膝关节镜治疗半月板损伤围手术期康复护理

[目的]探讨膝关节镜下治疗半月板损伤的康复护理。[方法]对300例膝关节镜下半月板修复、切除手术围手术期护理进行分析。术前注重心理护理，身体状况的充分评估，教会功能锻炼的基本要领。术后密切观察病情变化，指导病人正确的功能锻炼方法及注意事项。[结果]300例应用膝关节镜治疗半月板损伤患者随访1～1．5a，术前症状消失，关节功能明显改善。[结论]通过科学的护理方法，保证了关节镜手术效果，使患者对术后关节功能恢复情况满意。     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的康复与护理

[目的]对关节镜下胭绳肌腱结嵌压固定重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的康复与护理进行探讨。[方法]对14例ACL损伤行关节镜下胭绳肌腱结嵌压固定重建ACL的患者，分为4个阶段进行指导：术前指导、术后护理、术后功能锻炼、出院指导。[结果]14例患者得到随访，关节稳定，功能恢复正常。采用Lysholm膝关节功能评分，术前平均63．5分，终末随访平均94．5分，术后提高31．0分。[结论]阶段指导可操作性和针对性强，规范的康复护理为术后膝关节功能恢复提供了强有力的保证，有效促进关节镜TIN绳肌腱结嵌压固定重建ACL的功能康复。     

关节镜下膝关节前、后交叉韧带重建53例

目的总结关节镜下前、后交叉韧带（ACL、PCL）及膝内外侧复合体重建的经验。方法关节镜下移植中1/3骨-髌腱-骨组织、4股腘绳肌腱及LARS人工韧带重建膝关节ACL、PCL。合并膝内、外侧结构损伤患者在重建的同时进行膝关节侧副韧带和关节囊的修补。术后佩戴可调式膝关节固定带3个月行康复训练。结果53例随访2个月～5年4个月,Lysholm评分由术前平均（20±4.6）分提高到（85±7.3）分。所有患者术前抽屉试验及Lachman试验存在阳性体征,术后1例后抽屉试验阳性,4例Lachman试验弱阳性。所有患者关节功能明显改善。结论在关节镜直视下交叉韧带重建能准确定位ACL、PCL解剖止点,具有损伤小,关节粘连率低,恢复快的优点,能达到坚强固定,早期功能锻炼的目的。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术康复护理

[目的]探讨关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的康复护理。[方法]对16例前交叉韧带损伤在关节镜下进行韧带重建、皱缩术的患者，制定系统的康复护理计划：术前心理疏导，增强治疗信心，术后及时观察患肢感觉，运动早期指导正确的功能锻炼，详细交代出院注意事项。[结果]术后随访6-13个月，膝关节主观和客观稳定性均明显提高，Lysholm评分从术前52分提高到86分（P〈0．01）。[结论]正确的康复护理是韧带重建术后功能恢复的重要保证。     

关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝关节后交叉韧带

[目的]评估关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝后交叉韧带（PCL）的技术和效果。[方法]自2001年4月～2004年10月，49例病人（49膝）经关节镜检查证实为PCL断裂，其中13膝伴前交叉韧带断裂，14膝伴后外侧角损伤，6膝伴后内侧角损伤，9膝伴外侧半月板破裂，5膝伴内侧半月板损伤，2例伴膳动脉损伤，4例伴腓总神经损伤。均于关节镜下行自体四股膳绳肌腱单束PCL重建术，采用Bionx生物可吸收挤压螺钉或钛挤压螺钉解剖位固定重建韧带。[结果]本组术后早期均未发生严重并发症。术后随访10～52个月，平均22个月，Lysholm膝关节功能评分由术前30～60分（平均47．96分），提高至随访时70～95分（平均89．08分）（P〈0．01）。国际膝关节文件编制委员会（IKDC）综合评定由术前异常（C级）10例、显著异常（D级）39例，改进为随访时正常（A级）20例、接近正常（B级）24例、异常（C级）5例（P=0．0000）。49例患者中，40例恢复伤前运动水平，9例运动水平较伤前减低。[结论]关节镜下自体四股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCI．管伤小、手术操作简捷，术后膝关节功能恢复满意。     

膝关节后交叉韧带合并后外侧角损伤

[目的]探索膝关节后交叉韧带(PCL)合并后外侧角(PLC)损伤的临床特征,评估同期关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL和后1/2股二头肌腱重建PLC的技术和效果。[方法]自2001年12月～2004年12月,14例病人(14膝)重度膝关节不稳入住本科,均表现为3+后抽屉试验阳性,内翻试验阳性,外旋试验患膝较健侧>10°,关节镜检查证实为PCL断裂,膝后外侧间隙张开,外侧半月板抬高,腘肌腱断裂。2例伴腓总神经损伤。均于关节镜下行自体四股腘绳肌腱单束PCL重建术,后侧1/2股二头肌腱PLC重建术。[结果]本组术后早期均未发生严重并发症。14例均获得随访,随访时间12～33个月,平均(21.14±7.26)个月。膝关节后侧稳定性有非常明显进步。膝关节伸直位、屈曲30°位内翻试验均为阴性。膝关节屈曲30°、90°位外旋试验双侧差均<10°。Lysholm膝关节功能评分为70～95分,平均(86.79±7.23)分,较术前(40～60)分,平均(47.14±8.25)分)明显改进(P<0.01)。IKDC综合评定正常(A级)4膝、接近正常(B级)9膝、异常(C级)1膝,较术前[异常(C级)3膝、显著异常(D级)11膝]有非常明显的改进(Z=3.296,P<0.001)。14例患者中,12例恢复伤前运动水平,2例运动水平较伤前减低。[结论]PCL损伤常合并PLC损伤,表现为重度后侧不稳和后外侧旋转不稳。关节镜下单束重建膝PCL,同期后侧1/2股二头肌腱重建PLC,手术损伤小、术后膝关节功能恢复满意。     

LARS韧带与异体胫前肌腱保残重建损伤后交叉韧带的术后疗效对比研究

[目的]研究LARS人工韧带与异体胫前肌腱保残重建后交叉韧带(PCL)损伤术后的疗效差异,指导临床治疗。[方法]38例PCL损伤并进行重建的患者,根据术中采用移植物种类分成两组:LARS人工韧带组(19例)和异体胫前肌腱组(19例)。所有患者随访2年。评价指标包括:IKDC评分、Lysholm评分、Tegner评分和膝关节稳定度测量。[结果]与术前相比,两组患者术后的关节稳定性和功能指标均有显著改善(P0.05)。同时,LARS人工韧带组患者术后的关节稳定性显著强于异体胫前肌腱组(P0.05),而两组患者术后Lysholm评分、Tegner评分和IKDC评分结果差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]采用LARS人工韧带比采用异体胫前肌腱重建损伤的PCL更有利于患膝稳定性的恢复。     

膝关节镜手术后的功能康复护理

目的：探讨膝关节镜手术后的康复治疗计划及其在临床康复中的可行性。方法：通过对2008年我科收治的450例行膝关节镜手术患者的术后康复护理，探讨进行心理护理、疾病知识宣教，术后制定康复功能训练计划、做好出院指导和随访可以提高床位周转率、缩短患者住院时间、减轻患者住院费用、尽快促进肢体功能康复、减少术后并发症。结果：平均随访10个月，所有病例术前症状消失，关节稳定性明显改善，关节活动度正常。结论：本组450例应用膝关节镜手术患者术后康复护理临床效果满意，康复计划的实施可有效地防止术后并发症，是保证膝关节功能康复的重要措施。     

膝关节后交叉韧带合并后外侧角结构损伤的联合重建

目的 探讨膝关节后交叉韧带(PCL)合并后外侧角结构(PLC)实质部损伤时进行联合重建的必要性,介绍使用关节镜下5～6股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL以及采用中1/3股二头肌腱、股薄肌重建PLC的技术和优点. 方法 自2001年1月至2006年12月,收治膝关节PCL合并PLC损伤患者28例,均为PCL损伤≥Ⅱ°b、PLC损伤>Ⅱ°.X线片有韧带附着点撕脱骨折及严重内翻不稳需要胫骨截骨者不计入本组.治疗方法:手术治疗28例,其中2002年1月至2003年12月间8例行关节镜下腘绳肌腱单束重建PCL,而PLC保守治疗;2002年1月至2006年12月间20例关节镜下修复重建PCL,再开放手术操作修复重建PLC结构. 结果 随访6～24个月,平均15个月.功能评定按照Lysholm标准,单纯修复PCL组中等3例,差5例;PCL和PLC联合重建者中优良19例,中等1例.两组的Lysholm评分平均为(47.1±8.2)分和(86.7±7.2)分,差异有统计学意义(t=19.277,P<0.05);IKDC评估两组分别有3例和19例对手术结果满意.无严重并发症发生. 结论 膝关节PCL合并PLC损伤可造成患肢严重的无法代偿的功能损害,手术时应当进行联合重建,忽视PLC重建的重要性,会导致PCL重建效果下降或失败;采用关节镜下5～6股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL以及采用中1/3股二头肌腱、股薄肌重建PLC的技术治疗PCL合并PLC损伤取得较好的临床效果.     

膝关节多发韧带损伤一期修复与重建

目的：探讨膝关节多发韧带损伤关节镜下重建前交叉韧带（anteriorcruciateligament,ACL）和后交叉韧带（posteriorcruciateligament,PCL）,及同期修复内副韧带（medialcollateralligament,MCL）、后外侧复合体（posteriorlateralcomplex,PLC）的手术方法及临床疗效。方法：2009年6月。2011年12月,30例病人（31膝）膝关节多发韧带损伤患者采用自体或同种异体肌腱关节镜下重建ACL和PCL,铆钉缝合修复内侧副韧带,铆钉缝合修复或部分股二头肌腱修复后外侧复合体,术后早期功能锻练。根据国际膝关节文献委员会（InternationalKneeDocumentationCommittee,IKDC）评分和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表对患膝功能进行评估。结果：30例病人（31膝）例随访18—30个月,平均24个月。患者在0和200应力测试时稳定性均完全恢复,IKDC评分入院时均为显著异常（D级）,术后随访时正常（A级）18例（58．0％）,接近正常（B级）10例（32．3％,）,异常（C级）3例（9．7％）。Lysholm评分由术前平均（48．7±4．5）分提高到（87．6±2．6）分,差异有统计学意义（t=-8．432,P〈0．01）。所有患者膝关节功能较术前明显改善。结论：关节镜下一期重建ACL、PCL,同期行关节外韧带修补或重建具有损伤小,能早期功能锻炼,能有效恢复关节功能,治疗效果满意。     

Brain injury without head injury after multiple trauma

Watershed infarction has previously been described after cerebral trauma, when it is due to raised intracranial pressure or systemic hypotension. A case is reported, so far as is known for the first time, of bilateral watershed infarction following blunt systemic trauma, without injury to the head or neck. The importance of resuscitation in preventing secondary brain injury caused by systemic hypotension is highlighted. The advantages of HMPAO-SPET in detecting cerebral perfusion defects are discussed.     

The floating hip injury: patterns of injury

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between mechanism of injury, type of femoral fracture and type of acetabular fracture in floating hip injury.DESIGN: Historical retrospective. PATIENTS: Twenty consecutive patients who sustained a floating hip injury, i.e. simultaneous ipsilateral fracture of the acetabulum and the femur. INTERVENTION: Statistical analysis of the correlation between the mechanism of injury and fracture type. RESULTS: Two main patterns of floating hip injury were observed. The first is the posterior type, which occurs due to a longitudinal force along the femur that causes first, a posterior type fracture of the acetabulum and thereafter, a midshaft femoral fracture. The second pattern is the central type, caused by a lateral blow to the greater trochanter, which then causes a central fracture-dislocation of the acetabulum and a proximal fracture of the femur. CONCLUSIONS: This observation explains the biomechanical nature of this injury and has treatment related implications.     

An unusual rotational injury: pantibial ligamentous injury

Pantibial ligamentous injury including knee dislocation and tibiotalar joint subluxation is an uncommon severe rotational injury. A 21-year-old male injured his right knee falling from a motorcycle. Physical examination revealed effusion on the right knee and ankle, and posterior translation of the tibia as well. The MRI of the right knee and ankle demonstrated the following findings: a complete disruption of cruciate ligaments, the medial collateral ligament, posteromedial corner injury together with a peripheric tear in the medial meniscus, the ruptured deltoid ligament, ankle syndesmosis space widening (>5 mm) and lateral subluxation of talus. Deltoid ligament of the right ankle was repaired and ankle syndesmosis was fixed with a cortical screw. The PCL and ACL were reconstructed arthroscopically with autogeneous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. The midsubstance tear of MCL, posteromedial corner and medial meniscus tear were primarily repaired with nonabsorbable sutures. 3 years after the surgery, the patient was called for the final examination. MRI and X-ray findings of the knee and ankle joint demonstrated the continuity of ACL, PCL, MCL, and deltoid ligament. The patient, who is a farmer, can go back to his job and perform his daily activities. We presented a previously unreported case that involves both simultaneous occurrence of knee dislocation and tibiotalar joint subluxation. We used the term “Pantibial ligamentous injury” for this case.     

Effect of thermal injury on endotoxin-induced lung injury

We studied the effects of a burn injury on the response of the lung to endotoxin. Seventeen unanesthetized sheep with lung lymph fistulas were studied. Eight were given Escherichia coli endotoxin (1.5 micrograms/kg) alone and nine were given the same dose 72 hours after a 25% total body surface burn injury. At this time after burn, all physiologic parameters were at baseline levels. A characteristic two-phase lung injury was seen after administration of endotoxin with an initial hypertension phase, characterized by pulmonary artery hypertension, and a second or permeability phase, characterized by an increase in protein-rich lymph flow. all eight animals that underwent only endotoxin administration survived, whereas four of the nine burned animals died during the permeability phase in pulmonary edema. Major physiologic differences between the groups were noted during the permeability phase, including a more severe hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension, and increased postburn lymph flow. Major biochemical changes included significant increases in lymph thromboxane, thromboxane B2, and beta-glucuronidase activity in the burn group. We conclude that the lung is more sensitive to endotoxin after burn, probably as a result of an increased release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism and products of leukocyte activation caused by the body burn.     

颅脑外伤合并胸部损伤的处理

本院自１９９８年９月至１９９９年９月共收住颅脑外伤病人２０３例，其中合并胸部损伤２４例，现分析报道如下。临床资料１．一般资料∶１９９８年９月至１９９９年９月共收住颅脑外伤病人２０３例，其中重症颅脑损伤５６例，合并胸部损伤２４例。合并胸部损伤２４例中，男１９例，女５例；年龄１５～６７岁，平均３９岁。格拉斯哥昏迷评分（Glasgowcomascore，GCS）１３～１５分共８例，其中合并单纯多发性肋骨骨折５例（同时合并脾破裂１例，另同时合并胸椎压缩性骨折１例），多发性肋骨骨折伴胸廊塌陷１例，单纯气胸１例，多发性肋骨…     

Essex-Lopresti损伤

Essex-Lopresti损伤是指桡骨头骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位，是一种比较少见的前臂、腕及肘部同时受累的损伤。Curt等在1946年首先报告了1例急性桡骨头骨折合并下尺桡关节损伤、桡骨向近端移位的病例。这种损伤十分少见，Levin认为约占所有桡骨头骨折的1％，至今文献中的报道多为个案报告或仅有几例。Essex-Lopresti在1951年较