超声引导锁骨下静脉置管术对中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的影响分析

目的探讨超声引导锁骨下静脉精确置管对危重患者导管相关性血流感染的影响,以降低血流感染率。方法随机选取ICU2013年1月-2014年1月收治的危重患者260例,分为对照组和试验组,每组各130例,对照组采用经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)进行深静脉置管,试验组采用超声引导锁骨下静脉置管法进行深静脉置管,比较两组患者置管平均穿刺所需时间、一次穿刺成功率、平均导管留置时间及患者置管后发生导管相关性血流感染率。结果对照组患者的穿刺所需时间为(8.76±3.68)min,一次穿刺成功为112例,成功率为86.15%,导管留置时间为(58.34±6.78)d,患者置管后发生血流感染8例,感染率为6.15%;试验组患者穿刺所需时间为(9.34±3.17)min,一次穿刺成功124例,成功率为95.38%,导管留置时间为(59.07±5.97)d,置管后发生血流感染1例,感染率为0.77%,两组患者置管穿刺所需时间和导管留置时间差异无统计学意义,试验组的一次穿刺成功率要高于对照组,导管相关性血流感染发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超声引导锁骨下静脉精确置管能有效提高穿刺成功率,减少危重患者导管相关性血流感染的发生。     

超声引导经腋静脉中心静脉置管的应用

目的 探讨应用超声引导经腋静脉留置中心静脉导管的方法。方法 我院静脉通路中心2010年11月至2012年10月进行中心静脉置管的1369例患者,随机分为两组,超声组（n=687）利用超声评估血管,并在超声引导下经腋静脉穿刺置管;对照组（n=682）采用体表定位法进行锁骨下静脉置管。记录并比较两组穿刺用时,一针穿刺成功率,穿刺并发症的发生率及导管异位发生率。结果 超声组操作时间短于对照组［（7.8±2.2）min与（8.4±1.7）min,P=0.000］,一针穿刺成功率高于对照组［96.0% （659/687）与 81.7%（557/682）,P=0.000］,穿刺并发症发生率及导管异位率低于对照组［0.6%（4/687） 与 3.7%（25/682）,P=0.000;0.6% （4/687） 与 2.1%（14/682）,P=0.017］。结论 超声引导经腋静脉置管较传统体表定位法锁骨下静脉中心静脉置管能有效提高穿刺成功率,减少穿刺针数,降低并发症的发生率,置管过程中还可观察导管的走向,及时纠正导管异位,提高了中心静脉穿刺的安全性和准确性,值得在临床推广应用。     

彩超在急危重症患者中的应用

目的探讨彩超下深静脉穿刺置管救治急危重症患者的应用价值。方法选取2015年6月—2016年6月在本院收治的风险较大或预计穿刺较困难的86例急危重症患者,依据随机为超声引导组与对照组,各43例,超声组以超声引导下实施深静脉穿刺置管引导;对照组运用传统体表解剖实施穿刺置管,记录比较2组并发症、成功率及穿刺置管时间。结果采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪定位实时引导穿刺置管时间[颈内静脉(98.5±35.7)s、股静脉(436.6±158.7)s]较之对照组[颈内静脉(105.5±46.7)s、股静脉(536.5±198.4)s],少于后者(P0.05);实时超声引导穿刺置管一次成功率(颈内静脉97.22%、股静脉100%)相比于对照组(颈内静脉48.72%、股静脉25.0%),高于后者且差异显著(P0.05),对照组(颈内静脉10.26%、股静脉25.0%),2组并发症发生率[颈内静脉(0vs.10.26),股静脉(0vs.25.0)]差异显著(P0.05)。结论救治急危重患者中运用彩色多普勒超声下选择性深静脉穿刺置管,临床价值高,可提升穿刺置管成功率,降低并发症,增加安全性。     

预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染集束化护理的效果观察

目的探讨集束化护理预防重症监护病房(ICU)中心静脉导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的效果,为临床降低CRBSI发生率制定针对性干预措施。方法选择2012年2月-2013年6月ICU收治的行中心静脉导管置管患者163例,分为对照组80例和观察组83例;对照组患者给予常规护理,观察组患者给予集束化护理;记录两组患者置管部位、置管时间、感染情况以及感染病例病原菌构成。结果对照组和观察组患者置管时间分别为11.90d和10.84d;对照组置管部位中颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉和股静脉分别有8、61例和11例,观察组分别有10、67例和6例;两组患者在置管部位、置管时间方面差异无统计学意义;观察组患者CRBSI发生率显著低于对照组,分别为1.20%和8.75%,差异有统计学意义。结论集束化护理可降低ICU CRBSI的发生率,应加强ICU集束化护理的应用。     

两种中心静脉置管方法的临床应用比较

目的:对比两种中心静脉导管的置管方法特点及并发症. 方法:采用一次性经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)和单腔中心静脉导管(CVC).观察240例病人中,CVC组120例,应用单腔中心静脉导管行锁骨下静脉穿刺至上腔静脉;PICC组120例,应用一次性导管经外周静脉置入中心静脉. 结果:①置管成功率:PICC组117/120,占97.5%;CVC组120/120,占100%.②气、血胸并发症:PICC组无血气胸;CVC组1例,占0.83%.③导管移位:PICC组10例,占8.33%;CVC组1例,占0.83%.④静脉炎发生率:PICC组2例,占1.67%;CVC组无一例发生.⑤导管堵塞:PICC组17例,占14.17%;CVC组9例,占7.5%. 结论:PICC置管是一种安全、有效的中心静脉置管方法,部分治疗可取代锁骨下静脉穿刺导管,在临床上可达到与CVC相同的目的.     

双腔中心静脉导管在腹腔局限积液积脓超声引导置管治疗的应用

目的评价双腔中心静脉导管应用在彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮腹腔局限积液或腹腔脓肿置管治疗中可行性。方法对53例腹部手术、腹部创伤及腹腔内炎症疾病引起腹腔局限积液、腹腔脓肿进行彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮置管治疗置管成功率、置管治疗病灶愈合时间及置管治疗并发症。结果一次置管成功51例,另2例经超声检查重新引导定位后成功置管,留置导管时间5～18d。2例伤口轻微感染,4例导管阻塞,经过用消毒导丝置入通管后复通。结论双腔中心静脉导管用作超声引导下经皮腹腔局限积液、腹腔脓肿置管治疗具有安全、微创、操作简便、疗效好及费用低等特点。     

持续性质量改进对肝癌患者中心静脉置管相关感染的影响

目的评估医院感染管理持续性质量改进对肝癌行颈内中心静脉置管患者相关感染因素,为有效预防控制感染提供依据。方法选取2010年1月-2014年12月243例住院治疗并行颈内静脉置管的肝癌患者为研究对象,根据实施医院管理持续性改进的时间分为对照组145例(改进前)和干预组98例(改进后),观察并比较两组患者颈内中心静脉置管相关感染的发生率。结果干预组98例患者中6例发生中心静脉置管相关感染,发生率为6.12%,其中导管细菌定植3例、导管局部感染1例、导管相关性血流感染2例;对照组患者中有31例发生中心静脉置管相关感染,发生率为21.38%,其中导管细菌定植14例、导管局部感染10例、导管相关性血流感染7例,干预组中心静脉置管相关感染发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论医院感染管理持续性质量改进可以明显降低肝癌患者颈内中心静脉置管相关感染的发生率。     

超声引导下植入式静脉输液港对乳腺癌化疗患者导管相关并发症发生率及生活质量的影响

目的探讨超声引导下植入式静脉输液港(IVAP)对乳腺癌化疗患者导管相关并发症发生率及生活质量的影响。方法回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院收治的乳腺癌化疗患者110例,随机数字表法分组,各55例,对照组行超声引导下经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC),观察组采用IVAP。对比两组治疗前后生活质量及并发症发生情况。结果治疗后,观察组生活质量评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义;观察组导管相关并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论超声引导下IVAP治疗乳腺癌化疗患者减少导管相关并发症,提高其生活质量。     

超声导引下改良塞丁格技术在PICC置管的临床应用效果观察

目的 分析超声引导下改良塞丁格穿刺在PICC置管中的应用效果.方法 选取需行PICC置管的患者100例,随机分为对照组(50例)和观察组(50例),对照组采用改良赛丁格技术进行盲穿,观察组在超声引导下采用改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管.比较两组患者的一次穿刺及置管成功率和出现出血、感染、静脉炎、导管堵塞及异位等并发症致意外拔管的发生率.结果 观察组一次穿刺及置管成功率显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组患者因并发症意外拔管发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 超声引导下改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管可以提高穿刺成功率及置管成功率,降低并发症的发生等优势,可在临床上推广应用.     

经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管新生儿导管相关血流感染病原菌及其影响因素

目的 探究经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的新生儿导管相关血流感染的病原菌分布及其影响因素。方法 回顾性分析杭州市临安区第一人民医院和杭州市儿童医院2018年1月-2023年1月收治的689例经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的新生儿临床资料,根据是否发生导管相关血流感染分为感染组34例和非感染组655例,分析经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管新生儿发生导管相关血流感染病原菌分布特征,单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析发生感染的影响因素。结果 689例经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管新生儿,34例发生导管相关血流感染,感染发生率为4.93%;共检出病原菌34株,其中革兰阴性菌11株占32.35%,革兰阳性菌20株占58.82%,真菌3株占8.82%;多因素Logistic分析结果显示,出生体质量≤1 500 g、置管天数>14 d、5 min阿普加(Apgar)评分≤7分是经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管新生儿导管相关血流感染发生的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管新生儿导管相关血流感染的发生率较高,感染病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,出生体质量、置管天数、5 min Apgar评分与经...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.