三维螺旋CT重建股骨远端旋转力线的测量

目的通过三维螺旋CT重建正常成人膝关节,测量股骨远端旋转力线,为全膝关节置换术股骨假体旋转力线的定位提供理论依据.方法80侧正常成人膝关节,男性、女性各40侧,年龄18～72岁.行三维螺旋CT扫描,在GE Advantage workstation工作站上进行0.625mm层厚重建,测量股骨外科上髁轴线与股骨后髁轴线之间的夹角(股骨后髁角,PCA)及前后轴线的垂线与股骨后髁轴线的夹角(APA).比较男、女性股骨旋转力线的差异.结果PCA男性3.21°±1.35°(1.15°～5.92°),女性3.60°±1.40°(0.84°～5.76°);APA男性3.17°±1.62°(0.87°～5.73°),女性3.66°±1.58°(1.34°～6.05°).PCA与APA的差异无统计学意义,但性别间PCA及APA差异均有统计学意义,同时PCA和APA均有较大的个体差异.结论男女性及不同个体之间股骨后髁角值存在一定差别,统一参照股骨后髁轴截骨将导致假体安放不准确,应采用多种定位方法确定股骨侧截骨,术前三维螺旋CT扫描重建股骨远端.测量后髁角,有利于术中重建准确的旋转力线.     

滑车线与股骨远端假体旋转轴线关系及其稳定性的影像学研究

目的 探讨滑车线在全膝关节置换手术中作为股骨远端假体旋转对线标志物的可靠性,为临床提供指导。方法 从2013年10月—2014年5月在同济大学附属第十人民医院行膝关节CT检查的患者中,选取符合纳入标准的膝关节影像学资料,共75例75侧进行回顾性分析。其中男36名,女39名;年龄23～60岁,平均(44.7±11.5)岁。在CT图像上定位外科经股骨上髁轴、前后轴、后髁轴、滑车线,以外科经股骨上髁轴为参照,测量前后轴、后髁轴、滑车线相对于该轴线的旋转角度,分别表示为APSA、PCA、ATSA,比较APSA、PCA、ATSA在不同性别间的差异,并比较三条轴线相对于外科经股骨上髁轴旋转角度的稳定性。结果 75例75侧膝关节中,APSA为86.38°±2.40°,男性86.73°±2.51°、女性86.06°±2.26°;PCA为3.89°±1.67°,男性3.62°±1.72°、女性4.13°±1.45°;ATSA为8.17°±2.01°,男性8.42°±1.89°,女性7.94°±2.08°。不同性别间ATSA、PCA、APSA比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。F检验提示,分别与前后轴、后髁轴相比较,滑车线相对于外科经股骨上髁轴的角度的稳定性差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论 通过对正常膝关节的影像学测量分析,滑车线作为全膝置换术中股骨远端假体旋转对位参考线的稳定性较好,可以为临床手术提供参考。     

汉族人群正常股骨远端髁间前后轴线与旋转轴线的对位关系及其临床意义

目的 探讨中国汉族人群正常股骨远端髁间前后轴线与旋转轴线的对位关系及在全膝关节置换术中的临床价值。方法 2012年10月—2013年7月,对北京、河北、新疆及重庆的288名健康汉族志愿者行双下肢全长CT扫描,共获得575个正常膝关节图像数据纳入研究进行分析。其中男148名,女140名;年龄17—65岁;左膝288个,右膝287个。通过垂直于股骨机械轴线的断层图像,进行轴线之间的测量,包括髁间前后轴线与外科上髁轴线夹角（ASA）,髁间前后轴线与临床上髁轴线夹角（ACA）,髁间前后轴线与后髁连线夹角（APA）;按性别和侧别分组进行统计学分析。结果 ASA平均87．19°±1．92°,男性87．03°±1．95°,女性87．35°±1．87°,左膝87．33°±1．88°,右膝87．05°±1．95°;ACA平均90．93°±2．03°,男性90．68°±2．01°,女性91．19°±2．03°,左膝91．05°±1．93°,右膝90．81°±2．13°;APA平均83．99°±2．16°,男性83．86°±2．20°,女性84．12°±2．12°,左膝84．05°±2．09°,右膝83．92°±2．23°。其中ACA在男女性别中的差异具有统计学意义（t=3．000,P=0．003）,女性比男性平均大0．51°,其余参数在性别及侧别中差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论 通过对较大样本的中国汉族人群正常膝关节影像学的CT测量,得到相对准确的汉族人群股骨远端轴线间的对位关系,可以指导术中股骨远端截骨操作,确定适当的股骨外旋。     

人体膝关节股骨后髁角度的MRI测量

背景：全膝关节置换过程中股骨假体旋转力线良好非常重要,研究显示后髁角度是确定力线的重要依据,后髁角度为股骨后髁轴与股骨手术髁上轴之间角度,MRI测量可清晰显示后髁软骨、外上髁突起及内上髁凹陷,从而保证测量数据的准确。 目的：测量保定北部地区人群中膝关节后髁角度,为临床实施全膝关节置换过程中确定股骨假体旋转力线提供影像学依据。 方法：应用核磁共振机对入选中青年人群膝关节进行扫描,取膝关节伸直中立位,扫描平面垂直于膝关节机械轴,选择T1像上最佳膝关节轴位平面,由两名观察者独自分析图像,通过Bravo viewer 6.0影像软件观察股骨内上髁存在率,画出股骨髁上轴线及后髁线并测量两条轴线之间角度,即股骨后髁角度。 结果与结论：入选人群男性股骨后髁角度为(2.73±1.28)°,女性股骨后髁角度为(2.35±1.37)°,不同性别间差异无显著性意义。提示MRI测量股骨后髁角具有较大优越性,人工全膝关节置换过程中髁上轴线变异性较小,可参照后髁角度定位安装股骨假体,避免膝关节置换后并发症发生。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

数字技术在全膝关节置换术股骨旋转控制中的应用

目的 探讨在人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）中采用数字技术进行个体化股骨旋转定位的准确性及可行性。方法 选择上海市东方医院关节外科2012年5月—2013年11月68例膝关节严重退变病例纳入观察组进行回顾性分析,全部病例x线检查均符合Kellgren＆Lawrence分级法Ⅲ级以上,且合并严重的膝关节疼痛及活动受限。术前CT扫描下肢采集数据后利用数字化软件Mimicsl4．01在建立的3D立体模型中测量股骨后髁角,在TKA中参照该角度进行个体化截骨,术后再次测量股骨后髁角。选择2010年9月—2012年10月统一采用外旋3°截骨的62例患者作为对照组。比较两组手术前后股骨后髁角以及股骨假体旋转不良率。结果 观察组68例采用数字技术的患者术前测得股骨后髁角5．14°±1．59°（1．05°-8．26°）,术后0．83°±0．44°（0．03°～2．28°）;对照组中62例采用传统技术的患者术前测得股骨后髁角5．47°±1．23°（1．97°-8．41°）,术后3．82°±0．41°（0．08°-6．93°）。两组患者术前的股骨后髁角差异无统计学意义（t=1．349,P〉0．05）,观察组术后股骨后髁角明显小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=39．973,P〈0．01）。观察组股骨假体旋转不良率为10．3％（7／63）,对照组为38．7％（24／62）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ^2=14．420,P〈0．01）。结论 TKA术前应用数字化技术测量股骨后髁角,并根据测量结果进行个体化股骨外旋截骨,可以获得良好的股骨旋转力线。     

安装假体时股骨旋转定位轴线及相关角度的解剖学特征

背景:人工全膝关节置换过程中股骨假体旋转定位良好是置换成功的关键之一,与置换后关节功能密切相关。股骨髁各项解剖参数也非常重要,熟悉其各项数据能够合理截骨以及选择轴线,避免假体安装位置不佳导致全膝关节置换后关节功能障碍。目的:通过对股骨髁标本的解剖结构进行观察,测量股骨髁标本解剖参数及定位轴线之间的角度。方法:固定架固定共40例股骨骨性标本,观察内上髁及外上髁形态变化,测量股骨髁解剖参数,包括长度、宽度等;应用定位导向器于内外上髁之间穿克氏针固定,垂直股骨后髁轴截骨后以万能角度量角器测量股骨4条轴线——手术髁上轴、临床髁上轴、后髁轴、AP轴之间的相关角度关系。结果与结论:内上髁凹陷出现比例较低,约占所有标本比例总数的25%;股骨髁的高度与西方人相比差别不大,宽度与西方人相比差别较大。提示股骨髁宽度与西方人群差别较大,手术操作应充分注意;股骨髁内上髁凹陷出现比例不高,故参照髁上轴的后髁角定位只适用于部分人群;而AP轴较易定位,两条轴线与后髁轴线之间成角数值稳定,变异性较小,证实AP轴可做为股骨假体旋转定位的可靠标记。     

个性化定制股骨截骨导板在单髁置换中精确性的实验研究

目的 探讨个性化定制股骨截骨导板在股骨标本单髁置换(UKA)术中应用的可行性和准确性,为临床应用提供实验性依据。方法 2016年1月—2017年2月选取复旦大学医学院解剖教研室成人股骨标本40根,男性22根、女性18根,年龄35~78岁,身高152~178 cm。采用数字表法随机分为导板组和对照组,每组20例。导板组采用个性化定制股骨截骨导板辅助UKA手术,术前采用薄层CT扫描对股骨进行医学图像数据采集,然后利用3D反求技术进行导航模板的设计,再采用3D打印技术制造个性化定制股骨截骨导板,并进行UKA术。对照组在UKA术中采用传统定位截骨。手术均由同一组医疗小组完成。评估两组标本的股骨侧手术截骨时间,并采用影像学评价下股骨假体力线和假体位置。结果 导板组术中导板与股骨髁骨性解剖结构贴合紧密,无明显移动。导板组与对照组手术截骨时间分别为(3.31±0.56) min和(4.45±0.74) min(t=-5.500, P<0.01),股骨假体内/外翻角度分别为1.31°±0.86°和2.84°±1.58°(t=-3.789,P<0.01),股骨假体后倾角度分别为8.84°±0.60°和6.25°±1.96°(t=5.661,P<0.01),差异均有统计学意义。导板组的股骨假体内/外翻角及后倾角更接近0°和10°,并且离散度小。结论 个性化定制股骨截骨导板用于UKA术能提高股骨假体冠状位和矢状位力线的精确性,缩短手术时间。     

胫骨解剖轴体表定位法在膝关节内侧单髁置换术中的应用

目的 探讨膝关节内侧单髁置换术前采用胫骨解剖轴体表定位法确定下肢力线的精确性。方法 选取安徽医科大学第四附属医院骨科2015年12月—2017年2月采用 Oxford Ⅲ单髁系统进行初次单侧膝关节内侧单髁置换(UKA)的26例患者,按随机化原则分为2组:观察组13例采用胫骨解剖轴体表定位法辅助进行UKA手术。对照组13例采用常规方法进行UKA手术。术后第3天复查膝关节正侧位X线片,测量胫骨假体内外翻角(E角)及相对于胫骨轴线的胫骨假体后倾角度(F角)。结果 26例患者均获随访3~12个月,未发生腓总神经损伤、伤口感染、假体脱位、假体松动等并发症。术后第3天复查膝关节正侧位片测量观察组E角绝对值1.25°±0.52°、F角绝对值1.08°±0.51°,对照组E角绝对值4.02°±0.53°、F角绝对值3.88°±0.54°,差异均有统计学意义(t=13.451、13.592,P值均<0.01)。两组力线均良好。结论 通过胫骨解剖轴体表定位法辅助进行UKA的患者假体安放更加精确,是一种可靠的方法。     

膝关节置换中以ROM技术定位胫骨假体的旋转力线

文题释义：ROM技术：其原理是先固定股骨假体,然后安放胫骨假体试模而不固定,使胫骨假体试件在股骨假体的引导下进行旋转位置的自我调整,达到胫骨平台自然的与股骨假体结合并处于最合适位置的目的,该技术是目前临床上定位胫骨假体旋转力线较为常用的方法,但据文献报道,该技术确定的胫骨假体旋转力线可能存在误差。 膝关节置换：经历了150年的演变史,目前已经成为晚期骨性关节炎患者的主要治疗措施｡根据膝关节置换部位可分为单间室置换(单髁置换)､双间室置换(膝关节内外间室)､髌股关节置换及三间室置换(内外间室及髌股间室)。国内运用最多的为膝关节双间室置换,常用的术式包括后交叉韧带替代型和后交叉韧带保留型双间室置换,多数文献认为选择哪一种手术方式对患者的长期疗效无显著差异。 背景：ROM技术是膝关节置换过程中确定胫骨假体旋转力线的常用方法,但该技术的准确性仍存在争议,目前ROM技术可能的影响因素尚未见报道。 目的：探讨膝关节置换过程中运用ROM技术确定胫骨假体旋转力线的影响因素。 方法：纳入61例初次接受单侧膝关节置换的患者,男18例,女43例,年龄55-78岁,术前均诊断为膝关节骨性关节炎,所有手术均采用后稳定型膝关节假体。所有患者对治疗方案均知情同意,且得到医院伦理委员会批准。根据ROM技术确定闭合与未闭合内侧支持带时胫骨假体旋转轴线,同时定位后交叉韧带止点中点与髌韧带内侧缘连线(Akagi线)作为参考线,测量2种情况下ROM技术确定的胫骨假体旋转轴线与Akagi线的相对位置关系,术中判断髌骨轨迹分型,从而确定髌骨轨迹分型及闭合内侧支持带与否是否为ROM技术的影响因素。 结果与结论：①术中出现Ⅰ,Ⅱ及Ⅲ型髌骨轨迹时,未闭合内侧支持带时ROM技术确定的胫骨假体旋转轴线与Akagi线之间的夹角分别为(0.5±2.5)°,(-0.9±2.6)°及(-3.9±3.4)°;闭合内侧支持带时夹角分别为(0.6±2.3)°,(-0.3±2.2)°及(-1.5±2.9)°;② Ⅲ型髌骨轨迹可导致ROM技术确定的胫骨旋转轴线与Akagi线之间的夹角明显偏内(P < 0.05);③对于Ⅰ,Ⅱ型髌骨轨迹,是否闭合内侧支持带对ROM技术确定的胫骨假体轴线无明显影响(P > 0.05);对于Ⅲ型髌骨轨迹,闭合内侧支持带可明显减小ROM技术确定的胫骨假体旋转轴线与Akagi线之间的差异(P < 0.05);④结果提示,ROM技术对Ⅰ,Ⅱ型髌骨轨迹的全膝关节置换能够较准确地定位胫骨假体的旋转轴线,无需闭合内侧支持带;出现Ⅲ型髌骨轨迹时,无论是否闭合内侧支持带都可能造成胫骨假体过度内旋。 ORCID: 0000-0002-7360-1881(李叶天) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

术前测量预估DDH患者全髋置换术后股骨柄前倾角方法

目的根据生物型股骨柄设计原理,通过比较全髋置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)术前不同CT平面测量所得股骨前倾角与术后股骨柄前倾角,找到术前测量预估发育性髋关节不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)患者THA后股骨柄前倾角方法。方法选取2007年9月～2013年5月在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院行初次THA符合DDH诊断的患者21位(28髋),术前及术后均行CT扫描,术前选取头下平面、小粗隆平面和小粗隆平面上1 cm及2 cm 4个平面的前后皮质角平分线与股骨远端内外侧髁最大时后缘连线的夹角,以及大、小粗隆顶点中间平面后侧皮质切线与小粗隆中心上2 cm平面前侧皮质切线的角平分线与股骨远端内外侧髁最大时内外侧髁后方连线夹角(分别记为股骨前倾角1～5)。术后选取股骨柄假体最长水平层面,测量假体前后对称轴线与股骨远端内外侧髁最大时后缘连线的夹角作为术后股骨柄前倾角。同时测量髋臼杯假体前倾角、股骨假体矢状位矢状倾斜角度。比较术前各个股骨前倾角与术后股骨柄假体前倾角并进行相关性分析。结果股骨前倾角1～5分别为17.70°±10.54°、35.59°±7.21°、31.09°±7.98°、24.71°±9.11°、21.94°±10.10°。股骨柄假体前倾角为20.52°±10.90°。术后假体柄前倾角与股骨前倾角1～4之间差值分别为2.82°±6.27°、-15.08°±7.99°、-13.80°±15.68、-4.19°±5.69°、-1.42°±4.07°,髋臼假体前倾角为25.60°±11.65°,术后复合前倾角为46.11°±13.28°,假体矢状倾斜角为1.13°±1.53°。术前股骨前倾角1～4与术后假体前倾角均有统计学差异(P0.05),股骨前倾角5与术后假体前倾角无统计学差异;术前各前倾角与术后假体前倾角相关系数分别为0.829、0.681、0.689、0.853、0.928。结论股骨前倾角5与术后股骨柄前倾角具有高相关性,可作为替代股骨柄前倾角的有效方法。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008