长沙市12~17岁儿童青少年血压水平的调查分析

【目的】 了解长沙市儿童青少年儿童血压水平及高血压的流行现状,为预防儿童青少年高血压提供依据。 【方法】 采用随机整群抽样方法,随机抽取长沙市18所中学生,对其初一至高二的全部学生进行血压和体格测量,并进行血压和营养状况的评价。 【结果】 1)18 922名12~17岁儿童青少年中,检出患高血压者1 276人,占6.7%;临界高血压者1 127人,占6.0%;2)儿童收缩压(systolic blood pressure, SBP)和舒张压(diatolic blood pressure, DBP)随年龄增长而增加,12岁女生的SBP和DBP高于男生,但男生逐渐追赶,16岁时超过女生水平;3)就高血压发生率而言,男生高于女生,随年龄增长发生率增高,但女生、较低年龄组临界高血压发生率较高;4)肥胖组的高血压和临界高血压发生率最高,其次为超重组,正常体重组的发生率最低,差异有统计学意义(χ²=69.348,P=0.000)。 【结论】 长沙市12~17岁儿童青少年高血压发生率处于中等水平,男生血压增长速度较快,儿童高血压发生率与肥胖呈正相关。     

嵊州市中小学生高血压患病率调查

目的调查嵊州市中小学生高血压患病情况,为高血压的早期预防提供依据。方法选择嵊州市某3所学校(小学、中学和高中各1所)的1 720名学生(男生851名,女生869名)为调查对象,对学生开展体检,进行身高、体重和血压的测量。结果 8~19岁学生超重率为8.8%,肥胖率为4.1%。男生超重率为10.0%,肥胖率为5.3%,女生超重率为8.6%,肥胖率为3.4%,男女生之间超重率和肥胖率差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。8~19岁儿童的高血压患病率为3.8%,男生为4.7%,女生为3.2%,男女生高血压患病率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。8~19岁学生的血压随着年龄的增长呈递增趋势,以舒张压增长明显。而且男生增长幅度高于女生。体重对男女生的收缩压均有明显影响(P0.01),身高和体质指数对收缩压无明显影响,体重和体质指数对舒张压有明显影响(P0.01),但身高对舒张压无明显影响。结论 8~19岁学生血压随年龄的增加而上升,应定期开展学生体检,了解学生健康状况,做好高血压预防工作。     

安徽省学生血压现况与形态发育指标关系

目的了解安徽省学生血压现况,并分析血压偏高与形态发育指标的关系,为开展成年期心血管疾病早期预防提供科学依据。方法利用2005年安徽省学生体质与健康调研资料进行分析。结果安徽省学生血压偏高发生率为13.2%。7岁~,9岁~,11岁~,13岁~,14岁~,19岁~组血压偏高发生率低于其余年龄组,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。10岁~,17岁~组男生血压偏高发生率高于女生,12岁~及20岁~组女生血压偏高发生率高于男生,差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.001）。宿州市儿童血压偏高发生率高于合肥市和黄山市,其中8~10岁,15~18岁组差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）。与收缩压及舒张压相关程度高的形态发育指标为体重、身高、体质指数以及胸围和腰围等。结论儿童青少年血压水平与性别、年龄及地区有关,而且和体重、身高等多项形态发育指标呈高度相关。应针对不同人口学特点,在儿童青少年高危人群中开展预防高血压的健康教育和行为干预。     

淮安市6~17岁中小学生单纯性肥胖症及高血压流行病学调查

【目的】 了解淮安市6~17岁中小学生单纯性肥胖症及高血压的流行病学状况。 【方法】 对淮安市城区22 307名6~17岁中小学生进行流行病学调查。测量指标包括身高、体重、收缩压、舒张压等,并计算体质指数。 【结果】 淮安市6~17岁中小学生超重和肥胖检出率分别14.31％和10.16％,其中男生分别为16.69％和13.07％,女生分别为11.56％和6.80％,男生超重和肥胖检出率明显高于女生(P<0.01):肥胖组及超重组男、女生的收缩压及舒张压高于P₉₀及P₉₅者均多于正常体重组(P<0.005)。 【结论】 淮安市6~17岁中小学生单纯性肥胖症以及高血压流行趋势较为严峻,应引起足够重视。     

大连市1745例6～17岁儿童血压调查分析

【目的】了解大连市6~17岁儿童血压水平及高血压的发生状况,为流行病学及预防成人高血压提供参考依据。【方法】采用整群随机抽样方法,随机抽取大连市某区的小学、初中各两所学校,对4所学校所有的6~17岁学生进行血压测量及有关数据采集,采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析。【结果】调查1 745名儿童,其中男童907名,女童838名,收缩压平均水平(106.58±14.26)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),舒张压平均水平为(68.47±9.44)mmHg,血压随着年龄的增长呈递增趋势;检出高血压163名,患病率9.3%,其中男童患病率11.9%,女童患病率6.6%,男性患病率高于女性;高血压患病率与体质指数呈正相关。【结论】6~17岁儿童年龄与血压呈正相关,以收缩压增长明显。肥胖与儿童高血压密切相关。     

2015年东营市小学生高血压患病状况调查

目的通过对在校小学生高血压患病状况调查,分析引起小学生高血压发病的相关因素,为制定防控策略提供依据。方法 2015年10—11月采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取东营市城区4所小学1~6年级6~13岁的学生3 783名做为调查对象,记录年龄和性别,测量血压、体重、身高。计量资料比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用χ~2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果男生2 649名,检出高血压患者57例(2.15%);女生1 134名,检出高血压患者56例(4.94%)。不同性别高血压检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=21.277,P<0.05),女生高血压患病率高于男生。城区小学生1 780名,检出高血压患者64例,检出率为3.60%;农村小学生2 003人,检出高血压患者49例,检出率为2.45%。不同居住区小学生高血压检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=3.90,P<0.05),城区检出率高于农村。超重组高血压检出率:男生为24.49%(12/49),女生为72.73%(8/11);肥胖组高血压检出率:男生为6.33%(19/300),女生为14.52%(9/62)。不论男生还是女生,不同体重儿童高血压检出率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),肥胖组、超重组儿童明显高于正常组。结论东营市小学生高血压患病率与性别、体重、居住区密切相关。应将小学生血压测定列为常规体检内容,及早发现血压偏高学生,通过连续监测、实施干预降低成人原发性高血压。     

11～16岁中学生遗传因素与血压关系的流行病学研究

[目的]了解贵阳市区11~16岁中学生原发性高血压的患病情况,探讨高血压家族史对儿童青少年血压的影响。[方法]随机抽取贵阳市3所中学3266位符合条件的中学生作为调查对象,进行现况调查。[结果]贵阳市11~16岁中学生原发性高血压患病率为5.40%,不同性别、年龄、身高、体重儿童青少年患病率差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。儿童青少年父亲和/或母亲有无家族史与其收缩压和舒张压之间差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);多元线性回归结果显示高血压家族史与儿童青少年血压呈正相关。[结论]10~16岁男性儿童青少年原发性高血压患病率高与女性。遗传因素影响儿童青少年血压值,应定期对具有高血压家族史儿童的血压监测,预防其高血压的发生。     

宁夏2014年7~17岁儿童青少年血压现状

了解宁夏回族自治区儿童青少年的血压现状及高血压检出情况,为防控儿童青少年高血压提供科学依据.方法 根据“2010年中国学生体质与健康调研报告”的方法进行现场问卷调查和体格测量.对2014年宁夏中小学生体质与健康调研资料中11 132名7~17岁学生的血压指标进行分析.结果 学生平均收缩压(SBP)为(106.64±12.27)mmHg,舒张压(DBP)为(69.26±9.07) mmHg.男生SBP水平[(108.00±13.00) mmHg]高于女生[(105.29±11.34) mm-Hg],回族学生SBP[(107.73±12.13) mmHg]、DBP[(69.54±9.02) mmHg]水平均高于汉族[(105.79± 12.31)(69.04±9.10) mmHg];乡村儿童青少年SBP[(106.31±11.87) mmHg]低于城市[(106.99±12.67) mmHg](t值分别为11.751,-8.307,-2.846,2.932,P值均<0.01).共发现高血压1 564例,检出率为14.0%,以17岁年龄组最高(18.0%);高值血压检出1 637例,检出率为14.7%,以13岁年龄组最高(23.4%).汉族学生高血压检出率(12.9%)低于回族学生(15.5%)(x2=14.604,P<0.01);不同性别和城乡学生高血压检出率差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 宁夏回族自治区7~17岁儿童青少年的高血压检出率处于较高水平.应高度重视监测儿童青少年的血压,以有效防控儿童青少年高血压的发生.     

我国6城市小学生高血压患病现状

目的 了解城市儿童高血压患病情况,为高血压早期预防策略的制定提供基础数据.方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,从北京、哈尔滨、济南、重庆、广州和上海抽取6～13岁小学生9793名.按照统一的标准测量方法测量身高、体重及腰围,采用直立式水银血压计测量血压,参考我国儿童高血压诊断标准进行高血压诊断.通过家长问卷调查获取家庭信息.结果 儿童高血压患病率为10.8％,女生(11.9％)高于男生(9.7％)(P＜0.01).肥胖儿童高血压患病率(28.3％)高于超重(16.7％)及正常体重儿童(7.5％)(P＜0.01).不同年龄女生高血压患病率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随着母亲文化程度的增加,女生高血压患病率逐渐降低(P＜0.05);不同家庭收入水平间儿童高血压患病率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 我国儿童高血压患病情况较为普遍,需要加强对儿童高血压的预防控制措施.     

济南市小学生高血压及相关因素的流行病学研究

【目的】了解济南市小学生血压水平及高血压患病情况,探讨儿童原发性高血压的易患因素。【方法】采用整群随机抽样的方法,对济南市、郊区6~13岁小学生进行血压测量及问卷调查,通过逐步Logistic回归分析,观察与小学生高血压可能相关的危险因素。【结果】在调查的6 278名小学生中,男4 396人,女1 882人,收缩压平均水平为(97.77±11.25)mmHg,舒张压平均水平为(61.22±9.26)mmHg;其中高血压191例,患病率3.04%;城市儿童高血压患病率(3.17%)高于农村(2.76%)。血压水平与年龄、体重、身高都具有显著相关,与儿童高血压患病率呈正相关的因素有:皮脂厚度、儿童肥胖、母亲体质指数。【结论】小学生血压无论男女都表现随年龄增长而升高的趋势,高血压患病率与儿童肥胖呈正相关,儿童高血压与遗传因素有关。重视对小学生高血压的健康教育,控制和降低体重可减少高血压的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.