经食管超声心动描记术在帝路射频消融术中的价值

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图（ＴＥＥ）在阵发性室上性心动过速患者左侧和右侧房室帝路射频消融（ＰＦＣＡ）术中的监测的意义。方法 应用ＴＥＥ技术对３１例单发旁路（左侧旁路２７例,右侧旁路４例）的室上性心动过速患者行ＰＦＣＡ术中监测。结果 ＰＦＣＡ术均获成功。ＴＥＥ引导了全部患者消融电极的放置和位置调整;引导穿房间隔术和穿隔后的电术放置３例;发现２例消融过程中出现中度二尖瓣反流,及时调整消融电极位置后流消     

射频消融治疗儿童阵发性室上性心功过速32例临床分析

目的总结儿童室上性心动过速射频消融治疗的经验。方法经左锁骨下静脉、股静脉置入电生理标测电极,行心内电生理检查（EPS）,确定阵发性室上性心动过速性质,然后经股静脉或股动脉置入大头消融导管,标测到有效消融靶点进行放电消融。结果32例患儿中,房室折返性心动过速26例,左侧旁路14例,消融成功14例,右侧旁路12例,消融成功11例,房室结折返型心动过速6例,消融成功6例,复发2例,再次消融成功,总成功率97％。结论射频消融治疗儿童室上性心动过速是安全、有效的。     

房室结折返性和房室折返性心动过速的对比研究

【目的】探讨房室结折返和房室折返性心动过速（AVNRT,AVRT）的特点及射频消融（RFCA）的疗效和安全性。【方法】回顾性分析本院近6年行RFCA的823例AVNRT和AVRT患者的临床和电生理特点及手术情况。【结果】AVRT较AVNRT多见．AVNRT女性多于男性,而AVRT男性多见（P〈0．01）。AVRT中左侧较右侧旁路多见。左侧旁路以隐匿性为主．而右侧旁路以显性为主（P〈0．01）;左侧旁路男性多见,而右侧旁路以女性为主（P〈0．01）。右侧显性旁路手术成功率明显低于其他旁路和AVNRT（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）．术后复发率明显高于左侧旁路（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。2例AVNRT术后出现房室传导阻滞而植入心脏起搏器,发生气胸和血气胸6例。心包填塞1例．假性动脉瘤3例,1例左侧旁路放电时出现心室纤颤。无一例患者死亡。【结论】AVNRT和AVRT消融手术成功率高而复发率低．严重并发症较少．RFCA治疗AVNRT和AVRT是有效和安全的。     

射频消融治疗室上性心动过速422例的临床评价

【目的】研究射频导管消融术（RFCA）对室上性心动过速的疗效及方法学。【方法】对422例室上性心动过速患者行RFCA。旁路采用在心室最早激动点（EVA）或心房最早激动点（EAA）消融，双径路则采用消融慢径。统计其首次成功率、复发率、并发症发生率，并比较RFCA初期与近6年的有关指标。【结果】①422例患者中．旁路190例、房室结双径路合并左侧旁路2例，房室结双径路230例，首次成功率为96．68％。②旁路消融3例复发，慢径改良消融中7例复发，但二次消融（包括第一次未成功的）均获成功。③并发症：股动脉血肿13例，股静脉栓塞3例，心包填塞2例，血管迷走反射2例，一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞诱发心室纤颤1例，永久性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞1例，无死亡病例。④近期6年与开始时6年相比，每例患者的手术时间明显缩短，X线照射时间减少，复发率降低，并发症发生率降低，成功率进一步提高。【结论】①EAA、EVA标测是旁路消融成功关键。慢径消融成功的标准应以电生理检查结果为准。②RFCA根治室上性心动过速安全、有效、复发率低、并发症少，随着治疗病例增多，技术水平可明显提高。     

射频消融治疗阵发性室上性心动过速复发原因分析

目的：分析阵发性室上性心动过速患者行射频消融术后复发的原因，探讨降低术后复发的方法。方法：132例阵发性室上性心动过速患者，行射频消融术，术后每3～6个月随访1次，随访4～24个月。结果：132例患者中，复发10例，总复发率7．58％，其中房室结折返性心动过速复发率为6．52％，左侧房室旁路介导心动过速复发率5．89％，右侧旁路介导心动过速复发率14．28％。行射频消融术患者中，前70例复发率11．43％，后62例复发率3．22％。结论：精确的靶点标测、熟练的操作技巧以及消融方式的正确运用是降低射频消融术复发率的关键。     

射频消融治疗室上性心动过速508例报告

目的研究射频消融术对室上性心动过速的疗效及方法学。方法对5 0 8例室上性心动过速患者行射频消融术,旁路在心室最早激动点(EVA)或心房最早激动点(EAA)消融,双径路则采用慢径改良或快径消融。结果5 0 8例患者中,房室旁路3 13例( 3 3 0条旁路) ,双径合并左侧旁路3例、右侧旁路2例,房室结双径路(DP) 190例;总体成功率98 0 3 % ;旁路消融7例复发,慢径改良消融中6例复发,但二次消融成功;并发症为股动脉、股静脉栓塞各2例,静脉栓塞1例,心包填塞1例,永久性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞2例。结论EAA、EVA标测是旁路消融成功关键;后间隔旁路消融,A波较小,消融主要看X线影像定位;即使在远离HIS束区消融,慢径消融亦能造成Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞;故放电以“点射”结合时间递增法为宜;温控消融可提高成功率,减少复发率;术前、术后应常规服用巴米尔以预防栓塞。     

经食管超声心动图引导微创封堵缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损的应用价值

目的 评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在微刨术中引导封堵缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损的应用价值.方法 经胸超声心动图检查诊断为房间隔缺损患者23例,拟行微创非体外循环下封堵治疗.术前行TEE检查,明确房间隔缺损的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况,用以确定选择合适的封堵器,术中TEE引导封堵器放置.评价即刻效果,术后1周内复查经胸超声心动图检查.结果 23例患者封堵成功,TEE显示20例无残余分流,3例少量残余分流;但术后1周经胸超声心动图随访,均见封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,且右房右室较术前缩小(P<0.05),肺动脉压力下降(P<0.05).结论 TEE在微创术中引导缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损封堵中起着主导作用.     

经食管超声心动图引导微创封堵缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损的应用价值

目的 评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在微刨术中引导封堵缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损的应用价值.方法 经胸超声心动图检查诊断为房间隔缺损患者23例,拟行微创非体外循环下封堵治疗.术前行TEE检查,明确房间隔缺损的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况,用以确定选择合适的封堵器,术中TEE引导封堵器放置.评价即刻效果,术后1周内复查经胸超声心动图检查.结果 23例患者封堵成功,TEE显示20例无残余分流,3例少量残余分流;但术后1周经胸超声心动图随访,均见封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,且右房右室较术前缩小(P<0.05),肺动脉压力下降(P<0.05).结论 TEE在微创术中引导缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损封堵中起着主导作用.     

经食管超声心动图引导微创封堵缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损的应用价值

目的 评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在微刨术中引导封堵缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损的应用价值.方法 经胸超声心动图检查诊断为房间隔缺损患者23例,拟行微创非体外循环下封堵治疗.术前行TEE检查,明确房间隔缺损的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况,用以确定选择合适的封堵器,术中TEE引导封堵器放置.评价即刻效果,术后1周内复查经胸超声心动图检查.结果 23例患者封堵成功,TEE显示20例无残余分流,3例少量残余分流;但术后1周经胸超声心动图随访,均见封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,且右房右室较术前缩小(P<0.05),肺动脉压力下降(P<0.05).结论 TEE在微创术中引导缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损封堵中起着主导作用.     

经食管超声心动图引导微创封堵缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损的应用价值

目的 评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在微刨术中引导封堵缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损的应用价值.方法 经胸超声心动图检查诊断为房间隔缺损患者23例,拟行微创非体外循环下封堵治疗.术前行TEE检查,明确房间隔缺损的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况,用以确定选择合适的封堵器,术中TEE引导封堵器放置.评价即刻效果,术后1周内复查经胸超声心动图检查.结果 23例患者封堵成功,TEE显示20例无残余分流,3例少量残余分流;但术后1周经胸超声心动图随访,均见封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,且右房右室较术前缩小(P<0.05),肺动脉压力下降(P<0.05).结论 TEE在微创术中引导缺乏边缘的房间隔缺损封堵中起着主导作用.     

Transesophageal Echocardiographic Guidance of Transseptal Left Heart Catheterization During Radiofrequency Ablation of Left-Sided Accessory Pathways in Humans

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of left-sided accessory pathways can be achieved using catheters introduced by a retrograde or transseptal approach. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has previously been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in guiding transseptal puncture in patients during mitral valvuloplasty (MV). This study was undertaken to assess the feasibility, safety, and clinical utility of TEE during transsepta! puncture and RFA of left-sided accessory pathways. Methods: TEE was performed during transseptal puncture in 30 patients (41 ± 12 years, 19 females), 15 patients during attempted RFA of a left-sided accessory pathway and 15 patients during attempted balloon MV. Results: There was no difference in age, sex distribution, or procedural complications when MV patients were compared to RFA patients. At baseline, left atrial dimension was increased and congestive heart failure was more common when MV patients were compared to RFA patients (P < 0.05) Adequate baseline two-dimensional and Doppler TEE images were obtained in all patients. One patient sustained mild esophageal bleeding during the TEE, Positioning of the transseptal catheter in the fossa ovalis was facilitated and confirmed by TEE in 29 of 30 cases. One case of cardiac perforation occurred and was associated with inadequate TEE localization of the fossa ovalis. Thrombus was detected on the transseptal catheter by TEE in two cases prior to systemic heparinization. In both cases, thrombus was removed without embolic event. Conclusions: TEE safely guides transseptal puncture in patients undergoing RFA of left-sided accessory pathways. TEE markers of the fossa ovalis facilitate puncture and may reduce the risk of cardiac perforation particularly in patients with a normal size left atrium. TEE may be especially valuable for identifying thrombus during transseptal puncture.     

Use of three-dimensional catheter guidance and trans-esophageal echocardiography to eliminate fluoroscopy in catheter ablation of left-sided accessory pathways

Background: Newer technologies such as three-dimensional mapping and echocardiography can decrease x-ray exposure during catheter ablation. Many right-sided tachycardias can now be ablated without fluoroscopy. Left-sided tachycardias, however, have not yet been ablated using a zero fluoroscopy approach.
Objective: This study sought to examine the utility of trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) in providing adequate imaging as an alternative to fluoroscopy for transseptal puncture. When combined with NavX guidance (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA), fluoroscopy may not be necessary.
Methods: Ten pediatric patients with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) had accessory pathways mapped to the left side. Right atrial and coronary sinus geometries were created using NavX. Once a left-sided pathway was confirmed, a transseptal puncture was performed. A guide wire was placed in the SVC and confirmed by TEE. A transseptal sheath and dilator were advanced over the wire and positioned with TEE guidance so that the tip of the dilator was tenting the fossa ovalis. A transseptal needle was advanced across the fossa. Left atrial location of the needle tip was confirmed on TEE by saline contrast injection. The sheath and dilator were advanced over the needle with continuous pressure monitoring and TEE. Once the sheath was appropriately positioned, the ablation was completed using NavX guidance.
Results: All patients had acutely successful ablations and none required the use of fluoroscopy. Number of cryo lesions ranged from five to 19, with a mean of 9. Mean procedure time was 4.4 hours, with a range of 3.2 hours to 7.2 hours. There were no complications. One patient had recurrence.
Conclusions: Three-dimensional mapping combined with TEE shows potential for eliminating fluoroscopy use during catheter ablation.     

Surgical electrocautery facilitated transseptal puncture in children

Background: Transseptal puncture has been performed in adults and children for decades. However, transseptal puncture can be challenging especially in pediatric patients because of an elastic septum and small atria. In adults, dedicated radiofrequency (RF) to facilitate transseptal puncture has become routine. Objectives: We wanted to assess whether RF could be used routinely in children to facilitate transseptal procedure. Method: The study population included all children referred to our electrophysiology lab who underwent an ablation requiring a transseptal puncture over a period of 10 months. RF was applied at the time of transseptal puncture. The source of RF was standard surgical electrocautery device with the electrosurgical pen in direct contact with the transseptal needle applied for a short period of time during transseptal puncture. RF output was set initially at 30 W in cut mode. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Patients were followed for possible complications. Results: Thirteen patients (ages 11.6 ± 3.6 years, range 5–17 years, five boys) were included. One patient had left ventricular tachycardia, and the remainder had a supraventricular tachycardia with a left‐sided accessory pathway. In all but two patients, a single attempt with an RF output of 30 W applied for less than 2 seconds was sufficient to cross the septum. In two patients, three attempts were needed with a last successful attempt using 35 W. No complications were observed either acutely or during the follow‐up. Conclusion: Transseptal puncture facilitated by RF energy can be performed in children routinely and safely. (PACE 2011; 34:827–831)     

Single Physician Approach to Radiofrequency Catheter Ahlation in Patients with Supraventricuiar Tachycardia

The minimal requirements for safe and effective performance of catheter ablation using radio/requency current are still unclear. To determine the feasibility and safety of single physician approach to catheter ablation of supraventricuiar tachycardia substrate using radio-frequency energy, the results of the ablation procedure in 52 consecutive patients were evaluated. The procedures were performed during 1 year by the same physician and nurse. Twenty-one patients had selective atrioventricuJar (AV) nodal pathway ablation and 31 patients had accessory AV pathway ablation. Forty-eight patients (89%) had the diagnostic and the ablative procedure during the same electrophysiological test. In the 21 patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, all had successful selective ablation of the fast (13) or the slow (8) pathways. Eight patients had recurrence of the clinical tachycardia and had a successful reablation. No patient developed complete AV block or other significant complications. The mean fluoroscopy time during the procedure was 16.0 ± 8.6 minutes. In the eight patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, all concealed accessory pathways were successfully ablated with a mean fluoroscopy time of 30.0 ± 27.9 minutes. Two patients had recurrence of the conduction through the accessory pathway and had a successful reablation. Eighteen of 19 patients with a single overt accessory pathway had successful ablation, with a fluoroscopy time of 22.7 ± 20.6 minutes. Three patients had an early recurrence of the conduction through the accessory pathway, reablation was successful in two of them. Ten accessory pathways were ablated in four patients with multiple pathways during nine procedures. Only two patients developed minor peripheral vascular complications. Radiofrequency ablation of supraventricular tachycardia substrates may be performed effectively and safely by a small team just of one physician and one nurse.     

Usefulness of Intravenous Propofol Anesthesia for Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Patients with Tachyarrhythmias: Infeasibility for Pediatric Patients with Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia

General anesthesia is sometimes required during radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of various tachyarrhythmias because of an anticipated prolonged procedure and the need to ensure stability during critical ablation. In this study, we examine the feasibility of using propofol anesthesia for RFCA procedure. There were 150 patients (78 male, 72 female; mean age 30 years, range 4-96 years) in the study. Electrophysiologic study was performed before and during propofol infusion in the initial 20 patients and was performed only during propofol infusion in the remaining 130 patients. In the initial 20 patients, propofol infusion increased the sinus rate and facilitated AV nodal conduction. The accessory pathway effective refractory period, as well as the sinus node recovery time, atrial effective refractory period, and ventricular effective refractory period were not significantly changed. There were 152 tachyarrhythmias in 150 patients (24 atrial flutter, 31 AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, 68 AV reciprocating tachycardia, 12 ventricular tachycardia, and 17 atrial tachycardia). Most (148/152) tachycardias remained inducible after anesthesia and RFCA was performed uneventfully. However, in four of the seven pediatric patients with ectopic atrial tachycardia, the tachycardia terminated after propofol infusion and could not be induced by isoproterenol infusion. Consequently, RFCA could not be performed. Intravenous propofol anesthesia is feasible during RFCA for most tachyarrhythmias except for ectopic atrial tachycardia in children.     

Usefulness of Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Isolation of Pulmonary Veins in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Background: New imaging strategies for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation should enhance the safety of this technique. The role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in this setting has not been prospectively evaluated.
Methods: Under general anesthesia, 85 patients underwent TEE-guided AF ablation. A hybrid technique was performed with circular pulmonary veins (PV) lesions and antrum and ostial electrical isolation guided by TEE. TEE excluded left atrial (LA) thrombus, guided transseptal puncture and catheter positioning, and helped to identify PV ostia and their velocities. The TEE probe localized the esophagus, its temperature (T°) and micro bubbles formation.
Results: Overall, one patient had a LA clot. The esophagus was located close to left PV in 38%, the right PV in 28%, midline in 17% and with an oblique course in 17% of patients. Right and left superior PV velocities were detected in 100%, left inferior PV in 88% and right inferior PV in 82% of patients. Microbubbles were detected in 9 patients (11%). Elevation of TEE T° occurred in 14 patients (16%) and was regularly observed when lesions were applied over the TEE probe shadow, in close proximity to the posterior wall. Two major complications (1 tamponade, 1 PV laceration) occurred and were detected early by TEE.
Conclusions: TEE offers advantages compared to a map-guided only approach. It is a reliable tool to assess esophagus T° and localization, guide transseptal puncture, delineate the PV ostia, and monitor complications.     

Three-Dimensional Electrogram Mapping Improves Ablation of Left-Sided Accessory Pathways

Conventional electrogram mapping techniques for localization of accessory pathways during radiofrequency ablation procedures are time consuming and often inaccurate. We hypothesized that a computer generated, three-dimensional electrogram of retrograde atrial activation created from signal-averaged sequential endocardial bipolar electrograms (collected from the atrial aspect of the mitral annulus using a single transseptal catheter and then time aligned to a known myocardial activation reference) would improve left-sided accessory pathway atrial insertion site identification and increase ablation efficiency. Ablation efficiency was defined by procedure time, fluoroscopy time, duration of radiofrequency energy required to achieve initial accessory pathway block, cumulative ablation energy per procedure, and number of radiofrequency energy applications. Patients with single left-sided accessory atrioventricular connections were studied. Standard mapping results in 31 patients (group A) were compared to a three-dimensional electrogram approach used in 26 patients (group B). Three-dimensional electrogram mapping reduced procedure time (group A 3.8 +/- 1.6 vs group B 2.8 +/- 0.9 hours, P < 0.004), fluoroscopy time (group A 45.3 +/- 35.0 vs group B 25.1 +/- 10.5 min, P < 0.02), time to accessory pathway block (group A 2.6 +/- 1.5 vs group B 1.2 +/- 0.5 sec, P < 0.002), cumulative radiofrequency energy (group A 2126 +/- 2207 vs group B 636 +/- 586 joules, P < 0.0008), and radiofrequency energy applications (group A 5.0 +/- 4.4 vs group B 1.7 +/- 1.2, P < 0.0002). We conclude that three-dimensional electrogram mapping improves left-sided accessory pathway atrial insertion localization, reduces ablation procedure time and radiation exposure, and improves ablation efficiency.     

Coronary Air Embolism Complicating Transseptal Radiofrequency Ablation of Left Free-Wall Accessory Pathways

Radiofrequency catheter ablation is an important new technique for curing patients with accessory pathway-mediated tachycardia. Ablation of left free-wall accessory pathways may be accomplished either by a retrograde, transarterial approach or via a transseptal approach using a long vascular sheath. We describe air embolization into the coronary artery as a complication of the transseptal approach, which was temporally associated with catheter exchange. While there were no permanent adverse sequelae, this report emphasizes the need for scrupulous attention to the possible insinuation of air during procedures involving long vascular sheaths across the atrial septum. To prevent air embolism, we recommend slow removal of the ablation catheter along with continuous flushing with heparinized saline during exchanges.     

Protected circumferential conduction in the posterior atrioventricular vestibule of the left atrium: electrophysiologic and anatomic correlates

BACKGROUND: The anatomic substrate for protected isthmus conduction in the right atrium has been well defined. Little is known of similar substrates in the left atrium (LA). METHODS: Patients (pts) with reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) supported by a single left-sided accessory pathway were studied retrospectively (n = 64) and prospectively (n = 31). Intracardiac electrograms were recorded from the His bundle position and coronary sinus (CS). The LA was mapped with a steerable catheter using the transseptal approach. LA anatomy was examined grossly and histologically in six cadaver hearts after removal of endocardium. RESULTS: A distal-to-proximal CS activation sequence during AVRT was seen in all patients with a left lateral accessory pathway before ablation. After one to three radiofrequency (RF) energy deliveries that did not interrupt accessory pathway conduction, the CS activation sequence was reversed in three patients in the retrospective group and bidirectional conduction block in the posterior atrioventricular vestibule of the LA (PAVV) was demonstrated in nine patients in the prospective group. Four of the six cadaver hearts showed a distinct circumferential inferoposterior myocardial bundle that coursed parallel to the CS in the PAVV. CONCLUSIONS: We described evidence of bidirectional intraatrial block in the PAVV after application of RF energy during accessory pathway ablation. Such conduction block may mimic the presence of a second accessory pathway. Our data suggest that circumferential conduction in the PAVV may be poorly coupled to the rest of the LA and may be involved in the macro-reentrant circuit around the mitral annulus. The circumferential inferoposterior myocardial bundle may serve as the underlying anatomic substrate.     

左侧房室旁道射频消融中特殊心电现象与处理对策

目的报道24例左侧房室旁道射频消融的特殊心电现象与处理对策。方法1例左后侧壁显性房室旁道经心内膜标测和消融不成功,改冠状静脉窦标测和消融,术中冠状静脉窦造影了解其结构。2例射频消融后旁道呈间歇性逆传,采用心室RS2刺激法进行标测与消融。6例冠状窦电极显示激动的先后顺序不明显,其中1例消融导管在二尖瓣环心室侧和心房侧均未标测到满意靶点图,多次试放电失败,最终在左中间隔消融;另5例消融导管在明显高于冠状窦电极的部位才标侧到满意靶图。10例消融导管在二尖瓣环心室侧始终未标测到满意靶点图,或反复消融仅能一过性阻断旁道,改动脉途径逆行法心房侧消融。7例心室起搏下消融不成功而采用窦性心律下放电。结果全部病例消融成功。结论极少数左侧房室旁道由于其特殊的电生理现象往往需采用不同的标测和消融策略。