连续缝合和间断缝合吻合血管对动静脉内瘘的影响

目的探讨不同血管吻合方式（连续性血管吻合、间断性血管吻合）对动静脉内瘘术成功率的影响。方法将69例终末期慢性肾衰竭患者随机分成3组，连续缝合组、双侧间断缝合组、单侧间断缝合组，按不同的血管吻合方式进行手术，比较各组间内瘘成功率的差异。结果间断缝合组与连续缝合组内瘘成功率比较，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；双侧间断缝合组与单侧间断缝合组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论动静脉内瘘手术中，采取间断缝合法吻合血管比连续缝合法能获得更高的成功率，而双侧间断缝合法与单侧间断缝合法比较并无明显优势。     

不同动静脉内瘘重建手术方式比较

目的 探讨终末期肾脏病血液透析患者动静脉内瘘失功后3种重建自体血管通路手术的优缺点,为临床选择做参考.方法 针对终末期肾脏病维持性3种液透析动静脉内瘘失功患者(241例),根据其自身血管条件、原有内瘘情况、血管彩超等检查结果,施行以下3种之其中一种重建自体血管通路的手术:原有内瘘近心端重新吻合血管(92例)、使用取栓管球囊行经皮血管成形术(包括内瘘取栓术和血管扩张术,87例),另选血管建立动静脉内瘘(62例).随访2年,比较3种手术方式的成功率、通畅率、平均血流量、并发症发生率等情况.结果 3种手术方式的手术成功率分别为93.5％、94.2％、96.8％,2年通畅率分别为80.4％、82.7％、80.6％,2年平均内瘘血流量分别为(250±24) ml/min、(240±21)ml/min、(230±16)ml/min,均无统计学差异.3组患者均无充血性心力衰竭、窃血综合征等严重并发症发生.结论 针对动静脉内瘘失功的血液透析患者,应依据血管条件选择手术方式来重建血管通路.经皮血管成形术(包括内瘘取栓术和血管扩张术)作为一种微创有效的手术方式,能最大限度地保留患者的血管资源,可予临床推广.     

小血管水平外翻缝合法的培训及临床应用

目的探讨小血管水平外翻缝合法的培训方法及在临床断指再植中应用的效果。方法利用新鲜冰冻鸡中翅内侧血管练习水平外翻缝合,同时与间断单纯缝合做效果比较。将两种方法随机应用于断指再植中(每组118指)。结果对中翅内侧血管截取水平外翻缝合组与间断单纯缝合组全部吻合口断面,剖开后显微镜下观察,水平外翻缝合后血管端端无线尾嵌插、外膜内翻情况发生,端端平整对齐。水平外翻缝合组术中血管吻合通畅率为100%,平均吻合时间为(10.0±2.5)min,术后坏死11指,坏死率9.3%。单纯间断缝合组术中血管吻合通畅率为96.1%(114/118),平均吻合时间(6.0±2.0)min,术后坏死率17.8%(21/118)。两组间比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论小血管水平外翻缝合法具有吻合口绝对外翻、能调节端端管口粗细以及抗拉能力强等优点,值得推广。     

人工血管动静脉内瘘静脉端不同吻合方式的应用效果比较

目的 比较人工血管动静脉内瘘静脉端不同吻合方式的临床应用效果及预后。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月至2021年12月惠州市第一人民医院行人工血管动静脉内瘘成形术的96例患者临床资料。根据人工血管静脉端吻合方式,分为端端吻合组(49例)和端侧吻合组(47例),比较两组术后相关临床指标和并发症发生情况。结果 术后6周,端端吻合组的内瘘血流量高于端侧吻合组[(697±188) ml/min vs (601±154) ml/min],差异有统计学意义(P=0.014)。术后6个月,端端吻合组和端侧吻合组的初级通畅率(89.80%vs 89.36%)、辅助初级通畅率(93.88%vs 93.61%)、次级通畅率(97.95%vs 97.87%)和尿素清除指数(1.28±0.22 vs 1.31±0.17)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12个月,端端吻合组的初级通畅率(65.31%vs 55.31%)和次级通畅率(91.83%vs 82.98%)显著高于端侧吻合组(P<0.05),辅助初级通畅率(79.59%vs 74.47%)和尿素清除指数(1.33±0.16 vs 1.35±0.13)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。端端吻合组并发症发生率为46.93%,端侧吻合组为65.96%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。结论 人工血管动静脉内瘘采用端端吻合方式时,内瘘血流量更大、通畅率更高、术后并发症发生率更低,临床应用效果及预后更佳。     

拖靠吻合法在膀胱肠管吻合中的动物实验研究

目的探讨拖靠吻合法在实验兔膀胱与肠管吻合中的可行性。方法采用40只日本大耳兔构建动物模型, 体重(3.30±0.32)kg。通过随机数字表法将日本大耳兔分为实验组和对照组, 每组各20只;实验组采用拖靠吻合法进行吻合, 即将膀胱颈固定至导尿管后往外牵引导尿管, 借助导尿管的牵引使膀胱颈与远端肠管吻合的免缝合方式;对照组采用膀胱与肠管常规间断缝合的方式进行吻合。比较两组手术时间、吻合时间、术中出血量、术后吻合口尿瘘率及术后吻合口组织愈合情况。结果实验组手术时间短于对照组[(33.26±2.79)min与(35.25±1.83)min], 差异有统计学意义(P=0.014);实验组吻合时间短于对照组[(7.55±1.24)min与(8.65±1.03)min], 差异有统计学意义(P=0.005)。实验组术中出血量与对照组差异无统计学意义[(6.47±2.41)ml与(6.75±1.83)ml, P=0.691]。术后实验组10例行膀胱造影者中2例出现造影剂外渗, 吻合口尿瘘率为20.0%(2/10);对照组9例行膀胱造影者中1例出现造影剂外渗, 吻合口尿瘘率为11.1%(1/9), 两组...     

小血管套叠粘接吻合法在血液透析者中建立动静脉内瘘的应用

慢性肾病患者常需要建立动静脉内瘘进行透析，常规间断缝合法吻合动静脉难度大、耗时长。为了缩短吻合时间，提高远期通畅率，进行了套叠粘接吻合法建立动静脉内瘘的实验研究，并将这一方法应用于透析患者建立动静脉内瘘的血管吻合。将动脉端套入静脉端，只需吻合两针，用医用胶封闭吻合口。经８个月观察，通畅率达１００％，血流量均超过３００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ。达到了透析需要。     

结扎桡动脉远心端治疗透析通路相关缺血综合征

目的总结结扎桡动脉远心端治疗透析通路相关缺血综合征的方法及经验。方法选择2011年6月至2013年12月北京大学第三医院海淀院区肾内科以头静脉-桡动脉端侧吻合动静脉内瘘为透析通路,且临床表现为内瘘侧肢体缺血者16例,行彩色多普勒超声检查显示吻合口桡动脉近心端及远心端血流方向相反,行血管造影显示大动脉通畅,行Allen实验提示尺动脉功能良好,采用局部浸润麻醉结扎吻合口桡动脉远心端治疗肢体远端自体动静脉内瘘相关缺血综合征,术后观察缺血症状缓解情况、透析时内瘘泵控血流量、尿素清除指数、尿素下降率、内瘘通畅性等指标。结果共观察上肢远端自体动静脉内瘘相关缺血综合征16例(占同期因动静脉内瘘并发症住院患者的1.45%),其中男性8例,女性8例,平均年龄(66.2±11.2)岁,平均透析时间(66.32±85.26)个月,内瘘时间(57.75±88.41)个月,内瘘建立后出现缺血症状时间(39.62±58.31)个月;根据临床表现的缺血症状进行分级,其中13例(占71.40%)为Ⅲ级患者,3例(28.60%)为Ⅱ级,未出现Ⅳ级患者。结扎桡动脉远心端手术技术成功率100%,临床成功率93.70%(15/16)。术前及术后第7天、第6个月、第12个月入组患者透析泵控血流量分别为(258.63±25.44)ml/min、(246.61±24.24)ml/min、(260.42±20.83)ml/min、(254.87±22.44)ml/min,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);尿素清除指数分别为(1.65±0.21)、(1.59±0.24)、(1.62±0.28)、(1.58±0.39),差异无统计学意义(P0.05);尿素下降率分别为(78.43%±3.27%)、(74.46%±2.64%)、(76.85%±3.84%)、(74.21%±3.32%),差异无统计学意义(P0.05),术后平均随访(19.30±13.15)个月,通畅率100%。未出现严重并发症。结论结扎桡动脉远心端治疗上肢远端自体动静脉内瘘相关缺血综合征简便、安全、有效,保留宝贵血管资源,同时延长内瘘使用寿命,可作为处理缺血综合征的一种方法。     

不同端侧吻合方法建立动-静脉内瘘成功率及使用时间比较

目的 比较两种端侧连续缝合血管建立标准动一静脉内瘘成功率及使用时间.方法 回顾性总结114例次动一静脉内瘘成功率及使用时间,其中静脉断端斜行切口为Ⅰ组(62例次),静脉盲端纵行切口为Ⅱ组(52例次).结果 Ⅱ组患者血管内瘘一次性吻合成功率为96.1%,与Ⅰ组患者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),Ⅱ组患者血管内瘘手术成功率为92.3%,与Ⅰ组患者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组使用时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 静脉盲端纵行切口建立动-静脉内瘘成功率优于静脉断端斜行切口,是端侧吻合的首选方法.     

食管癌切除术颈部机械吻合与手工吻合的疗效分析

目的 评价机械吻合与手工吻合在食管癌切除术颈部吻合中的应用价值.方法 本研究回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年1月四川省肿瘤医院收治的187例食管癌患者的临床资料,根据行食管癌切除术后颈部吻合的方式不同分为机械吻合组(98例)和手工吻合组(89例),比较两组患者吻合时间、总手术时间、术后开始进食时间、住院时间、术后并发症发生率及食管残端癌阳性率的差异,计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用x2检验或Fisher确切概率法.结果 机械吻合组患者吻合时间、总手术时间、术后开始进食时间及住院时间分别为(7.8±1.4)min、(227±60) min、(6.3±0.9)d、(14±4)d,短于手工吻合组的(28.5±2.3) min、(301±81) min、(8.4±1.0)d、(22±9)d,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=75.44,7.14,7.71,7.41,P＜0.05);机械吻合组患者术后吻合口瘘发生率为1％ (1/98),低于手工吻合组的8％(7/89),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组吻合口狭窄发生率分别为5％ (5/98)和7％ (6/89),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);机械吻合组无食管残端癌,手工吻合组食管残端癌阳性率为4％(4/89),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 机械吻合在食管癌颈部吻合中不仅能缩短吻合时间、总手术时间及住院时间,而且能降低吻合口瘘发生率和食管残端癌阳性率.     

连续与间断缝合在腹腔镜胆总管切开一期缝合术中的临床效果观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜下使用倒刺线连续缝合与传统3-0可吸收线间断缝合在胆总管切开术后一期缝合中的应用效果。方法:回顾分析2020年1月至2022年12月由同一手术团队为49例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆囊切除、胆总管切开探查取石、一期缝合术的临床资料,其中28例采用倒刺线连续缝合胆总管切口(连续缝合组),21例采用传统3-0可吸收缝线间断缝合胆总管切口(间断缝合组)。比较两组手术时间、术中胆总管缝合时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后引流管留置时间、术中及术后胆漏发生率。结果:两组患者一般资料、术中出血量、术中胆漏发生率、术后住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);连续缝合组术中胆总管缝合时间[(8.11±2.03)min vs.(10.10±2.55)min]、总手术时间[(121.18±29.03)min vs.(147.14±47.15)min]、术后引流管留置时间[(69.68±10.72)h vs.(78.29±15.07)h]均短于间断缝合组(P<0.05)。结论:相较传统3-0可吸收缝线间断缝合,腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管切开取石、一期缝...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.