大咯血的栓塞治疗

目的 观察选择性支气管动脉栓塞(bronchial artery embolization,BAE)加肺动脉栓塞(pulmonery artery embolism,PAE)对大量咯血的治疗效果.方法 对48例大量咯血病例进行了栓塞治疗,其中43例行选择性支气管动脉造影和使用白芨微球BAE治疗,3例在选择性支气管动脉造影和BAE的基础上同时进行了选择性肺动脉造影和PAE治疗,2例进行了肺动脉栓塞.结果 48例均显示不同形式的异常动脉造影表现,栓塞术后48例即刻止血.随访6个月3例复发,但咯血量减少.结论 大咯血在BAE无效的情况下,应同时进行肺动脉造影和PAE治疗.     

支气管动脉CTA检查在咯血介入治疗中的临床价值

目的探讨CTA检查在咯血介入治疗中的价值、局限及应用策略。方法 53例咯血患者行支气管动脉CTA检查,随后行支气管动脉栓塞术。统计CTA与栓塞术中DSA检查显示支气管动脉、异常支气管动脉、侧支供血动脉的数量。所有病例术后随访1年。结果 CTA检查与术中DSA检查分别显示支气管动脉152支、123支。以DSA检查结果为标准,CTA检出的支气管动脉、异常支气管动脉、侧支供血动脉符合率分别为100%(123/123),82.3%(79/96),53.8%(21/39)。51例患者成功行支气管动脉栓塞治疗,术后1年内复发6例。结论 CTA检查发现支气管动脉敏感度高,有助于介入术中快速查找出血动脉和优化介入治疗方案。CTA显示异常支气管动脉及侧支供血动脉效果不够理想,介入术中应充分利用CTA提供的信息,但确认出血血管仍需要DSA检查。     

选择性支气管动脉栓塞术控制匿源性咯血

目的分析匿源性咯血患者支气管动脉造影的影像学表现,评估选择性支气管动脉栓塞术(BAE)治疗匿源性咯血的临床价值。方法 2004年6月至2011年3月对11例内科保守治疗无效的匿源性咯血患者行选择性BAE。术中行系统的主动脉造影及锁骨下动脉造影,观察责任血管的影像学表现及来源,并对双侧支气管动脉(BA)及非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)责任血管行选择性栓塞术。术后随访6个月～5年。结果 11例患者中10例为吸烟者(或有吸烟史)。所有患者术前CT增强检查及纤维支气管镜检查均未发现肺实质内与咯血有关的实质性病变。11例患者中,10例术中动脉造影存在血管异常表现,总共24支责任血管,其中右侧支气管动脉11支、左侧支气管动脉8支、胸廓内动脉2支、肋间动脉3支。术后8例咯血立即停止,2例仍有少量咯血经保守治疗后好转,1例术后仍有咯血,行肺叶切除术后好转。术后2例出现不同程度胸痛,1例出现发热,1例出现轻度肾功能不全,均经处理后缓解,所有患者均未出现其他严重的栓塞后并发症。所有患者术后1个月内无再次咯血,1例术后5个月咯血复发,经保守治疗后好转。结论吸烟是匿源性咯血的一大危险因素,BA是匿源性大咯血的主要责任血管;选择性BAE治疗匿源性大咯血安全、有效,是首选的一线治疗手段,     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血

目的：探讨支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)治疗大咯血的临床应用价值。方法：57例大咯血患者支气管动脉插管造影明确病变血管后，经导管缓慢注入明胶海绵颗粒栓塞出血血管，18例患者使用微导管超选择性BAE治疗。结果：出血完全停止44例，出血量减少9例，无效4例，有效率92．9％。结论：支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血是一种安全、有效、操作简便、损伤小的治疗方法。     

肺结核与支气管扩张症咯血的支气管动脉栓塞治疗

目的 探讨肺结核和支气管扩张症咯血的支气管动脉差异与栓塞方法。方法 临床治疗肺结核咯血25例,支气管扩张症咯血15例,行选择性支气管动脉造影并对病变血管用明胶海绵行栓塞术,32例加用弹簧圈。结果 40例咯血,共对63支有出血征象的动脉行BAE,即时止血率92．5％（37／40）。肺结核咯血以体-肺血管分流多见,支气管扩张症以血管增粗、扭曲多见。结论 肺结核咯血BAE宜注重小血管栓塞,支气管扩张症咯血BAE宜以主干栓塞为主。     

支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中临床应用分析

目的探讨大咯血介入栓塞治疗时应用支气管动脉CT血管造影(CTA)的方法与效果。方法对大咯血的84例患者行介入栓塞治疗,且于治疗前行支气管动脉CTA检查,治疗时再次明确患者的出血动脉,并均行介入栓塞治疗。治疗1周后再行支气管动脉CTA复查。回顾性分析支气管动脉CTA在该疾病患者治疗中的应用价值。结果所有大咯血患者治疗前进行支气管动脉CTA检查,共发现出血的病变血管112支,介入栓塞治疗时共发现出血的病变血管共123支,支气管动脉CTA检查的诊断符合率为91.06%。患者支气管动脉CTA检查后均行介入栓塞治疗且治疗均成功,介入栓塞治疗后共有76例患者回院进行支气管动脉CTA检查,检查结果表明患者病变血管栓塞治疗后均获良好栓塞效果。结论术前支气管动脉CTA检查能够为大咯血患者的介入栓塞治疗提供有效的诊断依据,术后再行该检查则可有效评估患者的疗效。     

支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘致大咯血的介入治疗

目的 观察支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘的血管造影表现,评价介入治疗支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘致咯血的重要性、安全性以及疗效.方法 2007年1月-2008年1月我院共收治大咯血患者39例,其中12例存在支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘,均行支气管动脉栓塞术(BAE)治疗,分析支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘致咯血的表现、病理解剖学特点,评价BAE治疗支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘的安全性和疗效.结果 本组12例支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘致咯血患者,均用明胶海绵颗粒行BAE治疗,术后止血率为100%,无明显并发症出现,平均随访13.5个月(6～18个月),患者均未发生再次咯血.结论 支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘是咯血的病理解剖结构,BAE是治疗和预防此类咯血的有效措施.     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗支气管扩张大咯血的技术探讨

目的:探讨支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)治疗支气管扩张大咯血的疗效。方法:31例支气管扩张大咯血患者,选择性支气管动脉造影明确咯血病灶后,对靶血管用明胶海绵颗粒及小条进行栓塞治疗,其中11例同时加用弹簧钢圈行多重栓塞治疗。所有病例门诊随访。结果:31例患者BAE术后30例咯血完全停止,即时止血率96.77%(30/31)。3例在栓塞术后1周内复发大咯血,1例再次行BAE治疗后咯血停止,2例改行手术治疗,近期复发率9.68%(3/31)。中、远期复发少量咯血2例,复发率为6.45%(2/31),总有效率93.55%(29/31)。结论:支气管动脉栓塞术治疗支气管扩张大咯血是一种安全、高效、简便、损伤小的治疗方法,采用多重栓塞可有效降低复发率。     

支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中的应用

目的探讨支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中应用的策略及临床效果。方法80例大咯血的患者在介入栓塞治疗前行支气管动脉CT血管造影（CTA）检查,在介入手术中寻找所有的出血动脉,并逐一进行栓塞治疗。68例患者栓塞治疗1周后复查支气管动脉CTA检查。对支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中的应用效果进行回顾性总结评价。结果80例大咯血的患者在介入栓塞治疗前行支气管动脉CTA检查,共找到107支病变的出血动脉,介入手术中共找到118支出血动脉并成功栓塞治疗。术前支气管动脉CTA检查诊断的准确率为90．68％（107/118）。68例患者栓塞后治疗支气管动脉CTA检查显示所有已栓塞的支气管动脉栓塞效果良好。结论介入栓塞治疗前支气管动脉CTA检查可以为支气管动脉栓塞治疗中寻找出血动脉提供准确的定位作用。栓塞治疗后行支气管动脉CTA检查有利于对栓塞疗效的准确判定。     

胸主动脉造影在急诊支气管动脉栓塞术中的作用

目的 探讨胸主动脉造影在急诊支气管动脉栓塞术中的意义.方法 2008-01-2010-11间73例患者在本科接受急诊介入支气管动脉栓塞治疗,其中71例进行了胸主动脉造影.对所有患者的术前CT、介入术中DSA资料、并发症、栓塞效果以及胸主动脉造影征象进行回顾性分析.结果 胸主动脉造影即可发现并栓塞病变血管者60例,6例未能发现病变血管,4例仅发现一侧病变血管所在,而选择性插管发现另一侧病变支气管动脉,1例患者胸主动脉造影及选择插管均未发现病变血管.在进行胸主动脉造影的71例患者中,胸主动脉造影发现与栓塞血管完全符合率为84.5%(60/71),未显 示率为8.45%(6/71),部分显示率5.63%(4/71).结论 支气管动脉栓塞术中胸主动脉造影造影剂用量小于胸部增强CT或CTA,对于选择性插管有指导意义,特别是对于咯血急诊介入治疗时具有很大的临床价值.     

Ectopic origin of bronchial arteries: assessment with multidetector helical CT angiography

The purpose of this study was to determine non-invasively the frequency of ectopic bronchial arteries (BA) (i.e., bronchial arteries originating at a level of the descending aorta other than T5-T6 or from any aortic collateral vessel) on multidetector-row CT angiograms (CTA) obtained in patients with hemoptysis. Over a 5-year period (2000–2005), 251 consecutive patients with hemoptysis underwent multidetector-row CT angiography of the thorax. From this population, 37 patients were excluded because of a suboptimal CTA examination (n = 19), the presence of extensive mediastinal disease (n = 15) or severe chest deformation (n = 3) precluding any precise analysis of the bronchial arteries at CTA. Our final study group included 214 patients who underwent a thin-collimated CT angiogram (contrast agent: 300 to 350 mg/ml) on a 4- (n = 56), 16- (n = 119) and 64- (n = 39) detector-row scanner. The site of origin and distribution of bronchial arteries were analyzed on transverse CT scans, maximum intensity projections and volume-rendered images. The site of the ostium of a bronchial artery was coded as orthotopic when the artery originated from the descending aorta between the levels of the fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae; all other bronchial arteries were considered ectopic. From the studied population, 137 (64%) patients had only orthotopic bronchial arteries, whereas 77 patients (36%) had at least one bronchial artery of ectopic origin. A total of 147 ectopic arteries were depicted, originating as common bronchial trunks (n = 23; 19%) or isolated right or left bronchial arteries (n = 101; 81%). The most frequent sites of origin of the 124 ostiums were the concavity of the aortic arch (92/124; 74%), the subclavian artery (13/124; 10.5%) and the descending aorta (10/124; 8.5%). The isolated ectopic bronchial arteries supplied the ipsilateral lung in all but three cases. Bronchial artery embolization was indicated in 26 patients. On the basis of CTA information, (1) bronchial embolization was attempted in 24 patients; it was technically successful in 21 patients (orthotopic BAs: 6 patients; orthotopic and ectopic BAs: 3 patients; ectopic BAs: 12 patients) and failed in 3 patients due to an instable catheterization of the ectopic BAs; the absence of additional bronchial arterial supply and no abnormalities of nonbronchial systemic arteries at CTA avoided additional arteriograms in these 3 patients; (2) owing to the iatrogenic risk of the embolization procedure of ectopic BAs, the surgical ligation of the abnormal vessels was the favored therapeutic option in 2 patients. This study enabled the depiction of ectopic bronchial arteries in 36% of the studied population, important anatomical information prior to therapeutic decision making.     

支气管动脉造影导管在咯血治疗中的应用

目的 探讨分析支气管动脉造影导管在支气管动脉栓塞术(BAE)治疗咯血中的应用.方法 收集2013年1月至2016年5月接受BAE术治疗的97例咯血患者临床资料.根据影像所示开口及走行方向将责任动脉分为开口向上、开口水平走行向上、开口水平走行向下、开口向下等4种类型,选择合适的造影导管(MIK导管、胃左动脉导管、Cobra导管、Simmon-1导管、Simmon-2导管)超选至责任动脉作造影,分析导管选用对所有患者的治疗效果.结果 97例患者中责任血管180支,开口向上42支、开口水平走行向上54支、开口水平走行向下46支、开口向下38支.MIK导管、胃左动脉导管、Cobra导管、Simmon导管超选成功率分别为83.3％(35/42支)、92.6％(50/54支)、87.0％ (40/46支)、89.5％(34/38支,Simmon-1导管30支,Simmon-2导管4支).BAE术后所有患者责任血管闭塞,停止咯血,术后6个月复发率为7.2％(7/97).结论 BAE术治疗咯血安全有效,关键是根据责任动脉开口及走行方向正确选择造影导管.     

The Value of 320-Row Multidetector CT Bronchial Arteriography in Recurrent Hemoptysis after Failed Transcatheter Arterial Embolization

Purpose

To retrospectively assess the value of computed tomographic (CT) bronchial arteriography (BA) with 320-row multidetector CT in the management of patients with recurrent hemoptysis immediately after bronchial artery embolization (BAE).

Clinical Impact of Multidetector Row Computed Tomography Before Bronchial Artery Embolization in Patients With Hemoptysis: A Prospective Study

Purpose

To evaluate prospectively the role and impact of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) before bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in patients with hemoptysis.

Methods

MDCT of the thorax was performed in 27 patients (21 men, 6 women; age range, 22-70 years; mean, 39 years) with hemoptysis who were referred for BAE. Transverse, multiplanar reconstruction, and 3-dimensional reconstruction (maximum intensity projection and volume rendered) images were analysed to identify the abnormal hypertrophied bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis, their origin and course were noted. Digital subtraction angiography was performed with the knowledge of findings of MDCT. Selective arteriogram of abnormal bronchial as well as nonbronchial arteries was performed. Embolization was attempted in 25 of these patients (92.6%) by using polyvinyl alcohol particles (350-500 μm), Gelfoam or Embospheres (400-700 μm). Follow-up was done for a mean period of 20.5 months.

Results

Based on MDCT, 2 of 27 patients were found unsuitable for BAE. On computed tomography, 38 arteries (27 bronchial and 11 nonbronchial systemic arteries) were identified as abnormal hypertrophied vessels. On angiography, 34 of these arteries (25 bronchial and 9 nonbronchial systemic arteries) were found to be responsible for hemoptysis. Three of these arteries could not be evaluated during angiography, and 1 artery that was identified as abnormal on computed tomography was found normal on angiography. All 25 bronchial and 9 nonbronchial systemic arteries that cause hemoptysis were detected at MDCT. Embolization was successful in 23 of 25 patients.

Conclusion

MDCT enables detection and depiction of all bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis.     

Bronchial Artery Embolization in Pediatric Pulmonary Hemorrhage: A Single-Center Experience

PurposeTo explore the safety and effectiveness of bronchial artery (BA) embolization (BAE) in children with pulmonary hemorrhage.Materials and MethodsBetween February 2016 and February 2019, 41 patients (median age, 4 y; interquartile range, 2.3-8 y; median weight, 17.6 kg; interquartile range, 12.3–23.6 kg) underwent BAE. The indication of BAE included massive hemoptysis in 10 patients (24.4%), recurrent hemoptysis in 18 patients (43.9%), and refractory anemia in 13 patients (31.7%). The main etiology of pulmonary hemorrhage included pulmonary hemosiderosis (58.5%), congenital heart disease (17.1%), and infection (14.6%). A retrospective review was conducted of clinical outcomes of BAE.ResultsThere were 44 embolization sessions, with a total of 137 embolized vessels. Pulmonary hemorrhage was caused by BAs in 30 cases, nonbronchial systemic arteries plus BAs in 10, and nonbronchial systemic arteries in 1. Embolic particles were used in 30 cases (24 polyvinyl alcohol [PVA] and 6 microsphere), coils in 9 cases, and particles plus coils in 5 cases (4 PVA and 1 microsphere). Technical success (ability to embolize abnormal vessel) was achieved in 97.6% of patients (40 of 41), and clinical success (complete or partial resolution of hemoptysis within 30 days of embolization) was achieved in 90.2% (37 of 41). There was 1 procedure-related complication (2.4%) of cerebral infarction and 1 death from multiple-organ dysfunction (2.4%). Bleeding-free survival rates at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months were 92.5%, 83.9%, 83.9%, and 70.8%, respectively.ConclusionsBAE is a safe and effective procedure in children with pulmonary hemorrhage.     

长期吸烟者隐原性大咯血的血管内栓塞治疗

目的 探讨血管内栓塞治疗长期吸烟者隐原性大咯血的临床价值.方法 对21例有长期吸烟史的隐原性大咯血者行经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE).术中行系统的主动脉和锁骨下动脉造影,对支气管动脉(BA)和非支气管性体动脉进行评估,并对发现的病理性体动脉进行血管造影和栓塞术.分析血管造影表现,随访观察TAE的临床效果和术后胸部CT表现.结果 21例患者的病理性体动脉均为BA,共35支,均有末梢不同程度的增生,累及右肺24支,累及上叶25支.BA主干增粗24支,正常11支.所有BA均成功完成血管内栓塞术.所有患者术后均获得即刻止血,在随访时间内除1例有偶发痰中带血外其余均未再复发咯血.随访的胸部CT示除原有肺气肿表现外,肺内均未见其他异常.结论 长期吸烟可致大咯血,责任血管为BA,血管内栓塞的效果显著.     

隐源性大咯血的DSA表现及栓塞治疗

目的 探讨隐源性大咯血的支气管动脉造影表现及病理基础，支气管动脉栓塞效果。方法 隐源性大咯血定义为胸片和CT未发现明显病灶或原有病灶与咯血部位不一致，无法解释咯血原因。选择隐源性大咯血患19例，进行支气管动脉造影观察血管异常情况，进行支气管动脉栓塞观察术后即时止血率及长期随访止血率。结果 全部病例支气管动脉造影均可见血管异常，为支气管动脉增粗、分支增生、增多、扭曲，部分伴有出血灶，并可见支气管动脉畸形；经支气管动脉栓塞后即时止血效果及长期止血效果好，未见咯血部位恶性肿瘤发生，均为良性病变。结论 隐源性大咯血病理改变为支气管动脉因炎症感染损伤所致出血或肺血管畸形所致出血，支气管动脉造影和支气管动脉栓塞为一种安全可靠，有时是唯一的诊断、治疗方法，未见与技术操作有关的严重合并症。     

MSCTA在支气管扩张并大咯血介入治疗中的作用

目的：评价多层螺旋CT血管成像（multi-slice computed tomographic angiography,MSCTA）在支气管扩张并大咯血患者介入治疗中的作用。方法：16例支气管扩张并大咯血的患者,采用16层螺旋CT增强薄层扫描,经最大密度投影（MIP）及容积重建（VR）处理显示罪犯血管,然后行支气管动脉栓塞（bronchial artery embolization,BAE）治疗。结果：16例患者胸部CT血管成像共显示28条罪犯血管,包括21条支气管动脉（左13、右8）、3条肋间动脉、2条膈动脉、1条胸廓内动脉及1条自主动脉弓部下缘来源。栓塞后随访6—13个月（平均9个月）,15例（93．7％）未发生再咯血。结论：MSCrA能客观地评价咯血相关血管特征,指导支气管扩张并大咯血的介入治疗。     

超选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的临床评价

目的探讨支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的临床应用价值。方法对42例大咯血患者的支气管动脉造影和支气管动脉栓塞治疗进行回顾性总结评价。结果42例患者中介入栓塞治疗后显效35例(83.3%),有效7例(16.7%)。结论支气管动脉栓塞是治疗急性大咯血的有效方法,而超选择性插管栓塞治疗更安全有效,可作为临床首选的治疗方法。