儿童肾移植后追赶性生长的临床特征

目的 探讨儿童肾移植后身高追赶性生长的临床特征及其影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年7月至2019年11月由广州市妇女儿童医疗中心提供并已接受肾移植手术的15例儿童受者的临床资料,根据肾移植后第1年身高标准差积分增值（△HtSDS）是否≥0.5分为追赶组（n=8）和无追赶组（n=7）,根据末次身高标准差积分（HtSDS）是否≥-2分为达标组（n=6）和非达标组（n=9）。比较各组身高追赶性生长的特征和影响因素。结果 15例患儿移植后第1年中位△HtSDS为0.8,身高呈追赶性生长。追赶组与无追赶组间HtSDS差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。移植前基线HtSDS与随访终点HtSDS呈正相关（r=0.622,P < 0.05）,与第1年△HtSDS呈负相关（r=-0.705,P < 0.05）。移植年龄和单位体重平均糖皮质激素（GC）剂量是肾移植后追赶性生长的危险因素（分别OR=1.23、1.74,均P < 0.05）,基线HtSDS和降压药的使用是追赶性生长的独立保护因素（分别OR=0.08、0.18,均P < 0.05）;基线HtSDS和肾移植后第1年△HtSDS均为终点HtSDS的影响因素（分别β=0.984、1.271,均P < 0.05）。结论 拟行肾移植的患儿应尽早接受移植手术并尽可能改善移植前的生长落后;术后综合优化多项治疗措施如GC及降压药等的使用,有利于肾移植儿童受者达到最终的理想身高。     

达沙替尼治疗对急性髓系白血病儿童身高的影响

目的 探讨达沙替尼治疗对急性髓系白血病（AML）儿童身高的影响。方法 回顾性分析86例17岁以下AML儿童的临床资料,按照患儿的治疗方案分为常规化疗组和达沙替尼组：常规化疗组应用常规化疗药物而不使用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,共57例;达沙替尼组应用常规化疗药物并加用达沙替尼治疗,共29例。对两组患儿在治疗开始时、治疗后的身高标准差积分（HtSDS）以及治疗后1年、治疗后2年HtSDS变化进行比较。结果 常规化疗组及达沙替尼组在治疗前HtSDS的比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。达沙替尼组在治疗前两年内HtSDS变化与常规化疗组保持一致。随访时达沙替尼组共有4人达到成年终身高,均显著低于遗传靶身高（P=0.044）。常规化疗组中成年终身高与遗传靶身高差异无统计学意义。达沙替尼组中青春期儿童治疗后与治疗前的HtSDS相比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.032）。结论 达沙替尼治疗可影响AML儿童的终身高,青春期开始后应用达沙替尼会存在生长障碍,但治疗短期内对身高影响不大。     

GnRHa治疗中枢性性早熟女童对终身高的影响

目的：观察促性腺激素释放激素类似物（GnRHa）对治疗中枢性性早熟（central precocious puberty,CPP）女童终身高的作用及相关因素。方法：对26例CPP女童应用GnRHa治疗前后预测身高、骨龄的标准差分值［HtSDS(BA)］、终身高、体重指数（BMI）、初潮情况等进行评价,分析它们与终身高的相关性。结果：治疗前预测身高为151.5±5.7 cm;停药时预测身高为158.4±5.2 cm;终身高为158.0±4.0 cm,高于靶身高155.3±4.4 cm (P<0.01)。终身高与初始身高、预测身高、HtSDS(BA)正相关。治疗前BMI为17.1±2.1、治疗后BMI为19.9±3.2,两者呈正相关。停药后平均13.2±6.1个月后初潮,平均初潮年龄为12.2±0.7岁。结论：GnRHa治疗CPP可有效地改善终身高,终身高与治疗前身高及预测身高等密切相关,停药后患儿青春发育与正常儿童相似。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（5）：374-376］     

婴幼儿出生至2岁身长和体重生长轨道变化的随访研究

目的 研究2岁内正常儿童身长、体重发生追赶生长或减速生长的状况及影响儿童身长变化的因素。方法 回顾性收集1996年8月至2008年12月,前瞻性收集2009年1月至2010年3月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿童保健科门诊体检儿童的资料。均以首次体检年龄<2月龄±15 d;﹤1岁,随访≥6次（至少每2个月随访1次）;～2岁,随访≥2次（至少每6个月随访1次）的原则进行随访。由专人测量儿童身长和体重,并于首次体检时询问并记录父母亲的身高。根据随访年龄,分为<2、～4、～6、～8、～10、～12、～18和～24月龄组。以首次体检（<2月龄±15 d）身长测量值为基础值计算百分位值,并计算其Z值。以～24月龄身长百分位值代表2岁时身长百分位值。生长参数参照2000年美国CDC儿童生长资料,本研究将追赶生长或减速生长定义为身长或体重百分位较前次年龄段百分位上升或下降≥1条主百分位线,且身长发生百分位线变化后能沿着新生长轨道生长,观察儿童生长轨道变化情况,采用Logistic回归分析儿童身长与儿童基础身长Z值及父母亲身高的相关性。结果 共有331名儿童(3 421人次测量数据)进入分析,其中男172例,女159例。①<2岁儿童179/331名（54.1%）的身长发生246人次追赶生长,229人次追赶生长1条百分位线,17人次追赶生长2条百分位线;56/331名（16.9%）儿童的身长出现63人次减速生长,均减速生长1条百分位线;各月龄组平均身长在P50～P75。②3～6、～12和～24月龄组儿童身长变化与母亲身高、儿童基础身长相关（均P<0.05）,～12月龄组身长变化同时还与父亲身高相关（P<0.05）。③<2岁儿童309人次体重发生追赶生长,232人次追赶生长1条百分位线,77人次追赶生长2条百分位线;641人次体重发生减速生长,596人次减速生长1条百分位线,45人次减速生长2条百分位线。各月龄组平均体重的百分位值不稳定。结论 儿童出生时的体格生长水平反映胎儿期生长,但不完全决定生后生长情况。判断2岁内儿童身长变化需综合考虑基础身长、父母亲身高遗传等因素。     

儿童颅咽管瘤术后重组人生长激素替代治疗疗效及安全性对照研究

目的:观察儿童颅咽管瘤（CP）术后致身材矮小者使用重组人生长激素（rhGH）治疗的疗效及安全性。方法:纳入CP术后在复旦大学附属儿科医院内分泌遗传代谢科定期随访的患儿。分为rhGH治疗组和rhGH未治疗组。CP术后1~3个月病情稳定后首次随访患儿垂体功能,之后每3个月随访身高、体重、甲状腺功能和生长因子（IGF-1、IGF-BP3）,比较两组治疗前后身高变化。每6～12个月随访头颅MRI,观察两组患儿CP复发及继发肿瘤发生情况。结果:CP术后患儿共18例,男、女各9例,均存在生长激素缺乏症（GHD）。rhGH治疗组和rhGH未治疗组分别为6和12例,平均手术年龄分别为（10.1±4.2）和（10.1±4.0）岁。16/18例（88.9%）存在垂体功能减低,其中12例（75.0%）伴甲状腺功能减低,9例（56.2%）伴中枢性尿崩症,4例（25.0%）伴性发育延迟,11例（68.8%）伴促肾上腺皮质激素下降。rhGH治疗组中2例单用rhGH治疗,4例同时使用左旋甲状腺素、醋酸去氨加压素和氢化可的松治疗,开始给予rhGH治疗的时间为术后（3.5±2.4）年,平均治疗时间为（2.6±2.2）年,治疗前身高增长速度（HV）为每年（3.1±1.0）cm,身高标准差（HTSDS）为（-2.63±0.93）,至本文观察时点HV为每年（12.0± 1.10）cm, HTSDS为（-0.21±1.39）,生长因子水平较治疗前明显上升。rhGH未治疗组治疗前HV为每年（3.2±0.9）cm,HTSDS为（-2.44±0.62）,至本文观察时点HV为每年（3.8±1.0）cm,HTSDS为（-3.76±0.97）,生长因子水平治疗前后差异无统计学意义。两组随访头颅MRI均未见异常。结论:儿童CP术后可出现多种内分泌激素异常,GH替代治疗可明显改善患儿身高,治疗期间未见原肿瘤复发及继发肿瘤发生。     

血清胰岛素样生长因子-I、瘦素水平及其与2～7岁小于胎龄儿生长关系的研究

目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-I）和瘦素（leptin）在小于胎龄儿（SGA）儿童生长中的作用。方法选择符合纳入标准的60例儿童作为研究对象（SGA组），适于胎龄儿40例儿童作为对照组。分析两组儿童相关资料及血清IGF-I、leptin水平。结果①对照组和SGA组身高标准差得分（HtSDS）、体重标准差得分（WtSDS）差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。②男女童血清IGF-I水平差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。③年龄分组比较对照组和SGA组的血清IGF-I水平差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。④当HtSDS、WtSDS均〈-2时，leptin与IGF-I存在较强的正相关关系（r=0．94，P〈0．01）；当HtSDS、WtSDS均〉0时两者不存在相关关系（r=0．46，P〉0．05）。结论①2～7岁组的SGA儿童生长落后于同龄正常儿童，但其血清IGF-I水平无明昆降低，特别是2～岁组，提示SGA儿童可能存在IGF-I抵抗。②在营养不良时血清IGF-I和瘦素水平呈正相关。     

儿童肾移植术后激素撤除对生长曲线的影响CSCD

目的探究儿童肾移植术后生长趋势以及激素撤除对于生长曲线的影响。方法回顾性分析2013年5月至2021年3月于郑州大学第一附属医院肾移植科接受肾移植手术的儿童受者临床资料,术后采用他克莫司+霉酚酸+糖皮质激素(glucocorticoid,GC)三联免疫治疗方案,根据术后3个月内是否撤除激素分为撤激素组和未撤激素组,观察两组各时间段内生长发育变化情况,比较两组在撤除激素前后各时间段生长变化速率的差异。结果共214例患儿纳入研究,其中未撤激素组142例,撤激素组72例;两组术前身高年龄别评分(height for age Z-score,HAZ评分)分别为(-1.60±1.48)分和(-1.44±1.38)分,差异无统计学意义(P=0.539);术后1年时两组HAZ评分分别为(-0.95±1.31)分和(-0.51±1.10)分,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.046)。两组术前、术后3个月、术后6个月的HAZ评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组手术后前3个月、手术后3~6个月HAZ评分的变化速率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而手术后6~12个月的差异具有统计学意义(P=0.016)。结论慢性终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)患儿术前存在不同程度的发育迟缓,接受肾移植后患儿生长缺陷有所弥补,术后不同时间段身高发育速率有所不同,在术后追赶性生长的高峰期到来之前撤除激素对于儿童手术后远期发育有积极的影响。     

营养不良性生长迟缓生长追赶的相关因素分析

目的　了解营养不良性生长迟缓儿生长追赶的影响因素。方法　观察２８ 例营养不良性生长迟缓儿，在调整营养供应后至少４ 个月的身高体重增长与基础体格指标、骨龄和遗传因素的关系。结果　身高Ｚ评分增长与身高别体重Ｚ评分增长正相关（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ，与基础身高别体重Ｚ评分负相关（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ，与基础骨龄正相关（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５）；与年龄及遗传身高Ｚ评分不相关。体重Ｚ评分增长与基础身高别体重Ｚ评分负相关（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ，与骨龄正相关（ Ｐ＜０－０１）。身高增长速度可超过其年龄应有生长能力。部分患儿恢复期仍有高生长激素血症（ 营养不良所致促生长素轴代谢代偿重整状态的持续）。结论　对营养不良性生长迟缓应尽早供给足够热量和蛋白，以充分利用促生长素轴的代谢代偿转为促生长效应，获得最大追赶。     

儿童异基因造血干细胞移植术后乙型肝炎病毒免疫标记的变化

目的 了解儿童异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）前后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）免疫标记的变化情况,探讨供受者allo-HSCT前不同HBV免疫状态与allo-HSCT后受者HBV免疫标记变化的关系.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月-2012年6月在我院接受allo-HSCT治疗的130例儿童血液病患儿移植前后HBV免疫标记物（HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb及HBcAb）、HBV-DNA等临床资料,移植后随访中位时间18（6 ～36）个月.结果 （1）allo-HSCT前：HBsAg阴性患儿126例,阳性4例;HBsAb阳性患儿92例;HBsAg阳性供者6例,余均为HBsAg阴性供者.（2）allo-HSCT后：16例移植前HBsAb阴性受者移植后转为HBsAb阳性：66例移植前HBsAb阳性受者接受HBsAb阳性供者移植后,47例仍为HBsAb阳性,18例为HBsAb阴性,1例发生HBV再激活;21例移植前HBsAb阳性受者接受HBsAb阴性供者移植后,13例转为HBsAb阴性.（3）移植前供者HBsAb阳性,输注CD34＋细胞＞7.24×106/kg、移植前受者HBsAb滴度高低对移植后受者HBsAb转为阴性有显著影响,P值分别为0.005、0.040和0.000.（4）2例移植前合并HBV感染患儿移植后发生HBV再激活,2例移植前无HBV感染患儿接受大三阳供者移植后继发HBV感染.结论 HBsAb阴性患儿接受HBsAb阳性供者allo-HSCT后,在造血和免疫功能重建的同时,其体内可产生针对HBV的保护性抗体;移植后受者HBsAb随时间逐渐丢失,丢失的比例与移植前受者HBsAb滴度高低、输注CD34＋细胞数高低、供者HBsAb阳性与否明显相关.因此,移植前对供受者进行针对HBV的免疫接种及移植后免疫重建后对受者再次免疫接种有利于预防移植后HBV激活及感染.     

儿童肾移植中的热点问题

自美国1954年成功地进行了第一例同卵双生肾移植手术以来,全球已累计近百万人接受过各类移植,同时随着各类新型免疫抑制剂的运用,移植物的长期存活率逐年提高。全球已施行肾移植50余万例,最长存活已达41年。我国肾移植开始于上世纪70年代,移植数稳步增加,目前,每年肾移植数超过5000例,数量仅次于美国,最长存活超过20年。尽管我国移植数量稳步增加,必须看到同世界领先水平相比较,我国的移植生存率还存在着很大差距。儿童肾移植一般指受者年龄在18岁以下的移植,近年来,已逐渐成为儿童终末期肾病（ESRD）最有效的治疗方法,随着强有力的免疫抑制药物的问世及手术技术更趋成熟,儿童肾移植的近远期疗效不断提高。局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）、先天性肾病综合征（CNS）、肾炎、梗阻性尿路疾病的移植肾生存率得到明显改善;多囊肾（PKD）、肾消耗病、溶血尿毒综合征（HUS）、返流性肾病的移植肾生存率保持稳定。美国器官资源共享网络（UNOS）已有数千名儿童肾移植经验的积累。而国内目前儿童肾移植发展相对较缓慢,尤其在低年龄组儿童,开展儿童肾移植较成人的困难更大,严格的配型选择、适宜的手术方式和围手术期处理、恰当的免疫抑制策略和良好的依从性是取得良好效果的关键。     

Growth and endocrine function following bone marrow transplantation for thalassemia major

Thalassemia major (TM) patients frequently suffer from growth delay and endocrine dysfunction. Thirty-two TM patients who had survived more than 2 years after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) were recruited for growth and endocrine study. Patients were followed up annually for growth, and the height was expressed as height standard deviation score (HtSDS). The HtSDS at baseline was -1.51 and was more reduced in patients older than 7 years (-1.99) as compared with those younger patients (-0.79) (= .027). The HtSDS gradually improved after BMT and increased by 0.59 (CI 0.16-1.01) at 5 years after BMT. Forty percent of patients were below 2 SD at time of BMT but this decreased to 15% at the latest assessment. The hormonal profiles of gonadotrophins, sex hormones, and thyroid function were assayed regularly after BMT. With a median follow-up of 67 months, ovarian failure was universal among the 10 girls evaluable for puberty and all required hormonal replacement. Eight of 10 boys had spontaneous puberty but 3 of them had gonadal impairment. One patient developed diabetes mellitus and one had growth hormone deficiency after BMT. In conclusion, improvement of growth after BMT in TM was common. Gonadal failure is universal in girls, and boys were less affected.     

GROWTH AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION FOLLOWING BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR THALASSEMIA MAJOR

Thalassemia major (TM) patients frequently suffer from growth delay and endocrine dysfunction. Thirty-two TM patients who had survived more than 2 years after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) were recruited for growth and endocrine study. Patients were followed up annually for growth, and the height was expressed as height standard deviation score (HtSDS). The HtSDS at baseline was –1.51 and was more reduced in patients older than 7 years (?1.99) as compared with those younger patients (–0.79) (=. 027). The HtSDS gradually improved after BMT and increased by 0.59 (CI 0.16–1.01) at 5 years after BMT. Forty percent of patients were below 2 SD at time of BMT but this decreased to 15% at the latest assessment. The hormonal profiles of gonadotrophins, sex hormones, and thyroid function were assayed regularly after BMT. With a median follow-up of 67 months, ovarian failure was universal among the 10 girls evaluable for puberty and all required hormonal replacement. Eight of 10 boys had spontaneous puberty but 3 of them had gonadal impairment. One patient developed diabetes mellitus and one had growth hormone deficiency after BMT. In conclusion, improvement of growth after BMT in TM was common. Gonadal failure is universal in girls, and boys were less affected.     

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目的探讨重组人生长激素(recombinant human growth hormone,rhGH,简称GH)治疗生长激素缺乏症(growth hormone deficiency,GHD)患儿效果及影响因素,建立GH治疗效果预测模型。方法回顾性分析1996年8月至2010年9月首都儿科研究所生长发育门诊确诊为GHD和多垂体功能低下(multiple pituitary hormonedeficiency,MPHD)且接受规范GH治疗的矮身材患儿115例临床资料,采用2009年卫生部最新颁布的中国儿童体格发育标准对儿童身高、体重进行标化,标准差计算采用国际公认的LMS方法。以治疗过程中的身高标准差分值变化(delta in height SDS,ΔHtSDS)和生长速度(growth velocity,GV)为效果评价指标,进行疗效和影响因素分析。用多元回归方法以75例治疗满1年且随访较规律者为模型人群,建立治疗效果预测模型。同时前瞻性随访15例规范治疗的GHD患儿为模型验证对象,对模型进行验证。结果患儿治疗第1年身高平均增长(10.56±2.83)cm,ΔHtSDS升高0.93±0.52;治疗前3个月的ΔH...     

Growth and Sexual Maturation in Paediatric Patients Treated by Dialysis and Following Kidney Transplantation

Linear growth and sexual maturation were assessed in 48 children during dialysis treatment and in 68 children following renal transplantation. Height at the onset of haemodialysis treatment was more than 2 SD below the mean in 33% of prepubertal children. During dialysis treatment most children showed a progressive deterioration in SD score. The onset of puberty and sexual maturation was delayed but was in accordance with bone age. After transplantation 59% of prepubertal children had a normal height increment. Onset of puberty was recorded at a chronological age of 14.6 ± 1.9 years in boys and 13.3 ± 1.9 years in girls. The peak of the pubertal growth spurt was 6.6 ± 1.6 cm/year in boys and 6.5 ± 2.9 cm/year in girls. The duration of pubertal development in transplanted children was within normal limits. In transplanted girls menarche was achieved at a mean chronological age of 15.9 years and bone age of 12.9 years. Adult height was achieved at a mean age of 20.3 years in men and 18.7 years in women. Overall, one third of the children attained an adult height more than 2 SD below the mean. These data indicate that poor growth is achieved in most children on dialysis treatment; following transplantation normal growth may be restored. However, poor growth before kidney transplantation and the loss of growth potential during pubertal development have a great influence on adult height.     

Linear growth after pediatric liver transplantation.

To determine growth patterns in a large cohort of unselected children undergoing liver transplantation, the outcomes of 294 orthotopic liver transplantations performed in 221 children at The University of Chicago between October 1984 and October 1992 were retrospectively reviewed; 66% were alive at the time of this analysis. The mean age at transplantation was 4.1 +/- 5.0 years; 44% of the children were male and 16% of the transplants were from living-related donors. The mean height z score at the time of transplantation was -1.6 +/- 1.8, and 39% of children had height z scores of < -2.0 at transplantation. When children with growth retardation at the time of transplantation (height z scores of < -2. 0) were compared with children with more normal growth, there were no significant differences in gender or re-transplantation rates, although children with growth retardation at transplantation were significantly younger than those with more appropriate growth (2.8 +/- 4.1 years vs 4.7 +/- 5.1 years, P <.05). The height z score of all children with biliary atresia at the time of transplantation was -1.9 +/- 1.7 compared with -1.2 +/- 2.0 in those children with underlying diseases other than biliary atresia. Catch-up growth was seen in 37% to 47% of children at any given time point after transplantation. Children with evidence of catch-up growth (growth velocity z score >0) 2 years after transplantation were more likely to be first-time transplant recipients, had more growth retardation at the time of transplantation, and were receiving lower doses of prednisone at 2 years after transplantation. Younger children were most likely to demonstrate catch-up growth after transplantation. In summary, a large proportion of children have growth retardation at the time of liver transplantation. This growth retardation is inversely correlated with age. Before transplantation, children with biliary atresia grow less well than children with other forms of liver disease. Up to one half of children demonstrate catch-up growth after liver transplantation. Growth after transplantation is proportional to the degree of growth retardation at transplantation and inversely correlated to age at transplantation. Children with poor growth after transplantation are more likely to be receiving higher doses of corticosteroid.     

Linear growth, growth-hormone secretion and IGF-I generation in children with neglected hypothyroidism before and after thyroxine replacement

We studied growth hormone (GH) stimulation and insulin-like growth factor -I (IGF-I) generation tests in 15 children with neglected congenital hypothyroidism (CH) (age = 6.4 +/- 4.2 years) and measured their growth parameters for >1 years after starting thyroxine (T4) replacement. One year after treatment, height SDS (HtSDS) increased from -4.3 +/- 2.5 to -2.7 +/- 2.3. Peak GH response to clonidine increased from 3.2 +/- 1.2 ng ml(-1) to 7.62 +/- 1.38 ng ml(-1) after treatments. Basal and peak IGF-I response to GH increased from (34.66 +/- 17.3 ng ml(-1) and 58.4 +/- 36.99 ng ml(-1), respectively) before treatment to (130.6 +/- 97.8 ng ml(-1) and 193.75 +/- 122.5 ng ml(-1), respectively). HtSDS increments were correlated significantly with basal free T4 concentrations (r = 0.622, P < 0.01). In summary, after long period of hypothyroidism, T4 replacement produced significant, although incomplete, catch-up growth through a partial recovery of GH- IGF-I axis.     

Growth and pubertal development in nephropathic cystinosis

In a retrospective investigation growth and pubertal development were evaluated in 30 patients with nephropathic cystinosis. Growth was investigated during the stage of chronic renal insufficiency as well as after successful kidney transplantation and growth rates were related to kidney function. Pubertal development was evaluated in 17 patients between 12 ans 25 years of age. Prepubertal growth rates were stable in a range between –2 and –3 height velocity SDS as long as glomerular filtration rate was above 20ml/min per 1.73m². A decrease in glomerular filtration rate below this threshold was followed by further decrease in height velocity. After kidney transplantation a significant catch-up growth was seen if immunosuppression was performed with cyclosporine A and lowdose prednisolone. This did not occur if conventional therapy with azathioprine and high-dose prednisolone was used. Onset of puberty was delayed in all patients. Gonadotropin and oestradiol levels in female patients showed normal fluctuations according to ovulatory cycles. In male patients after puberty there was an increase in gonadotropin levels above the normal range for adult men while testosterone levels remained in the low normal range. These results indicate that adult men with nephropathic cystinosis may develop hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.     

The effect of growth hormone treatment on stature in Aarskog syndrome.

We describe 19 males with Aarskog syndrome who were treated with growth hormone (GH) and enrolled in the National Cooperative Growth Study (NCGS). There was a significant increase in both growth rate (3.9 +/- 1.9 cm/yr vs 8.9 +/- 1.7 cm/yr, p < 0.001) and height SD score (change in HtSDS = 1.0 +/- 0.8). The increase in HtSDS was dependent on treatment duration, frequency of injections, weight-for-height SDS, and HtSDS at enrollment. The results of our study suggest a positive effect of GH treatment on growth and adult height in Aarskog syndrome patients.