Surgical management of acute hemorrhagic postbulbar duodenal ulcer after a previous major surgical procedure

The choice of operation for acute hemorrhagic postbulbar duodenal ulcer after an operation is discussed. Distal partial gastrectomy was performed in six patients. The ulcer was treated by resection, suture, or removal by mucoclasis. Hemostasis was attained in five patients. In another, multiple ulcers were observed in the descending portion of the duodenum and gastrectomy failed to control hemorrhage, resulting in death. Rebleeding was observed in two, one from a newly formed ulcer in the upper part of the papilla of Vater after gastrectomy with truncal vagotomy and which was halted by suture of the ulcer and another was from a newly formed ulcer in the remnant stomach after gastrectomy and which was halted by selective vagotomy and ligation of the left gastric artery. It is recommendable to perform a subtotal gastrectomy and vagotomy combined with removal of the ulcer by mucoclasis or ulcer suture. In some cases, pancreatoduodenectomy may have to be done.     

Surgical management of acute hemorrhagic postbulbar duodenal ulcer after a previous major surgical procedure

The choice of operation for acute hemorrhagic postbulbar duodenal ulcer after an operation is discussed. Distal partial gastrectomy was performed in six patients. The ulcer was treated by resection, suture, or removal by mucoclasis. Hemostasis was attained in five patients. In another, multiple ulcers were observed in the descending portion of the duodenum and gastrectomy failed to control hemorrhage, resulting in death. Rebleeding was observed in two, one from a newly formed ulcer in the upper part of the papilla of Vater after gastrectomy with truncal vagotomy and which was halted by suture of the ulcer and another was from a newly formed ulcer in the remnant stomach after gastrectomy and which was halted by selective vagotomy and ligation of the left gastric artery. It is recommendable to perform a subtotal gastrectomy and vagotomy combined with removal of the ulcer by mucoclasis or ulcer suture. In some cases, pancreatoduodenectomy may have to be done.     

Clinical features and surgical treatment of postbulbar ulcers of the duodenum

Experience in the treatment of 1,087 patients with postbulbar duodenal ulcers is discussed. Complications were found in 1,014 of them; penetration occurred in 707 patients, in combination with stenosis in 247, with hemorrhage in 251, and with both of these complications in 11 patients. In 139 patients the only complication was acute bleeding, in 38, stenosis, and in 30 patients, perforation. Operative treatment was carried out in 1,075 patients; resection of the stomach for exclusion was conducted in 458, selective proximal vagotomy in 24, closure of the perforated ulcer in 13, and stitching of the bleeding vessel with Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty in 18 patients. The mortality was 2.6%. Study of the late results in follow-up periods of 2 to 35 years showed good results in 90.8% of cases.     

扩大壁细胞迷走神经切断术治疗十二指肠溃疡及其并发症

目的：评价扩大壁细胞迷走神经切断术（EPCV）治疗十二指肠溃疡及其并发症的远期临床疗效。方法：采用EPCV共治疗十二指肠溃疡及其并发症321例。其中慢性溃疡56例,并发急性穿孔204例,出血21例,狭窄40例。评价内容包括：术后并发症发生率、胃酸分泌功能、胃排空功能、胃镜和上消化道钡餐检查、营养状态、Visick分级。结果：全组321例患者中289例获得随访,随访率为90%,随访期为0.5-22.0年,平均为11.3年。全组无手术死亡,无纵隔炎和倾倒综合征发生。发生粘连性肠梗阻4例（1.4%）,进食后上腹胀19例（6.5%）,返酸17例（5.8%）,总的溃疡复发16例（5.5%）,其中慢性十二指肠溃疡为19.5%,出血为0,狭窄为5.3%,穿孔为3.1%。16例复发溃疡经内科药物治疗后溃疡愈合10例,其余6例经胃部分切除或胃窦切除痊愈。EPCV总的优良率（VisickⅠ和Ⅱ级）为91.7%,其中穿孔为95.3%,效果最佳。结论：EPCV具有手术操作简便、术后并发症较少、溃疡复发率低、术后远期患者营养状况良好、生活质量较高的特点,疗效优良。EPCV术是治疗十二指肠溃疡及其并发急性穿孔、出血和狭窄首选的安全有效术式。     

青少年十二指肠溃疡穿孔的处理

目的：探讨青少年十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析45例青少年十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔的治疗，其中行单纯修补术24例，胃大部切除术13例，迷走神经切除加胃部分切除3例，修补加高选择性迷走神经切除5例。单纯修补组术后国洛赛克治疗3个月。结果：随讠年，全组无死亡。单纯修补组并发症发生率（8％）与手术切除组（38％）相比差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）；修补组治愈率明显高于手术切除组（P＜0．05）；2组溃疡复发率相比差异无意义（P＞0．05）；修补组体重增加较手术切除组差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）。结论：应用单纯修补加洛赛克治疗青少年十二指肠溃疡穿孔是一种既符合青少年生理特征又有效和可靠的方法。     

Truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer.

Two hundred sixty-five patients who underwent vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer disease were observed postoperatively, 220 for two to ten years, with an average follow-up of five years. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty carried a higher overall recurrence rate (3.6%) than did subtotal gastrectomy and vagotomy (1%), largely because of the high ulcer recurrence rate more than two years after operation for massive bleeding (9.2%) rather than that following elective operation (1.8%). Thirty-five percent of these patients with recurrent ulcers did well with medical management and did not require a second operation. The mortality of vagotomy and pyloroplasty for a massively bleeding ulcer (11%) was less than that following subtotal gastrectomy (21%). The mortality of elective vagotomy and pyloroplasty was 1%.     

Long-term results of duodenectomy with highly selective vagotomy in the treatment of complicated duodenal ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Highly selective vagotomy and complete circular or partial duodenectomy have been applied to complicated duodenal ulcer for many years. These procedures seem to provide better clinical results than truncal vagotomy and antrectomy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 120 patients with complicated duodenal ulcer who underwent surgical treatment between 1986 and 1999. Patients with obstruction were treated with either circular complete (17) or partial duodenectomy (3) combined with highly selective vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and antrectomy (37). Those with perforation were treated primarily with highly selective vagotomy and partial duodenectomy, highly selective vagotomy alone, or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Every patient was followed up either by a clinic visit (75%) or questionnaire to determine the presence of ulcer pain, dumping, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and Visick grade. RESULTS: Long-term follow-up of patients treated with duodenectomy and highly selective vagotomy for obstruction showed that 94% had sustained weight gain whereas more than half of those treated with truncal vagotomy and antrectomy had weight loss. In patients with perforation, duodenectomy and highly selective vagotomy offered no advantage over highly selective vagotomy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Highly selective vagotomy and complete circular or partial duodenectomy provide fewer sequelae and better weight gain long term than truncal vagotomy and antrectomy for patients with obstructing duodenal ulcers.     

Acute peptic ulcer in childhood. Emergency surgical therapy in 39 cases

Acute peptic ulcers occurred in 39 infants and children, 22 girls and 17 boys. Eleven patients were less than one year of age. Peptic ulcers were secondary to systemic disease or ulcerogenic medications in 34 cases. Hemorrhage occurred in 27 patients, perforation in 12. Endoscopy was the most useful diagnostic procedure for hemorrhage. Free air was seen on abdominal roentgenogram in all perforated patients. Ligation of the ulcer bed, vagotomy, and pyloroplasty were performed in 25 patients with bleeding. One patient required total gastrectomy. Simple plication was performed in nine patients with perforation. Plication was combined with pyloroplasty and tube duodenostomy in one patient each, and vagotomy and antrectomy were required in one patient. Operative mortality was 5.2%. There were two late deaths (Reye's syndrome and burn sepsis). No ulcer has recurred.     

Endoscopic management of peptic ulcer disease.

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the authors' experience with endoscopic management of duodenal ulcer and ulcers occurring after a previous drainage procedure. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Patients with complications of duodenal ulcer and ulcers occurring after a previous drainage procedure still require surgical management. Virtually all operations for duodenal ulcer include some form of vagotomy. American surgeons in academic centers prefer highly selective vagotomy in suitable candidates. Video-directed laparoscopic and thoracoscopic operations have been done for all complications of duodenal ulcer except for acute hemorrhage. METHODS: The authors have performed laparoscopic operation on eight patients with intractable chronic duodenal ulcer, seven patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease combined with duodenal ulcer, one patient with chronic duodenal ulcer and gastric outlet obstruction, and one patient with acute perforation. Operations performed included omentopexy, anterior seromyotomy plus post truncal vagotomy, and highly selective vagotomy. Seven patients had a simultaneous Nissen fundoplication; and the patient with obstruction underwent concomitant pyloroplasty and vagotomy. Six patients with intestinal ulcers occurring after a previous drainage procedure were treated with thoracoscopic vagotomy. Techniques used are shown. RESULTS: There has been one recurrent ulcer in the laparoscopic group after anterior seromyotomy plus posterior truncal vagotomy. The patient treated by omentopexy for duodenal perforation recovered gastrointestinal function promptly with no further difficulty, but eventually died of primary medical disease. Patients undergoing thoracoscopic vagotomy have all become asymptomatic. Postoperative hospital stay after highly selective vagotomy, anterior seromyotomy plus posterior truncal vagotomy, or thoracoscopic vagotomy was 1-5 days. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic management of duodenal ulcers is feasible. Larger numbers of patients with longer follow-up are essential. Ulcers occurring after a drainage procedure deserve thoracoscopic vagotomy.     

Operative management of stress ulcers in children.

The operative management of stress ulcer in children is controversial. Between the years 1969 and 1981, ten children were operated on at the Babies Hospital for stress ulcer. Their illnesses included connective tissue disorders (3), sepsis (2), Reye's syndrome (1), hemolytic uremic syndrome (1), leukemia (1), closed head injury (1), and renal failure (1). In those with bleeding (8), aggressive conventional medical management was attempted prior to operation. Four children also received intravenous cimetidine. Four patients underwent embolization of a feeding artery and/or selective vasopressin infusion. In those patients who perforated (2), operation was performed after a brief period of resuscitation. Ten patients underwent 11 operations. In those who bled, multiple ulcerations were the most common finding. Operative procedures consisted of partial gastrectomy and vagotomy (4), partial gastrectomy alone (2), and vagotomy and pyloroplasty (2). One child who underwent vagotomy and pyloroplasty required partial gastrectomy for recurrent bleeding. Of the two children who perforated, one was managed by plication and the other by partial gastrectomy. There were two deaths (20%), both occurring in patients who had undergone gastrectomy. One survivor has mild dumping. This experience suggests that in children (1) stress ulcers are commonly multiple when associated with major medical illnesses; (2) partial gastrectomy with or without vagotomy affords maximum protection against recurrent bleeding; (3) lesser procedures are effective for solitary bleeding duodenal ulcers or perforation; and (4) selective arterial embolization or vasopressin infusion are unreliable methods for controlling bleeding.     

逆行游离高选择性胃迷走神经切断术治疗十二指肠溃疡

目的：探讨逆行游离高选择性胃迷走神经切断术治疗十二指肠溃疡的可行性和有效性,评估该术式的远期效果,为临床治疗提出新思路。方法：应用逆行游离高选择性胃迷走神经切断术治疗十二指肠溃疡主其工发穿孔、出血和狭窄患者70例,其溃疡穿孔61例,出血6例,狭窄3。结果：65例患者获得访,总的溃复发率为7.69%,再出血率为0。随访30-120个月,属改良VisickⅠ级56例占86.2%,Ⅱ级4例占6.1%,Ⅲ级2例占3.0%,Ⅳ级3例占4.6%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级共占92.3%。结论：逆行游离高选择性胃迷走神经切断术治疗十二指肠溃疡及其并发症,具有缩短手术时间、简化手术操作、患者远期预后好等优点,可作为治疗十二指肠溃疡合并症的一种有效的方法。     

Perforated peptic ulcer following gastric bypass for obesity

Peptic ulcer in the excluded segment of a gastric bypass performed in the management of morbid obesity has only rarely been reported in the literature. The purpose of this study is to review our experience with the condition in a series of 4300 patients who underwent gastric-restrictive surgery between 1978 and 1997. Eleven patients presented with acute perforation of a peptic ulcer in the excluded gastric segment. Nine ulcers were duodenal, one was gastric, and one patient had both gastric and duodenal perforations. The time between primary gastric-restrictive surgery and ulcer perforation varied from 20 days to 12 years. All patients presented with upper abdominal pain. The classical radiological sign of perforated peptic ulcer, free air under the diaphragm, did not occur in any patient. Nine patients were initially treated by primary closure of the perforation with subsequent definitive ulcer therapy by vagotomy, pyloroplasty, or gastrectomy. One case, initially treated elsewhere, was managed by placement of a Malecot catheter through the duodenal perforation, gastrostomy, and peritoneal drainage. One recent case remains symptom-free on H2 blockers after simple closure. There was no mortality. Six cases were previously reported in the literature with a 33 per cent mortality rate.     

Extended selective proximal vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer complicated by hemorrhage and perforation

The article analyses surgical treatment of 280 patients, aged from 19 to 20 years, with duodenal ulcer complicated by hemorrhage (36.1%) and perforation (63.9%). Closure of the perforating ulcer with sutures was performed in 15%, resection of the stomach in 12.8%, truncal vagotomy in 7.5%, and expanded selective proximal vagotomy in 64.7% of patients. Comparative analysis of the immediate and late-term results of closure of the perforating ulcer, resection of the stomach, and organ-preserving operations showed that expanded selective proximal vagotomy has unquestionable advantages over the other operations mentioned above. It is not marked by mortality and severe postoperative complications, it leads to stable suppression of acid production by the stomach, has a minimal effect on its motor-evacuation activity, shortens the time needed for healing of the ulcer by 16.3 +/- 1.7 days, and leads to rare (2.2%) recurrences of the disease.     

Do perforated duodenal ulcers need an acid-decreasing surgical procedure now that omeprazole is available?

If a chronic duodenal ulcer perforates, the choice of operation will depend on the patient's condition. Preoperative shock, concurrent medical diseases, severe generalized peritonitis, or the presence of an intra-abdominal abscess are contraindications to a definitive ulcer operation; hence, simple closure or omental patch closure is performed. Omeprazole can then be used to heal the ulcer in the early postoperative period, with long-term H2-blocker therapy to follow. The patient without a contraindication to a definitive operation should have a proximal gastric vagotomy in addition to an omental patch closure of the perforation. The addition of this procedure does not change the operative mortality rate in properly selected patients, does not cause the gastrointestinal sequelae associated with truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty or resection, and has a low rate of recurrent ulcer in experienced hands. The presence of a synchronous posterior "kissing" duodenal ulcer would prompt some to choose a vagotomy and pyloroplasty in preference to a proximal gastric vagotomy. The appropriate operation to perform after perforation of an acute duodenal ulcer in a patient with any of the contraindications listed above is simple closure or omental patch closure. In the stable nonseptic patient, the choice is not as clear. Boey and associates noted cumulative recurrent ulcer rates of 37% and 31% at 3 years in separate studies in which omental patch closure was used for perforated acute duodenal ulcers. This may reflect the asymptomatic nature of chronic duodenal ulcers in some patients prior to perforation, the failure of the surgeon to recognize the extent of periduodenal scarring at operation, or differences in the length of postperforation follow-up in series reporting perforations of acute or chronic ulcers. Jordan has suggested that all stable patients with perforated duodenal ulcers should undergo a proximal gastric vagotomy in addition to omental patch closure. In his hands, the addition of proximal gastric vagotomy has an operative mortality rate of 0 to 1%, a recurrent ulcer rate of 3% to 5%, and no adverse postoperative sequelae. He has noted that "this operation gives protection from further ulcer disease to those who need it and will produce no harm to the unidentifiable patients that might not have benefited from definitive surgery." Boey and Wong suggested that omental patch closure is indicated for "acute ulcers associated with drug ingestion or acute stress" in addition to those that occur in patients who are considered to be poor risk, while proximal gastric vagotomy should be added in the remaining patients with perforations of acute ulcers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Parietal cell vagotomy for duodenal and pyloric ulcers: I. Clinical factors leading to failure of the operation

In a prospective study, 170 consecutive unselected patients with duodenal (n = 115) or pyloric (n = 55) ulcers underwent elective parietal cell vagotomy, with an additional drainage procedure in patients with stenosis. The patients were classified in two consecutive groups and were followed up for 3 to 7 years after operation, in 132 cases for more than 5 years. The follow-up was complete. Patients with symptoms suggestive of ulcer for more than 3 days, independent of roentgenographic or endoscopic findings, were classified as having symptoms of recurrent ulcer and were specially analyzed.There was no mortality; splenic injuries occurred in 5 cases (3 percent), dumping symptoms in 4 percent after parietal cell vagotomy but in 34 percent after vagotomy plus drainage. Diarrhea occurred in 3 percent of the patients after parietal cell vagotomy and in 20 percent after vagotomy plus drainage.Fifty-five patients had clinical recurrences, significantly more patients with pyloric ulcer (46 percent) than with duodenal ulcer (28 percent). In 27 patients, the symptoms responded well to conservative therapy. In the other 28 patients the symptoms were severe, and 14 underwent reoperation for proven recurrent ulcers. The difference in the recurrence rates for duodenal and pyloric ulcer was found only in patients who did not undergo a drainage procedure, while pyloric ulcer patients with stenosis and a drainage operation were comparable in this respect to duodenal ulcer patients with and without drainage.A decrease in the rate of recurrence was achieved between the earlier and later parts of the series, even considering the difference in length of follow-up. The decrease is considered to reflect mainly our increased experience with the method. The results in patients in the later part of the series, followed up for more than 5 years, were a 22 percent incidence of recurrent ulcer symptoms and an 8 percent incidence of proven recurrent ulcers in those with duodenal ulcer, and a 28 percent incidence of recurrent ulcer symptoms and a 22 percent incidence of proven recurrent ulcers in those with pyloric ulcer.The overall results in patients followed up to more than 5 years, according to a modified Visick scale which incorporates differences in the severity of recurrent ulcer symptoms and the results after reoperation, were satisfactory in 89 percent of the patients with duodenal ulcer and in 73 percent of those with pyloric ulcer.     

扩大壁细胞迷走神经切断术治疗十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔176例

目的探讨扩大壁细胞迷走神经切断术（EPCV）治疗十二指肠溃疡并发急性穿孔的远期临床疗效。方法对1979年以来采用EPCV治疗的176例十二指肠溃疡并发急性穿孔患者的临床资料进行总结,分析评价疗效,评价内容包括术后并发症发生率、溃疡复发率、胃排空功能、胃镜和上消化道钡餐检查结果和营养状态及Visick分级。结果全组患者有153例（86.9%）获得5年随访。无手术死亡者。进食后上腹发生间断性胀痛13例（8.5%）,有时返酸12例（7.8%）,经服用吗叮啉可缓解。出现粘连性肠梗阻行粘连松解术4例（2.6%）,溃疡复发4例（2.6%）,均发生在术后2-3年内。浅表性胃炎21例（13.7%）,十二指肠球部变形31例（20.3%）,胃窦蠕动功能较好,胃排空功能正常。全组无贫血发生,体重增加者116例（75.8%）。Visick改良分级,146例为Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,优良率占95.4%,Ⅲ级3例（2.0%）,Ⅳ级4例（2.6%）。结论EPCV术具有手术操作简便、术后并发症较少、溃疡复发率低、患者术后远期营养状况良好、生活质量较高的优良疗效,是治疗十二指肠溃疡并发急性穿孔首选的安全有效术式之一。     

Surgical treatment of postbulbar ulcers, complicated by penetration into pancreatic head

The results of surgical treatment of 293 patients with postbulbar duodenal ulcers (PBU) have been analysed. It was established that PBU in the majority of cases are associated with several complications of the ulcer, the main of which being penetration of the ulcer into the pancreatic head. Comparing the results of resections of the stomach and organ-saving procedures in PBU, the author suggests that organ-saving methods in combination with vagotomy have some advantages over resectional methods.     

Distal gastrectomy with Y gastroenteroanastomosis not associated with vagotomy in elective surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer. Clinical and functional long-term results

During the period 1977-1984, 53 patients with peptic ulcer resistant to H2-blockers (29 gastric and 24 duodenal ulcers) were submitted to distal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y gastroenteroanastomosis not associated with vagotomy. The indication was used as an alternative to proximal vagotomy in cases with delayed gastric emptying, high acid output, perforation or bleeding. The study plan consisted of serial clinical and instrumental controls including determination of basal (BAO) or maximal (MAO) acid output. Operative mortality was nil. At various times after the operation, 4 patients died for unrelated reasons and 3 were lost to follow-up. Median follow-up was 84 months with an interval of from 4 to 137 months. Fifty-one patients were followed up for at least one year and 49 for at least two. Five patients (2 gastric and 3 duodenal ulcers) developed peptic recurrences (Visick IV, 9.8%) by the end of the first postoperative year and, in all cases but one, healed stably by the second year after medical (3 cases) or surgical (1 case) therapy. In the remaining patients, Visick was grade III in 6 cases (4 gastric and 2 duodenal ulcers), grade II in 6 and grade I in 34. Before operation, mean values (+/- SD) of BAO and MAO were respectively 5.84 +/- 5.03 and 29.6 +/- 18.6 mEq/h. In the immediate postoperative period there was a considerable reduction in BAO (p less than 0.02) and MAO (p less than 0.03) which continued up to the third postoperative year with a tendency to further progressive reduction in MAO. In spite of a considerable individual variability in dimensions and temporal evolution, the phenomenon occurred qualitatively in all cases. No significant difference was observed in the behaviour of BAO and MAO in gastric ulcers by comparison with duodenal ulcers and in cases with recurrence and Visick III compared to those with a favourable clinical result.     

腹腔镜下迷走神经切断加溃疡穿孔粘堵治疗十二指肠溃疡穿孔38例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜在溃疡穿孔治疗中的应用价值。方法:将明胶海绵卷成锥体栓,尖端塞入穿孔,基底部稍高于浆膜面,均匀滴入生物蛋白胶1.0~1.5m l在明胶海绵栓及其周围,采用H ill术式,切断迷走神经后干和高选择性切断前干。结果:全部病例术后8~9d痊愈出院。全部随访复查胃镜检查溃疡面愈合情况,38例中36例溃疡面愈合,另2例给予内科药物治疗痊愈。结论:腹腔镜下行迷走神经切断术加溃疡穿孔粘堵术治疗十二指肠溃疡穿孔疗效可靠,创伤小,值得推广。     

Selective treatment of duodenal ulcer with perforation.

Selective treatment of duodenal ulcer with perforation has been based on several premises: 1) The natural history of the ulcer following closure of a perforation is generally favorable with an acute and unfavorable with a chronic ulcer. 2) An upper gastrointestinal series with water soluble contrast media can reliably document a spontaneously sealed perforation. 3) With a spontaneous seal, nonsurgical therapy is an acceptable option and is preferable for an acute ulcer or a chronic ulcer with poor surgical risk. 4) The treatment of choice for an unsealed perforation of an acute ulcer is simple surgical closure. 5) The treatment of choice of perforation of a chronic ulcer with acceptable surgical risk is an ulcer definitive operation. Sixty cases of perforation of duodenal ulcer have been treated. Nonsurgical therapy was employed without complication in eight cases with radiologically documented spontaneous seal. Truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty in 36 cases and truncal vagotomy and antrectomy in two cases were each without mortality. Four fatalities occurred among 13 cases of closure and omental patch, each a case with severe associated disease. The mortality was 6.7% among the 60 cases; 2.4% for chronic ulcer and 16% for acute ulcer.