输精管转位附睾吻合术治疗特殊梗阻性无精子症

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术施行输精管转位附睾端侧吻合术在特殊梗阻性无精子症治疗中的作用.方法 对梗阻性无精于症患者施行阴囊探查术,术中行精路通液试验确诊为特殊梗阻性无精子症14例,即一侧附睾梗阻或发育异常未检出精子而输精管通畅,对侧附睾检出活精子但输精管梗阻或发育异常.应用显微外科技术行输精管转位附睾吻合术,健侧输精管与对侧附睾检出活精子处吻合,术后随访其疗效. 结果 14例获随访7～31个月,9例于术后3～9个月从精液中检出活精子,复通率64%,5例配偶受孕成功,致孕率36%. 结论 显微外科输精管转位附睾吻合术治疗这种特殊梗阻性无精子症效果良好,值得临床推广.     

附睾输精管吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症

目的探讨附睾输精管吻合术在梗阻性无精子症治疗中的作用。方法选择23例确诊为梗阻性无精子症并初步怀疑为附睾水平梗阻的患者进行阴囊探查，观察睾丸、附睾及输精管情况，对其中19例确定为附睾水平梗阻并在附睾液中找到活精子的患者用8-0尼龙线施行双侧或单侧附睾输精管端侧吻合术，术后随访其疗效。结果19例获随访8～34个月，9例(47％)于术后3～9个月从精液中检出活精子，其中5例配偶受孕成功。结论阴囊探查简单、易行，有助于梗阻性无精子症的诊断和治疗，附睾输精管吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症取得初步效果，值得进一步探讨。     

纵向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症

目的探讨纵向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术在梗阻性无精子症治疗中的作用。方法选择确诊为梗阻性无精子症并初步怀疑为附睾水平梗阻的16例进行阴囊探查，观察睾丸、附睾及输精管情况，对其中14例确定为附睾水平梗阻并在附睾液中找到活精子的病例施行纵向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术，术后随访其疗效。结果14例获随访6～12个月，13例于术后复查时从精液中检出活精子，其中5例配偶受孕成功。结论纵向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术明显简化了手术难度，提高了吻合成功率，是男性梗阻性不育领域的治疗手段之一。     

"套叠式"输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症

目的探讨“套叠式”输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症的疗效。方法在放大镜辅助下，对45例OA行纵向两针“套叠式”输精管附睾吻合术（LIVES），3个月后每月分析精液1次，随访配偶受孕率。结果术中发现梗阻部位在附睾管或近睾段输精管，双侧吻合36例，单侧吻合9例，40例随访超过6个月，35例超过12个月；29例（72．5％）术后3．1—6．6个月从精液中检出精子，其中7例（20％）配偶受孕成功。结论高倍镜下纵向两针“套叠式”输精管附睾吻合术，能够严密而准确地对合管腔，有利于提高输精管道复通率和配偶受孕率。     

输精管附睾显微吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症疗效分析

目的 探讨纵向2针套叠式输精管附睾显微吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症的手术疗效.方法 对确诊为附睾水平梗阻的梗阻性无精子症25例施行纵向2针套叠式输精管附睾显微吻合术,术后随访复通率、配偶妊娠率.结果 术后随访25例,复通21例(84%);配偶妊娠17例(68%).结论 纵向2针套叠式输精管附睾显微吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症是一种手术操作相对简便、疗效显著的外科技术.     

显微输精管交叉吻合术治疗复杂性梗阻性无精子症

目的探讨显微输精管交叉吻合术治疗复杂性梗阻性无精子症的临床疗效和安全性。方法 2012年11月~2014年12月通过显微输精管交叉吻合术治疗9例复杂性梗阻性无精子症。6例一侧由于疝手术损伤造成输精管缺损无法吻合,另一侧输精管近端通畅但附睾梗阻;3例一侧输精管进腹腔段梗阻,无法吻合,另一侧附睾梗阻,均进行显微输精管交叉吻合术:将一侧近端输精管通过阴囊中隔穿至另一侧阴囊,与另一侧远端输精管进行双层显微吻合。结果 9例均复通成功,复通率100%。1例在术后5个月再次梗阻。9例术后随访3~26个月,平均13个月,5例配偶自然受孕,术后均无不适和其他并发症发生。结论显微输精管交叉吻合术治疗复杂性输精管梗阻安全、有效,使既往只能通过睾丸穿刺进行辅助生殖的患者有自然生育的机会。     

纵向两针套叠式输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精症7例临床分析

目的分析输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症的疗效。方法选取梗阻性无精子症不育患者7例,实施阴囊探查显微纵向两针套叠式输精管附睾吻合术进行治疗。术后第3个月开始每1～3月复查精液常规1次,随访配偶受孕率。结果回访时间5～47月,6例患者精液中发现精子,2例患者妻子成功受孕。结论选择适宜患者行纵向两针套叠式输精管附睾吻合术,值得临床推广与应用。     

显微横向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术治疗附睾梗阻性无精子症

目的探讨显微横向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术治疗附睾梗阻性无精子症的疗效。方法分析2011年3月至2012年9月期间收治的21例附睾梗阻性无精子症患者的临床资料。采用显微横向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术治疗。术后每3个月复查精液1次,随访配偶受孕率。结果术后随访18～24个月,复通率为61．9％（13／21）,尾部和头体部吻合的复通率分别为66．7％（10／15）和50％（3／6）,配偶受孕率33．3％（7／21）。结论显微横向两针套叠技术治疗附睾梗阻性无精子症具备疗效显著和操作相对简化的优点。     

单针缝线纵向两针套叠显微输精管附睾吻合术17例分析

目的 探讨一种改良的单针缝线显微输精管附睾吻合术治疗附睾梗阻性无精症的临床效果. 方法 2011年9月至2011年12月,应用改良的单针缝线技术为17例附睾梗阻性无精症患者实施纵向两针套叠显微输精管附睾吻合术.术后3个月进行精液分析并设定为研究终点,精子密度大于104/ml定义为复通. 结果 本组平均手术时间为219 min.术后3个月时,行精液常规和阴囊彩超检查,包括1例再次手术者共有10例(58.8％)患者术后复通,平均精子密度为12.2×106/ml.研究期内未见精液囊肿并发症. 结论 改良的单针缝线纵向两针套叠显微输精管附睾吻合术后复通率与双针缝线技术相当,可减少缝线缠绕,节省手术时间,是无双针缝线时的理想选择.     

显微外科技术在男性不育症治疗中的应用及疗效分析

目的 探讨显微外科技术在男性不育症治疗中的应用及疗效. 方法 回顾性分析2007年3月至2012年3月853例接受显微外科治疗的不育男性患者资料.其中精索静脉曲张的少弱精子症患者344例,均在硬膜外或全麻下接受精索静脉曲张显微结扎术.梗阻性无精子症患者252例,接受输精管-输精管显微吻合术60例,其中45例有双侧输精管结扎史,15例有双侧疝气手术史;其他192例接受输精管-附睾管显微吻合术.非梗阻性无精子症患者257例,均在全麻下接受睾丸显微取精术,并行病理检查.患者术后门诊随访1～12个月,随访内容为手术并发症、精液参数及女方妊娠情况. 结果 ①344例精索静脉曲张患者术后3个月复查精液,术前精子密度为(10±6)×106/ml,前向运动精子比率为(16±9)％,术后精子密度为(15 ±8)×106/ml,前向运动精子比率为(28±14)％,48.8％(168/344)的患者术后精液质量提高,10.8％ (37/344)的患者配偶自然受孕.②输精管输精管显微吻合术共60例,总复通率为80.0％ (48/60),妊娠率为35.0％ (21/60).192例接受输精管附睾管显微吻合术,复通率为53.1％(102/192),妊娠率为19.8％ (38/192).③257例非梗阻性无精子症患者睾丸活检精子检出率为38.1％(98/257),显微取精法精子获取率为60.3％(155/257),显著性高于活检术(P＜0.01).仅2例患者出现阴囊血肿,经清创换药处理后治愈. 结论 显微外科技术治疗男性不育症可有效改善和恢复男性生育力,创伤小,降低医疗费用,符合生殖伦理.     

梗阻性无精子症的外科治疗(附56例报告)

目的:探讨梗阻性无精子症的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法:分析2004年10月至2008年11月间收治的56例梗阻性无精子症患者的临床资料,其中43例为射精管梗阻性无精子症,13例疑为附睾水平梗阻性无精子症。常规精液分析、精浆果糖和中性α葡糖苷酶测定以及经直肠超声检查(TRUS)对其进行诊断,必要时行输精管造影检查。43例为射精管梗阻性无精子症使用经尿道射精管切开术(TURED)治疗,13例疑为附睾水平梗阻性无精子症行阴囊探查术,对其中11例确定为附睾水平梗阻行双侧或单侧附睾输精管端侧吻合术,术后随访其疗效。结果:所有患者均完成手术,术后随访3～51个月。43例射精管梗阻性无精子症TURED术后,36例(83.7%)精液检查有不同程度的改善,11例(25.6%)妻子妊娠。11例附睾水平梗阻性无精子症行输精管附睾吻合术后,6例(54.5%)精液检查检出活精子,3例(27.3%)妻子妊娠。结论:精液分析、精浆果糖和中性α葡糖苷酶测定,TRUS和输精管造影是诊断梗阻性无精子症的主要方式。TURED和输精管附睾吻合术分别是治疗射精管梗阻性无精子症和附睾水平梗阻性无精子症的有效方法。     

Multiple advanced surgical techniques to treat acquired seminal duct obstruction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of multiple advanced surgical treatments （i.e. microsurgery, laparoscopic surgery and endoscopic surgery）for acquired obstructive azoospermia. We analyzed the surgical outcomes of 51 patients with suspected acquired obstructive azoospermia consecutively who enrolled at our center between January 2009 and May 2013. Modified vasoepididymostomy, laparoscopically assisted vasovasostomy and transurethral incision of the ejaculatory duct with holmium laser were chosen and performed based on the different obstruction sites. The mean postoperative follow-up time was 22 months （range： 9 months to 52 months）. Semen analyses were initiated at four postoperative weeks, followed by trimonthly （months 3, 6, 9 and 12） semen analyses, until no sperm was found at 12 months or until pregnancy was achieved. Patency was defined as 〉10,000 sperm m1-1 of semen. The obstruction sites, postoperative patency and natural pregnancy rate were recorded. Of 51 patients, 47 underwent bilateral or unilateral surgical reconstruction; the other four patients were unable to be treated with surgical reconstruction because of pelvic vas or intratesticular tubules obstruction. The reconstruction rate was 92.2% （47/51）, and the patency rate and natural pregnancy rate were 89.4% （42/47） and 38.1% （16/42）, respectively. No severe complications were observed. Using multiple advanced surgical techniques, more extensive range of seminal duct obstruction was accessible and correctable; thus, a favorable patency and pregnancy rate can be achieved.     

Obstructive azoospermia treated by epididymovasostomy following vasovasostomy: a case report

A case of secondary epididymal obstruction caused by vasal obstruction due to bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy is reported. A 28-year-old patient, who had undergone right inguinal herniorrhaphy at the age of 3 and bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy at the age of 25, was diagnosed as having obstructive azoospermia because testicular biopsy disclosed normal spermatogenesis. Vasography revealed bilateral vasal obstruction at the level of the inguinal canal. Bilateral microscopic vasovasostomy was performed but postoperative semen analysis showed azoospermia. At the operation only one sperm was found in the left vasal fluid while no sperm was found in the right. Postoperative vasography showed that the left vasovasostomy was accurate while the right vas was reobstructed. Microscopic epididymovasostomy using Silber's specific tubule technique was performed on the left side. The left epididymis was transected at its tail and numerous normal sperms were found in the epididymal fluid. Four months after the second operation, semen analysis showed normal sperm density of 34 x 10(6)/ml.     

Sperm retrieval procedures and intracytoplasmatic spermatozoa injection with epididymal and testicular sperms

INTRODUCTION: Male infertility caused by azoospermia due to non-reconstructable obstruction or non-obstructive azoospermia can be treated by microsurgical epididymal aspiration (MESA) or testicular sperm extraction (TESE) followed by an intracytoplasmatic spermatozoa injection (ICSI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 9/93 to 6/01, we carried out 1,025 ICSI procedures with aspirated epididymal or testicular sperms in 684 cases. 163 ICSI cycles were performed with epididymal sperms and 862 ICSI cycles with testicular sperms or spermatids. The TESE was carried out by open biopsy, frequently in a multilocular technique. The aspirated spermatozoas were used after cryopreservation (frozen) or immediately after aspiration (fresh). RESULTS: 538 patients had obstructive azoospermia or ejaculation failure. In 487 cases the underlying cause of azoospermia was an impaired spermatogenesis, following maldescensus testis, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or caused by Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, a genetic disorder or an unknown etiology. The transfer rates, pregnancy rates and birth rates per ICSI cycle showed no statistically significant differences between testicular and epididymal sperms in the cases of seminal obstruction (28% average birth rates in both cases). However, highly significant was the difference in birth rates with regard to the underlying cause of infertility. In contrast, in treating non-obstructive azoospermia we observed a birth rate of 19% per cycle. In all patient groups the birth rate with fresh spermatozoas did not differ from those with cryopreserved spermatozoa. 40% of patients after multilocular TESE showed clinical signs of testicular lesion. CONCLUSION: The underlying cause of azoospermia is the most important factor for the outcome of ICSI using epididymal and testicular sperms. In cases of non-obstructive azoospermia, the pregnancy rate is low compared with the results in cases of obstructive azoospermia. There is no difference between fresh and cryopreserved sperms. TESE with ICSI is the most efficient treatment of azoospermia caused by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. The morbidity of the TESE procedure is highly relevant and must be considered if this technique is indicated.     

SPERM PELLET ANALYSIS: A TECHNIQUE TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF SPERM IN MEN CONSIDERED TO HAVE AZOOSPERMIA BY ROUTINE SEMEN ANALYSIS

Purpose

In men considered to have azoospermia by routine semen analyses sperm may be identified after centrifuging the semen. Because these sperm may be used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection, we describe our technique and findings of sperm pelleting.

Materials and Methods

Semen centrifugation for sperm pellet analysis was performed in 140 consecutive men in whom no sperm was identified on routine semen analysis and who were categorized as having obstructive or nonobstructive azoospermia. Obstructive azoospermia was defined as failed vasectomy reversal, failed reconstruction for congenital vasal or epididymal occlusion, or an acquired obstruction unrelated to ejaculatory duct obstruction. Patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens or who had undergone vasectomy were not included in the study. Nonobstructive azoospermia was defined as moderate to severe testicular atrophy with markedly elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone (greater than 3 times normal), or a testicular biopsy that revealed maturational arrest, severe hypospermatogenesis or the Sertoli-cell-only pattern. Obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia were present in 70 men who provided 109 samples and 70 who provided 103, respectively.

Results

Motile and nonmotile sperm was identified in 13 of the 70 patients (18.6%) with obstructive and in 16 of the 70 (22.8%) with nonobstructive azoospermia. Pellet variability, that is the absence of sperm in 1 specimen and its presence in another from the same patient, was noted in 7 of the 17 men (41.2%) with obstructive and 2 of the 17 (11.8%) with nonobstructive azoospermia (not statistically significant). Motile sperm was present in the pellets of 6 of the 70 men (8.6%) with obstructive and 15 of the 70 (21.4%) with nonobstructive azoospermia. The median number of motile sperm was lower in the obstructive than in the nonobstructive group (0 sperm in 17 samples versus 5 sperm in 41 samples, p <0.001). The median value of 0 in the obstructive azoospermia group reflects the finding that 9 of the 17 samples did not contain motile sperm. Similarly the median number of nonmotile sperm was lower in the obstructive than in the nonobstructive group (5 versus 8 sperm).

Conclusions

We demonstrated the presence of motile and nonmotile sperm in a significant number of men considered to have azoospermia by routine semen analysis. Semen centrifugation (sperm pelleting) should be performed in all men considered to have this condition by routine semen analysis, especially those with testicular failure and those in whom intracytoplasmic sperm injection is possible.     

A modified single-armed technique for microsurgical vasoepididymostomy

This study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified single-armed suture technique for microsurgical vasoepididymostomy (VE) in patients with epididymal obstructive azoospermia. From September 2011 to December 2011, microsurgical two-suture longitudinal intussusception VEs were performed using our modified single-armed suture technique in 17 men with epididymal obstructive azoospermia at our hospital. Two of these patients underwent repeated VEs after previous failed VEs, and one patient underwent unilateral VE because of an occlusion of the left abdominal vas deferens. The presence of sperm in the semen sample at 3 months postoperation was used as the preliminary endpoint of this study. Each patient provided at least one semen sample at the 3-month time point, and the patency was assessed by the reappearance of sperm (>10⁴ ml⁻¹) in the semen. The mean operative time for the modified technique was 219 min. Patency was noted in 10 men (58.8%), including one patient who underwent repeated VE. The patient who underwent unilateral anastomosis manifested no sperm postoperatively in his semen. Sperm granulomas were not detected in this cohort. The results of this study demonstrate that our modified technique for microsurgical longitudinal intussusception VE is effective. We believe that it is a practical alternative that may reduce operation time and obviate the suture crossing.     

Early patency rates after the two-suture invagination technique of vaso-epididymal anastomosis for idiopathic obstruction

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively evaluate the results of vaso-epididymostomy, using a two-suture microsurgical invagination technique, when used for men with azoospermia due to an obstruction at the vaso-epididymal junction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between December 2002 and November 2004, 29 men with idiopathic obstructive azoospermia underwent vaso-epididymostomy with the two-suture invagination technique. The patency rate was assessed by return of sperm in the semen after surgery. RESULTS: In all, 23 men provided at least one postoperative semen sample. The mean (range) follow-up was 7.6 (1.5-30) months. In 11 of these men (48%), patency was shown at a mean of 3.2 (1.5-7) months after surgery. The median sperm density was 17 (10-65) million/mL. Four men had normal sperm density and motility (>20 million/mL; >50% total motility). CONCLUSIONS: Men with idiopathic vaso-epididymal junction obstruction can have significant sperm positivity after vaso-epididymostomy. With a patency rate of nearly half within a year of surgery, vaso-epididymostomy should be the first line of therapy for these men.     

腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术对精液质量影响的临床观察

目的 研究腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术对精液质量的影响.方法 收集北京航天总医院泌尿外科2013年10月-2015年6月接受腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术的左侧精索静脉曲张患者50例,根据曲张静脉直径分为Ⅱ级12例(A组),Ⅲ级38例(B组),术前及术后1、3、6个月行精液常规检查,比较两组精液量、精子密度、精子总数、a+b+c级精子活动率、a+b级精子活动率、a级精子活动率、精子存活率及正常形态精子率.结果 50例患者术后均随访6个月以上,术后1、3、6个月精液量与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后1个月精子密度、精子总数、精子活动率、精子存活率及正常形态精子率较术前有所提高,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而术后3个月较术前及术后1个月明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后6个月与术后3个月比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组组间比较术前精液常规比较差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05);术后6个月精子存活率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).组内比较A组术后1个月精子密度较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组术后1个月精子密度、精子活动率及正常形态精子率较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术可显著改善精索静脉曲张患者精液质量,对于精液质量下降的精索静脉曲张患者建议早期腹腔镜手术治疗,术后3个月精液参数明显改善并维持稳定.     

附睾梗阻性无精子症的手术治疗

目的 评价附睾梗阻性无精子症(EOA)的手术效果和影响因素. 方法回顾性分析51例EOA患者的临床资料.患者均在硬膜外麻醉下行阴囊探查术.放大镜辅助下,行单层纵向2针套叠式输精管附睾吻合术(LIVE).收集资料包括手术方法、随访时间、术后精子数平均值、a级精子百分率及复通率和受孕率. 结果 平均手术时间(134±36)min.49例一侧或双侧附睾有精子检出,其中1例一侧附睾对侧输精管检出精子;2例附睾未检出精子.49例附睾找到精子者中,48例行单侧或双侧LIVE,1例行单侧LIVE对侧输精管端端吻合.48例行单纯LIVE者失访4例,余44例随访7～17个月,32例精液中检出精子,复通率为72.7%;精子总数平均为(24±23)×106个;28例(87.5%)精液中检出a级精子,a级精子平均为(12.0±11.2)%.39例随访12个月,其中10例妊娠,受孕率为25.6%.术后妊娠与吻合口位置有关,本组妊娠均为吻合部位在尾部者. 结论 放大镜辅助下的LIVE操作简单、费用低,并能取得满意的复通率和受孕率;术中应考虑吻合口位置对妊娠的影响.