Pyrogallol red technique is an alternative to routine urinary protein-determining methods

The paper presents the basic urinary protein-determining methods, such as turbidimetric and colorimetric ones and provides their brief analytical characterization. The authors consider the sulfosalicylic technique as most universally employed by clinical diagnostic laboratories and the pyrogallolic one as most promising. The comparative characteristics of both techniques are described and their advantages and disadvantages are noted. In terms of correct estimation and reproducibility of the results of an analysis, the pyrogallic technique is superior to the sulfosalicylic and other methods for protein determination; it can identify microproteinuria and thus a better alternative to the routine methods for urinary protein determination.     

尿系列微量蛋白和肾小球滤过率测定在原发性高血压病患者的临床意义

目的探讨高血压肾病的早期诊断指标.方法ELISA法测尿系列微量蛋白排泄量,并分析其影响因素.同位素99mTc-DTPA清除率测定GFR.结果高血压Ⅰ组(Scr＜120μmol/L)患者的尿ALB浓度显著高于对照组,且随着病程延长而增加;RBP、TRF较对照组显著升高;IgG在病程后期明显升高;NAG显著高于对照组,但随病程、舒张压和血胆固醇水平变化不明显.Ⅱ组为38%.结论尿ALB和RBP可作为高血压肾损害的早期诊断指标.以99mTc-DTPA清除率测定GFR更为精确.尿系列微量蛋白含量多少与肾功能损害程度似有一定关系.     

弹性酶与脂必妥对糖尿病高脂血症及微量蛋白尿的疗效观察

目的：探讨弹性酶与脂必妥对糖尿病高脂血症及对早期糖尿病肾病的疗效。方法：８４例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者随机分为弹性酶组和脂必妥组,比较２种药物对糖尿病高脂血症及微量蛋白尿的治疗效果。结果：总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬＣ）在弹性酶组治疗６周末分别下降了１０％、１９％和上升了８％（Ｐ均＜０．０１）;脂必妥组６周末分别下降了１１％、１６％和上升了７％（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。尿蛋白排泄率在脂必妥组平均上升了２．４％（Ｐ＞０．０５）,弹性酶组平均下降了２５．７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：弹性酶与脂必妥对糖尿病高脂血症均有非常显著的疗效,而对尿蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）的影响弹性酶优于脂必妥。     

Stress tolerance test and SDS-PAGE for the analysis of urinary proteins in children and youths.

Excretion of urinary proteins (UP) is an important marker for the evaluation of patients with progressive renal disease. In order to analyze quantitative and qualitative variability of UP in relation to physical activity, we used standardized stress tolerance test and SDS-PAGE. Five urine samples were obtained from each patient at rest, during ordinary daily activity and after physical stress. Determination of total proteins was performed using Meulman's classic method with sulfosalicylic acid. UP were separated by ultrathin horizontal gradient SDS-PAGE according to G?rg. There were 142 patients; 40 with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), 11 with diabetes mellitus, 16 with chronic pyelonephritis and 75 who attended for investigation of asymptomatic proteinuria. Functional proteinuria was established in 42 subjects, who displayed maximal UP excretion during stress and the presence of apolipoprotein AI on SDS-PAGE. Children with PSGN showed no significant increase of UP during stress. Some children with diabetes mellitus (27%) and chronic pyelonephritis (47%) displayed microproteinuria or overt proteinuria after stress. Quantitative and qualitative changes in total UP excretion can be detected by stress tolerance test and SDS-PAGE. It remains to be seen whether stress tolerance test can identify children and youths who are at higher risk for disease progression.     

金钠多治疗慢性马兜铃酸肾病疗效观察

目的探讨金钠多制剂对慢性马兜铃酸肾病(CAAN)的治疗作用。方法病人分为金钠多治疗组(30例)和凯时对照组(29例),治疗前后检测两组血肌酐、尿素氮和血红蛋白及金钠多治疗组尿微最蛋白α1-MG,ALB等指标。结果金钠多治疗组治疗后血清指标明显改善(P均<0．001),尿微量蛋白明显下降(P均<0,05)。各血清指标改善程度与凯时对照组比较无差异(P>0．05)。结论金钠多能延缓CAAN肾功能恶化,减少微量蛋白尿。     

血清P-选择素联合尿微量蛋白检测对过敏性紫癜患儿肾损害的早期诊断价值

目的探讨血清P-选择素联合尿微量蛋白检测对过敏性紫癜（HSN）患儿肾损害的早期诊断意义。方法选择76例HSP患儿作为HSP组,并选取同期65例健康儿童作为对照组。采用常规放免法检测p2微球蛋白（陉一MG）、白蛋白（ALB）及转铁蛋白（TRF）含量,采用双抗夹心酶联免疫法测N乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）含量,血清肌酐（Scr）和尿素氮（NJN）测定运用终点法,血清P-选择素定量测定采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELlSA）。比较2组尿ALB、TRF、NAG、β2-MG及血清P-选择素的水平,并分析血清P-选择素水平与尿微量蛋白间的相关性。结果HSP组患儿BUN及Scr水平均在正常范围内,且尿ALB、TRF、NAG、β2-MG及血清P-选择素水平均显著高于对照组患儿,差异有统计学意义;血清P_选择素水平与尿微量蛋白系列呈正相关;HSP组血清P-选择素及尿微量蛋白4项指标中的1项或〉1项的异常率显著高于传统以尿常规阳性来判定早期肾损害的尿常规异常率,差异有统计学意义。结论联合检测血清P-选择素及尿微量蛋白对HsP患儿的肾损害具有早期诊断价值。     

不同牵引方法预防留置导尿漏尿的比较研究

目的 探讨预防留置导尿漏尿患者适宜的牵引方法,为临床护理工作提供理论依据。方法 采用方便取样法选取扬州大学医学院附属江都人民医院神经内科及老年科2016年11月—2017年11月留置导尿漏尿患者80例,随机分为A组和B组各40例,A组使用直牵法预防漏尿,B组使用侧牵法预防漏尿,观察两组留置导尿漏尿患者漏尿预防效果、发生尿道粘膜压力性损伤情况及患者舒适度。结果 A组病人预防漏尿有效率(97.5%)高于B组(87.5%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；A组病人发生尿道粘膜压力性损伤为0, B组为15%(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义；A组病人中、重度不适发生率为17.5%,低于B组的40%(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论 直牵法在预防留置导尿漏尿的效果、发生尿道粘膜压力性损伤和患者舒适度方面均优于侧牵法。     

An improved method for quantitative determination of urinary porphyrins by use of second-derivative spectroscopy

An improved assay for quantification of urinary porphyrins by use of second-derivative spectroscopy is described. A new method for calculation of the porphyrin concentration is developed and the whole procedure is computerized. Acidified urine samples can be assayed within a few minutes by using this method. Precision and recoveries for both uro- and coproporphyrin are good. The method is presented as a very fast and accurate assay for the screening and quantification of urinary porphyrins.     

A method of rapid cytodiagnosis of cytomegalic virus infections in pregnant women

A cytologic method for rapid detection of specific cytomegaloviral cells (CMC) in cervicovaginal secretion is suggested. This method is more effective than similar CMC detection in salivary and urinary sediments by 1.5 and 3.4 times, respectively. Detection of CMC in the cervicovaginal secretion and not in the salivary or urinary sediments considerably improves the informative value of the method, since it permits a more accurate estimation of the risk of fetal viral infection.     

尿激活素A对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断及病情判断的价值

目的观察窒息新生儿尿激活素A含量的变化,探讨尿激活素A与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（hypoxic—ischemic encephalopathy;HIE）的关系,为HIE的诊断及病情判断提供重要依据。方法选择50例窒息足月新生儿为观察组,随机选择48例同期出生正常足月新生儿为正常对照组。生后7d内根据新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断标准和临床分度,将50例窒息新生儿分成轻度HIE组30例、中重度HIE组20例。采用ELISA方法检测两组新生儿生后不同时间（2、12、24、48、72h）尿激活素A的含量。结果中重度HIE组尿激活素A含量显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）和轻度HIE组（P〈0．01）;正常对照组和轻度HIE组尿激活素A含量无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。以尿激活素A含量〉70ng／L为临界值判断中重度HIE发生,2h尿激活素A含量的敏感度为82％、特异度为99％;12—72h尿激活素A含量的敏感度为100％、特异度为98％。结论尿激活素A含量与HIE病情程度呈正相关,对判断中重度HIE的发生有高度的敏感性及特异性,为诊断中重度HIE提供重要依据。     

Transfix: a new range of all-silicone male incontinence sheaths

Urinary incontinence can have a significant detrimental effect on a person's body image and self-esteem because it undermine society's norms relating to control of the body. This can be further complicated by the use of devices to control urinary incontinence. Sheath drainage systems are the most common method of managing urinary incontinence in men. A discreet, reliable sheath drainage system can have both physical and psychological benefits. A full continence assessment is paramount for a successful outcome as there are several potential problems associated with this method of management. There are many products available, so the health professional needs a comprehensive knowledge of both products and application techniques. The Sims Portex Transfix range of all-silicone self-adhesive sheathes have many benefits and offer a reliable form of sheath management for male urinary incontinence.     

Quantitative elasticity measurement of urinary bladder wall using laser-induced surface acoustic waves

The maintenance of urinary bladder elasticity is essential to its functions, including the storage and voiding phases of the micturition cycle. The bladder stiffness can be changed by various pathophysiological conditions. Quantitative measurement of bladder elasticity is an essential step toward understanding various urinary bladder disease processes and improving patient care. As a nondestructive, and noncontact method, laser-induced surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can accurately characterize the elastic properties of different layers of organs such as the urinary bladder. This initial investigation evaluates the feasibility of a noncontact, all-optical method of generating and measuring the elasticity of the urinary bladder. Quantitative elasticity measurements of ex vivo porcine urinary bladder were made using the laser-induced SAW technique. A pulsed laser was used to excite SAWs that propagated on the bladder wall surface. A dedicated phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PhS-OCT) system remotely recorded the SAWs, from which the elasticity properties of different layers of the bladder were estimated. During the experiments, series of measurements were performed under five precisely controlled bladder volumes using water to estimate changes in the elasticity in relation to various urinary bladder contents. The results, validated by optical coherence elastography, show that the laser-induced SAW technique combined with PhS-OCT can be a feasible method of quantitative estimation of biomechanical properties.OCIS codes: (110.4500) Optical coherence tomography, (240.6690) Surface waves, (280.3375) Laser induced ultrasonics     

A method for the quantitative determination of urinary glycosaminoglycans

A method is presented by which the urinary glycosaminoglycans can be isolated in a macromolecular fraction with complete recovery by preparative gel filtration. The urinary glycosaminoglycans can be quantitated by determinations of uronic acid and sulfaminohexose in the macromolecular fraction. Using untreated, random urine specimens of less than 5 ml volume, clinical mucopolysaccharidoses types I, II, and III could be readily distinguished.     

A BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY OF SIX BRANDS OF CEPHALEXIN

The bioequivalence of six brands of cephalexin capsules or tablets was studied in six healthy volunteers in a crossover design. Single oral doses (1 X 500 mg) of each product were administered at intervals of 1 week. Bioequivalence was assessed by a urinary excretion method in which the drug was assayed by a sensitive and precise high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Statistical analysis of the cumulative urinary amounts of cephalexin excreted after 7 h indicated no significant differences between brand A and the other brands. However, brand C was significantly different from brands F and B. The various brands did not differ from each other with respect to urinary excretion rate, time to reach the urinary peak height, elimination rate constant and absorption rate constant. The study demonstrated that the six products of cephalexin were bioequivalent.     

Palliative ileal conduit in inoperable cancer of the urinary bladder

A retrospective study is presented of 19 patients with inoperable urinary bladder carcinoma in which urinary diversion was performed by ileal conduit without cystectomy. The postoperative mortality rate was 10.5% and the incidence of complications was 16%. The average time of survival was 5.1 months and varied from between one and 23 months. According to the literature these results are no better than those in patients undergoing no therapy at all. It is, thus, our opinion that palliative ileal conduit should not be considered a suitable method for urinary diversion in patients with advanced carcinoma of the urinary bladder.     

Development and validation of a simple and direct ELISA method for the determination of conjugated (glucuronide) and non-conjugated testosterone excretion in urine

BACKGROUND: Several methods are now available to estimate urinary testosterone levels that can only be performed in established big laboratories using GC/MS techniques. In clinical practice or for research projects, an inexpensive method that does not require skilled technicians would be useful. A simple, rapid and accurate ELISA method has been developed and applied in our laboratory to measure urinary non-conjugated and total testosterone. METHODS: High affinity anti-testosterone antibody and HRP-Donkey anti-sheep IgG (Horse Radish Peroxidase) as enzyme tracer were used to develop the ELISA method. The assay was evaluated for specificity, sensitivity, parallelism, accuracy and imprecision by the established methods on samples obtained from healthy volunteers. The results from the direct ELISA were compared to those after enzyme hydrolysis plus solvent extraction and HPLC or commercial kits. RESULTS: A satisfactory standard curve for the direct testosterone ELISA has been developed with good sensitivity. Cross-reactivity values of anti-testosterone antibody with major interfering steroids were minimal except for testosterone-3-glucuronide (58.8%). The validity of urinary testosterone assay was confirmed by the good correlation between the results obtained by the direct ELISA and those after enzyme hydrolysis and solvent extraction (Y = 0.987X + 0.398, R2 = 0.97). Accuracy studies, parallelism and imprecision data were determined and all found to be satisfactory. Urinary testosterone excretion values obtained by our direct ELISA from healthy volunteers were generally in agreement with those published by other workers. Male urinary total testosterone excretion (non-conjugated and testosterone glucuronide) ranged from 177.9 to 865.3 nmol/day, which was about 3-6 times more than the range for women urinary testosterone excretion (34.5-308.8 nmol/day). CONCLUSION: A direct, reliable, easy to perform, sensitive and highly specific ELISA type assay for the measurement of total testosterone in urine samples (conjugated and non-conjugated) has been developed. The novel features of the assay are that it does not require an initial extraction step or involve time consuming procedures such as chromatography. A simple method has also been developed to measure non-conjugated urinary testosterone excretion after solvent extraction alone.     

Specificity of the amidase and kininogenase methods for the determination of rat urinary kallikrein

The specificity of the amidase and kininogenase methods for determining rat urinary kallikrein was studied. Male and female rat urine was employed. Esterase A1, A2 and kallikrein were separated by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. Esterase A1 showed no amidase activity towards the substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Arg-p-nitroanilide. In contrast, esterase A2 and kallikrein attacked the substrate, and the activity of kallikrein was especially inhibited by aprotinin, while esterase A2 was more sensitive to soybean trypsin inhibitor. Esterase A1 did not show kininogenase activity, whereas esterase A2 showed this activity, but only towards the dog plasma substrate. Kallikrein possessed kininogenase activity towards both dog and rat plasma kininogen. We believe that the most specific method for measuring rat urinary kallikrein activity is the kininogenase method using partially purified rat plasma kininogen.     

尿血红蛋白对苄索氯铵法定量测定尿蛋白的干扰评价

目的评价尿血红蛋白对苄索氯铵法定量测定尿蛋白的影响。方法参照美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)的EP7-A2方案,配制不同浓度血红蛋白的尿液标本做剂量-效应试验,同时收集50例不同隐血程度的尿液标本做临床标本的偏倚试验;尿蛋白定量在DPP罗氏生化工作站采用苄索氯铵法检测,与磺基水杨酸法进行比较。结果剂量-效应试验显示,当尿血红蛋白浓度达0.2g/L时即对苄索氯铵法测定尿蛋白产生显著性干扰(P0.05);临床标本的偏倚试验显示,不同程度的隐血对苄索氯铵法测定尿蛋白产生明显的正干扰。结论重视尿隐血阳性和/或含有红细胞的尿液标本,在采用苄索氯铵法测定尿蛋白时应评价其准确性,必要时使用磺基水杨酸法进行确认。     

经尿道前列腺电切术后暂时性尿失禁的磁疗提肛肌训练疗效探讨

目的探讨磁疗联合提肛肌锻炼方法,对经尿道前列腺电切(简称TURP)术后尿失禁的疗效。方法采用TRM-2S型多功能前列腺治疗仪磁疗联合提肛肌锻练及单用提肛肌训练,对前列腺电切术后患者随机分为试验组(联合组),对照组(单用组),每组各60例。结果联合组治疗后患者的满意度98%明显优于单用组79%(P<0.05),联合组治疗后最大及平均尿流率12.15mmol/s明显优于单用组8.40mmol/s,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论磁疗联合提肛肌训练,有效地降低了TURP术后暂时尿失禁的发生率。     

Direct determination of urinary oxalate by a continuous flow method

A continuous flow method is described for estimation of urinary oxalate, using oxalate oxidase (EC 1.2.3.4) and ascorbate oxidase (EC 1.10.3.3) immobilised on the inner surface of O-alkylated nylon tubes. Linearity, precision, oxalate recovery, freedom from interference by other urinary substances, accuracy, specificity, absence of interaction between samples and correlation with an established enzymic method were all excellent. The method has advantages over other methods in terms of speed, ease of use and cost. As the immobilised enzyme system has been stable for 15 months the method is suitable for both research and routine use.