危险分层的四组间存在明显差异(P0.01),在高危组有更明显的异常,与危险分层具有显著的相关性(r=0.570、0.593、0.630,P0.01)。结论 APE患者心电图fQRS、Tp-e、STEaVR异常提示APE患者具有较高的危险性,可作为APE患者早期危险分层的参考指标。     

急性冠脉综合征危险分层方法的评价

急性冠脉综合征是冠心病病程中的严重事件,往往导致大面积心肌梗死甚至猝死。不同的患者临床表现不尽相同,需要针对患者不同的风险采取相应的临床对策,这就需要对患者进行危险分层。来自于临床试验和专业学会指南的危险分层方法基本思路一致,但都不是呆板的教条,临床应用中需要了解不同危险分层方法的不同特点,根据实际情况灵活掌握,动态评估,选择合适的诊断和治疗方案。最终目的是合理配置有限的医疗资源,获得最佳的治疗效果。     

非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征的危险分层和治疗策略

临床上，非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征（ACS）包括不稳定型心绞痛和非Q波心肌梗死，极为常见，根据临床，心电图，血清生化，左心功能状态和冠状动态（冠脉）病变作危险分层对治疗策略的制定尤为重要。尽管内科保守治疗已普遍采用，但对心绞痛反复发作，ST段压低，TnT或TnI增高，血流动力学或心电不稳定，心肌梗死后早期不稳定型心绞痛等高危患者，应尽早行冠脉造影，并根据冠脉病变情况决定行介入治疗（最好联合应用血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体阻滞剂），以改善患者的临床预后。     

生长分化因子-15可有效对急性胸痛患者进行早期危险

生长分化因子-15（GDF-15）系机体应激反应产物之一,并可作为判别非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征患者继后复发再梗死和死亡风险增加的生物指标之一。然而迄今关于对急性胸痛患者进行有效早期危险分层的相关指标既少又欠可靠。现就GDF-15在对非选择性急性胸痛患者进行早期危险分层中的有效性和可靠性进行评估。     

肺动脉高压对急性肺栓塞中危险分层及预后评估的作用

目的通过超声心动图对急性肺栓塞(APE)患者肺动脉压力进行估测,探讨肺动脉高压在急性肺栓塞患者危险分层及预后评估中的价值。方法收集2010-2014年新疆医科大学第一附属医院确诊急性肺栓塞的患者77例进行回顾性分析,将其分为肺动脉高压组(30 mm Hg)及肺动脉高压正常组(≤30mm Hg),其中肺动脉高压组40例,肺动脉压力正常组37例,对两组间危险因素、危险分层、临床表现、血生化指标、预后进行比较;结果肺动脉高压组与肺动脉压力正常组相比,年龄偏大,危险因素中基础疾病相对较多,P0.05;肺动脉高压与危险分层之间密切相关,P0.01;肺动脉高压的程度与肺栓塞面积相关,P0.05;肺动脉高压组比肺动脉压力正常组NT-pro BNP及D-二聚体水平显著升高,P0.05,而Pa O2和Pa CO2低于肺动脉压正常组,P0.05;心电图改变中肺动脉高压组出现T波倒置及右束支传导阻滞的发生率明显高于肺动脉压正常组,P0.05;肺动脉高压组不良事件的发生率以及临床症状中出现咯血、晕厥的概率明显高于肺动脉压正常组,P0.05;结论肺动脉高压在急性肺栓塞中与年龄、基础疾病、肺栓塞面积有关系,它在急性肺栓塞严重程度、危险分层及预后评估中有一定的价值,可以作为一项有意义的评估指标。     

急性肺栓塞危险分层与治疗

急性肺血栓栓塞症(急性肺栓塞)的临床谱较广,其表现主要决定于肺栓塞(PE)的面积、发展速度、原心肺功能状态、肺血管内皮功能及神经体液反应等。轻者2～3个肺段可无任何症状,重者15～16个肺段可发生休克或猝死。病情的轻重直接关系到患者的预后和治疗策略的选择,因此,近年十分重视急性肺栓塞的危险分层。以下就其有关内容做一简要介绍。     

高血压危险分层与脑梗死近期预后的关系

目的探讨高血压危险分层与急性脑梗死（ACI）近期预后的关系。方法对110例ACI患者进行高血压危险分层,评定人院治疗第1、3、7及14天神经功能缺损程度,于第14天评定临床疗效;分析高血压危险分层与临床神经功能缺损评分及临床疗效的关系。结果急性脑梗死患者入院后,首次血压增高者占86．4％。各组临床神经功能缺损评分均在人院第3天达到高峰,以后逐渐下降;随着危险程度的升高,临床神经功能缺损趋向加重,临床疗效变差。结论极高危组近期疗效差;高血压危险分层对评估脑梗死急性期患者预后有参考价值。     

感染性心内膜炎危险分层及预后预测研究进展

感染性心内膜炎有着高患病率和死亡率,早期识别高危患者并预测预后具有重要意义。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示了与其预后相关的预测因素。其中主要预后预测因素包括患者特征、临床并发症、病原微生物和超声心动图表现;新型预后预测因素包括炎症标志物水平、血小板减少症、中性粒细胞微囊泡水平、心脏瓣膜¹⁸F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖摄取强度。一些研究构建出具有重要临床价值的预后预测模型,如Hasbun R模型、Sy RW模型和Park LP模型。现从以上三个方面对感染性心内膜炎危险分层及预后预测的最新进展进行综述。     

The Role of Bedside Troponin T Test for Identification of High Risk Patients With Acute Chest Pain

ABBREVIATIONACS =acute coronary syndrome; AMI =acutemyocardial infarction; AHF=acute heart failure; RFF=renalfunction failure; OR=odds ratio; RR= relative risk; TnT=troponin T; TnI=troponin I (enzyme immunologic assay);CK=creatine kinase; PPV=positive predictive value of TnTfor AMI; NPV= negative predictive value.INTRODUCTIONPatients with ACS, especial with AMI, have ahigh mortality and high rate of cardiac events. Detectingthe high-risk patients quickly is the key for…     

Critical Pathways for Patients with Acute Chest Pain at Low Risk

Critical pathways are predefined protocols that define the crucial steps in evaluating and treating a clinical problem to improve quality of patient care, reduce variability and enhance efficiency. Critical pathways have proliferated for a variety of diagnoses, including evaluation of patients with chest pain, a common and costly complaint. This review will outline the development, implementation, and assessment of critical pathways using as a paradigm our experience with a pathway for patients presenting to the Emergency Department with acute chest pain who are at low risk of myocardial ischemia. The goals of the pathway were to expedite evaluation of low-risk patients and reduce admission rates among these patients and in the cohort overall without compromising outcomes.The pathway was developed by a multidisciplinary team in an iterative process that considered published literature, as well as the experience and consensus of local opinion leaders. Patients at least 30 years old presenting to the Emergency Department of an urban teaching hospital who were pain-free without heart failure or ischemic changes on EKG, but who were not considered appropriate for discharge by the treating physician, were eligible for the critical pathway. The pathway involved one set of creatine kinase-MB enzymes drawn at least 4 hours after pain, a 6 hour observation period after the last episode of pain and exercise testing. Outcomes during evaluation and admission rates were assessed. Clinical outcomes at 7 days and 6 months after evaluation and patient satisfaction at 7 days were also measured.Of 1363 patient visits, 145 (10.6%) were triaged by the pathway: 131 (90.3%) were discharged, 14 (9.7%) were admitted. The overall admission rate decreased from 63% (2898/4595) to 60% (819/1363) [p < 0.05] in comparison to a cohort studied prior to pathway implementation. Pathway patients reported low rates of subsequent cardiac procedures. No deaths or myocardial infarctions were recorded. At 7 days, only 2 respondents (2%) reported going to an Emergency Department since their evaluation. Most respondents (83%) rated their care as very good or excellent.Critical pathways designed to enhance efficiency, reduce variability, and improve the quality of care are becoming increasingly common. Our pathway for evaluation of patients with chest pain at low risk of myocardial ischemia was feasible and safe and was associated with a decline in absolute admission rates. Because of the possibility of concomitant secular trends and the effects of a changing medical environment, further rigorous research on the efficacy of individual pathways is needed.     

炎症因子在急性冠脉综合征危险分层中的作用及预测价值

“动脉粥样硬化是炎症性疾病”的论断在临床、基础、病理研究方面得到证实。近年来的研究发现 ,细胞因子、黏附因子、基质金属蛋白酶、C 反应蛋白等炎症因子在急性冠脉综合征的危险分层、预后评价中有重要作用。     

Resting Echocardiography for the Early Detection of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Chest Pain Unit Patients

Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of resting echocardiography to detect an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) before the occurrence of ischemic electrocardiogram (ECG) changes or troponin‐T elevations. Methods: Four hundred and three patients who presented to the emergency room (ER) with chest pain, normal ECGs, and normal troponin‐T levels were admitted to the cardiologist‐run Chest Pain Unit (CPU) for further monitoring. They underwent serial resting echocardiography for monitoring of left ventricle wall motion (LVWM), ECG telemetry monitoring, and serial troponin‐T measurements. Results: An ACS was detected in 49 patients (12.1%). These 49 patients were then subdivided into three different groups based on the initial mode of detection of their ACS. In group A, 16 of 49 (32.6%) patients had ACS shown by echocardiographic detection of LVWM abnormalities. In group B, 24 of 49 (48.9%) patients had an ACS detected by ischemic ECG changes. In group C, 9 of 49 (18.3%) patients had an ACS detected by troponin‐T elevations. The shortest time interval between CPU‐admission and ACS‐detection occurred in group A (A vs. B, P < 0.003; A vs. C, P < 0.0001). In group A, cardiac angiogram showed that the culprit coronary lesion was more frequent in the circumflex artery (11 out of 16; 68.7%) (LCx vs. LAD, P < 0.02; LCx vs. RCA, P < 0.001) and of these 11 patients with circumflex lesions, the ECG was normal in eight (72.7%) patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the utility of LVWM monitoring by serial echocardiography as part of a diagnostic protocol that can be implemented in a CPU. Furthermore, echocardiography could become an essential tool used in the diagnosis of ACS secondary to circumflex lesions. (Echocardiography 2010;27:597‐602)     

校正的HEART风险评分在无冠状动脉疾病的胸痛人群的应用

目的：研究高敏肌钙蛋白I校正的HEART评分在怀疑非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征而无冠状动脉疾病的胸痛人群的应用价值。 方法：本研究是一个基于前瞻性获得的数据库的回顾性研究。连续入选2014年9月至2015年2月在北京安贞医院急诊胸痛中心就诊的胸痛人群。计算校正的HEART评分。研究终点为3个月时主要不良心脏事件。 结果：共入选923名胸痛患者。371名患者发生主要不良心脏事件。校正HEART评分的受试者操作特征曲线下面积为0.85（95%置信区间：0.83–0.88）。在3个重要的亚组,受试者操作特征曲线下面积均在0.80以上。所有入选患者被分为3组：低危组（评分0–2分）,中危组（评分3–4分）和高危组（评分5–10分）,相应的主要不良心脏事件发生率为1.8%,18.2%和71.1%,各组间差异具有显著性（P<0.001）。不同的组别采取不同的分诊策略。 结论：高敏肌钙蛋白I校正的HEART评分可以用于怀疑非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征而无冠状动脉疾病的胸痛人群的分诊。     

Risk Stratification for 4,837 Individuals with Knee Pain Who Receive Physical Therapy Treatment

Risk stratification is a modelling method that is designed to target interventions toward patients with specific needs. The objective of the present study was to identify predictive characteristics related to patients with knee impairments who had a high risk of a bad prognosis (exceptional non‐responders) as well as those who were at low risk of a bad prognosis (exceptional responders). A cohort of 4,837 patients with knee pain seen for physical therapy was retrospective analysed using univariate and multivariate multinomial regression analyses. Modelling was used to identify characteristics associated with those who were exceptional responders and those who were exceptional non‐responders. Exceptional non‐responders were significantly associated with older age, female gender, longer duration of symptoms, surgical history, lower functional status at baseline and a payer type. Exceptional responders were significantly associated with younger age, no previous surgical history, higher functional status at baseline and a payer type. Findings may be used for managing processes involving intensity of care service and in understanding probable prognoses for each patient. Future research should continue to examine variables predictive of treatment response in patients with knee pain. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.