小儿颈胸部淋巴管瘤的诊断与治疗(附3例报告)

目的:探讨小儿颈胸部淋巴管瘤的诊断与治疗。方法:3例患者均在全身麻醉下行颈胸联合进路胸骨正中劈开颈胸部淋巴管瘤切除术。结果:所有患者均病理诊断为淋巴管瘤,术后随访未见复发及手术并发症发生。结论:采用颈胸联合进路可以充分暴露瘤体,保证完整切除肿瘤,随访无复发。对于颈胸部的巨大淋巴管瘤,其他治疗手段不推荐采用。     

颈部囊性淋巴管瘤患者术后疗效观察

目的:探讨囊性淋巴管瘤的治疗方法及疗效。方法:10例颈部囊性淋巴管瘤患者于1998-07-2008-03接受改良手术切除,即敞开囊腔后,在直视下行囊外切除。1例外院手术后腮腺深叶复发患儿及1例1岁患儿接受平阳霉素局部注射治疗。结果:10例患者肿瘤完全切除,未出现神经损伤等明显并发症,随访0.5～9.0年无复发;2例局部注射治疗者,肿物基本消失。结论:颈部囊性淋巴管瘤应以手术治疗为主,开囊直视下手术有利于肿瘤完全切除而又不会损伤周围组织。     

儿童头颈部淋巴管畸形的外科治疗

目的 探讨儿童头颈部淋巴管畸形的外科治疗方法和疗效.方法 回顾性总结北京大学第一医院自1998年1月至2008年12月住院治疗的11例儿童短径大于4 cm的头颈部淋巴管畸形.11例儿童头颈部淋巴管畸形均行增强CT或MRI扫描检查,治疗均采用外科手术治疗,其中行肿物及腮腺浅叶切除4例,肿物及腮腺全切除2例,颈清扫术式切除肿物2例,颈清扫术式联合开胸术切除肿物1例,颌下肿物切除术2例.术中采用假包膜外剥离法及顺行解剖面神经主干法,肿物与面神经粘连紧密的2例行肿物剔除术.其中6例行外周面神经解剖,2例行面神经下颌缘支解剖.结果 11例儿童头颈部肿物均彻底切除,无器官功能异常,无明显外形变化,治愈率为100%.3例在行面神经下颌缘支解剖和肿物切除时牵拉下颌缘支出现轻度面瘫(下颌缘支力弱),1例颈部广泛肿物行颈清扫术后出现Homer综合征,均在神经营养治疗后术后1～3个月内恢复.1例1岁患儿行颈清扫术式联合开胸术切除肿物的术中输血150 ml.所有病例随访6～121个月,随访中位数32个月,未见肿物复发.结论 采用面神经解剖及(或)颈部解剖、肿物假包膜外剥离法等手术可以根治儿童头颈部大型淋巴管畸形,是保留功能、防止畸形的有效方法.     

头颈部神经鞘瘤临床分析

目的 探讨头颈部神经鞘瘤的临床特征、诊断及治疗.方法 回顾分析1977～2006年收治的23例头颈部及颅底神经鞘瘤患者的临床资料.结果 头颈部神经鞘瘤主要表现为鼻塞、面瘫和声嘶等症状.20例患者术前行CT或MRI检查,诊断符合率分别为10%和20%.全部患者均行手术切除肿瘤,18例患者术中冰冻切片病理明确诊断.19例完整切除肿瘤,4例切除大部分肿瘤.共有19例术后随访,随访期3个月～10年,15例完整切除者无1例复发,4例部分切除者1例复发.术后并发持续性动眼神经麻痹3例,听力下降1例,声嘶1例.结论 头颈部及颅底神经鞘瘤不易早期诊断,确诊有赖于病理检查,手术完整摘除是有效的治疗方法,预后良好.     

头颈部神经鞘瘤33例临床分析

目的:探讨头颈部神经鞘瘤的诊断和治疗。方法:回顾性分析1980~2004年收治的33例头颈部神经鞘瘤的临床资料。结果:全部患者均行手术治疗,术后经病理学检查确诊良性32例,恶性1例。术后30例患者获随访,其中27例治愈,1例恶性肿瘤患者死于复发,2例死于其他疾病;3例失访。结论:手术彻底切除肿瘤是治疗该病最有效的方法,手术尽可能保留来源神经的完整性。该病预后良好,对恶变者应行扩大切除。     

头颈部炎性假瘤诊断和治疗

目的探讨头颈部炎性假瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析头颈部炎性假瘤患者11例临床资料。结果柯-陆氏手术进路3例;鼻内镜手术2例;鼻内镜、柯-陆氏联合进路3例;鼻侧切开、颈外切开及经口腔进路各1例。其中10例随访1年以上,未见复发;1例失访。结论头颈部炎性假瘤以手术治疗为主,并辅以类固醇激素治疗,确诊必须依靠病理组织学。     

经茎突隔膜入路切除咽旁间隙肿瘤

目的 探讨经茎突隔膜入路切除咽旁间隙肿瘤的方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2011年1月采用经茎突隔膜入路切除的33例咽旁间隙肿瘤患者的临床资料.其中良性肿瘤28例,恶性肿瘤5例,恶性肿瘤患者术后追加根治剂量放疗.结果 采用该手术入路33例咽旁间隙肿瘤均完全切除.随访13个月至7年,中位随访时间4.6年,复发3例,其中1例为软骨肉瘤手术及放化疗后3年复发,1例脊索瘤和1例腺样囊性癌术后及放疗后5年复发,其余30例未见复发.所有患者均未发生严重并发症.2例术后出现轻度口角歪斜,3个月后完全恢复；1例神经纤维瘤术后出现声嘶、呛咳,经对症治疗后好转.结论 经茎突隔膜入路具有周围组织损伤小,术野暴露充分,手术并发症少,术者可驾驭性强,术式适用范围广的特点,是切除咽旁间隙肿瘤较为理想的手术入路.     

颈部囊肿与瘘管的诊断和治疗

目的总结颈部囊肿与瘘管的诊治经验.方法93例行手术治疗,其中鳃裂囊肿15例,鳃裂瘘管10例,皮样囊肿1例,囊状淋巴管瘤4例,甲状舌骨囊肿37例,甲状舌管瘘管25例,癌性淋巴液囊肿1例,随访1～10年.结果93例中,囊性淋巴管瘤1例复发后失访,另1例行2次手术,癌性淋巴液囊肿1例半年后死于肺转移,鳃裂瘘管2例3次手术,甲状舌管瘘管1例复发,鳃裂瘘管术后1例迟发性面瘫,一次手术治愈,无术后并发症.结论颈部囊肿与瘘管的诊断除依据术前检查外,主要是依据术中的发现和术后病理检查.B超、CT等是有效的辅助检查手段.治疗上应彻底切除囊壁与瘘管,避免复发.术中应避免损伤颈部的大血管和神经.甲状舌管瘘管须切除舌骨中段2cm,这是防止术后复发的关键.     

头颈部浆细胞肉芽肿临床分析

目的:探讨头颈部浆细胞肉芽肿(PCG)的临床诊断及治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析3例头颈部PCG患者的临床资料。1例行鼻内镜手术完全切除,术后使用鼻用和口服类固醇激素;2例行上颌窦根治术部分切除肿物,术后结合口服类固醇激素药物和局部放疗,其中1例并行化疗。结果:治疗后1例患者随访5年,鼻腔未见肿物复发,上颌窦开口处及窦腔内黏膜光滑无分泌物;1例患者术后2年行鼻窦CT检查,残留肿物未见增生;1例患者3年后行鼻窦CT检查,肿物较术前减小,患者无明显张口受限,疗效满意。结论:头颈部PCG较为少见,虽然是一种炎性反应性病变,但临床体征及影像学表现类似于恶性肿瘤。该病变具有侵袭性,治疗首选手术切除,不能完全切除者应结合激素和放、化疗,预后较好。     

儿童头颈部侵袭性纤维瘤病(附3例报告)

目的：探讨儿童头颈部侵袭性纤维瘤病的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析3例头颈部侵袭性纤维瘤病患儿的临床资料。结果：3例患儿均经手术切除肿瘤,病理明确,随访过程中无复发。结论：儿童侵袭性纤维瘤病局部呈浸润性生长,手术彻底切除是主要的治疗方法,但由于儿童生长发育问题很难做到彻底切除,由于位于头颈部,易造成面容破坏和畸形。     

Treatment of lymphangiomas of the head and neck in children by intralesional injection of OK‐432 (Picinabil)

The treatments previously used for lymphangiomas of the head and neck in children‐surgery and intralesional injection of sclerosants–are associated with significant morbidity. A new treatment–intralesional injection of OK‐432–was used for lymphangiomas of the head and neck in 11 children. The results were total shrinkage in two, marked shrinkage in two, slight shrinkage in five and no response in two. The results were not affected by previous surgery nor by whether aspiration prior to injection was possible. There were no recurrences in those children in whom shrinkage occurred and no child had subsequent surgery following injection. The results of this series support those of previous series showing that OK‐432 injection is an effective and safe treatment for lymphangiomas of the head and neck in children.     

Treatment of lymphangiomas of the head and neck in children by intralesional injection of OK-432 (Picibanil)

The treatments previously used for lymphangiomas of the head and neck in children-surgery and intralesional injection of sclerosants-are associated with significant morbidity. A new treatment-intralesional injection of OK-432-was used for lymphangiomas of the head and neck in 11 children. The results were total shrinkage in two, marked shrinkage in two, slight shrinkage in five and no response in two. The results were not affected by previous surgery nor by whether aspiration prior to injection was possible. There were no recurrences in those children in whom shrinkage occurred and no child had subsequent surgery following injection. The results of this series support those of previous series showing that OK-432 injection is an effective and safe treatment for lymphangiomas of the head and neck in children.     

OK-432 therapy for cervical lymphangioma

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with sclerosing treatment of lymphangiomas in the head and neck region by intralesional injections of OK-432. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. METHODS: Patients with the diagnosis of a macrocystic-type cervical lymphangioma were treated by one to three intralesional injections of OK-432 (0.01 mg of OK-432/1 mL of lymphangioma fluid, up to a maximum of 0.2 mg in the first injection and 0.3 mg in the second or third injections). All injections were performed under ultrasound guidance. Children were injected under sedation. RESULTS: Eleven patients were treated with injections of OK-432: 7 children and 4 adults. They were followed up for a period of 5 to 68 (mean 30) months. Eight (73%) patients had complete or subcomplete resolution of the lymphangioma after one or two injections. In three (27%) cases, no response was obtained (2 cases) or the lymphangioma recurred (1 case) after two to three injections. In two cases, surgical excision was performed. There was no evidence of fibrosis around the cysts. There were no complications to OK-432 injections. CONCLUSION: Intralesional injection of OK-432 is an effective treatment modality for macrocystic-type lymphangiomas in the head and neck region. It has no complications, and surgical excision in case of failure is not compromised by fibrosis. Sclerosing of macrocystic-type lymphangiomas with OK-432 should therefore be considered before surgical excision.     

Cystic Hygroma/Lymphangioma: A Rational Approach to Management

Objective To outline a rational approach to the management of cystic hygroma based on the authors' experience, the natural history of the disease, and the results of surgical treatment. Study Design and Methods A retrospective review of all patients with the diagnosis of lymphangioma or cystic hygroma from 1958 to 2000 was performed. Results Seventy‐four patients were identified with 46 cases confined to the cervicofacial region. Surgical excision was performed on 60 of the 74 cases involving all regions of the body and 34 of the 46 patients with head and neck lesions. The location of the malformation is the most important determinate for surgical success. While surgical excision was the main treatment modality, 11 of 12 untreated patients were noted to improve, with 8 patients showing complete resolution. Conclusions In the treatment of lymphangiomas, the physician should be experienced in the management of such lesions, be aware of spontaneous resolution, and recognize the limitations and potential harm of surgery in certain instances.     

Congenital head and neck masses in infants and children. Part II

Congenital head and neck masses in children are a diverse group of lesions. Thyroglossal duct abnormalities are the most common, followed by branchial apparatus abnormalities, lymphangiomas (cystic hygroma), and subcutaneous vascular abnormalities (hemangioma, AVM). It is important to note that cutaneous hemangiomas are not included in this discussion of congenital masses. If they are considered within the general topic of congenital head and neck masses, vascular lesions by far are the most common. Teratomas and dermoid cysts represent true congenital neoplasms and are relatively uncommon. Several rare lesions have been noted in the discussion and should be included in the differential diagnosis. The diagnosis of these particular masses depends largely on history and physical examination. The location of the mass itself greatly limits the differential diagnosis. Ancillary studies such as plain x-rays, ultrasound, CT scanning, and angiography are useful in further limiting the possible diagnoses. Subcutaneous hemangiomas, ectopic thyroid, congenital goiter, and fibromatosis colli can be treated medically or with simple observation. Surgery is reversed for enlarging lesions or lesions affecting vital structures. The remainder of the congenital head and neck masses generally require early excisions to avoid complications of infection, airway obstruction, nutritional compromise, or the risk of malignant transformation.     

Pediatric lymphangiomas of the head and neck

To better define the cause, presentation, diagnosis, and staging of lymphangiomas, we reviewed all cases of lymphangiomas of the head and neck region in children seen at our institution between 1986 and 1996. Sixty-seven children were identified (31 male and 36 female). Age at presentation ranged from birth to 18 years. All but 8 patients presented with an obvious mass, and 5 required tracheotomy because of airway obstruction. The most common location was the submandibular region (37%), followed by the parotid gland (31%). Treatment ranged from observation to extensive and multiple resections. Thirty-one patients underwent only 1 resection, and 2 patients received interferon as part of their treatment. Lesions involving the lip, hypopharynx and/or larynx, the tongue, and the floor of the mouth had high rates of recurrent or persistent disease. We review our experience with these difficult lesions and propose a staging system based on functional deficit, cosmetic changes, sites of involvement, and age at diagnosis.     

Lymphatische Malformationen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich

Background

Lymphatic malformations are rare tumors of the head and neck region. Complete resection is the mainstay of treatment in these cases. Surgery of lymphatic malformations is accompanied by various complications because of the adjacency to neurovascular structures and the infiltrative nature of these masses.

Patients and methods

Between March 2008 and April 2010 three patients with lymphatic malformations of the head and neck region were treated by sclerotherapy with OK-432 (Picibanil). Two young children and a male adult with a late relapse were enrolled. The children were treated under general anesthesia.

Results

A complete remission of lymphangiomas of the external nose as well of the lateral neck could be observed after a single sclerotherapy with OK-432. No response was seen after multiple injections of OK-432 into the orbital lymphangioma and treatment was finally successful after resection.

Conclusions

Today sclerotherapy has to be considered in the planning of the treatment of lymphatic malformations. Intralesional treatment of lymphangiomas in the head and neck with OK-432 shows good clinical response. Sclerotherapy with OK-432 is safe, effective and associated with few side-effects. After sclerotherapy a surgical resection can be carried out without any problems.     

A gigant cystic lymphangioma of the neck

The cystic lymphangiomas are congenital pathology of lymphatic system which concern 90% of children population, adults suffer very seldom. The authors present the case of giant cystic lymphangioma of the neck in the 37-year-old man with symptoms of tumor of the neck. The USG, CT and MRI confirm the presence of polycystic tumour with feature of bleeding into one of the cavities. Surgical treatment was performed. The patient is controlled without any relaps. The authors remind this rare pathology that should be considered in case of neck tumours.     

Sonography of neck masses in children: is it useful?

111 patients aged two days to 20 years with neck masses were examined by ultrasound. Results were compared to subsequent histo-pathological or clinical diagnosis. Sonography allowed us to divide neck masses into two groups, a sonospecific group in which an accurate presurgical diagnosis was made in 92%, and a non-sonospecific group. The sonospecific group contained 48 patients and included thyroid masses, cystic hygromas, certain cases of adenopathy and a cervical myelomeningocele. The non-sonospecific group contained 63 patients and included a variety of neck masses such as dermoid cysts, branchial cleft cysts, the majority of cases of adenopathy, hemangiomas, lymphangiomas and various other neoplastic masses. Sonography serves to delineate the extent of neck masses, define the relationship of the mass to the thyroid and major neck vessels and guide fine needle aspiration biopsy.     

Cystic metastasis versus branchial cleft carcinoma: a diagnostic challenge

OBJECTIVES: There is controversy regarding the existence of branchial cleft carcinomas. The objectives are to familiarize the clinician with the presentation and treatment of cystic metastases from head and neck primary sites and differentiate these from primary branchial cleft cyst carcinomas. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case study and literature review. METHODS: Published reports of branchial cleft carcinomas were reviewed in conjunction with a unique case presenting at the University of Texas Medical Branch (Galveston, TX). RESULTS: Most cases of branchial cleft carcinomas are probably cystic metastases from head and neck primary sites. Cutaneous involvement with primary branchial cleft carcinomas is rare but may occur in recurrent lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of a primary branchial cleft cyst carcinoma requires the fulfillment of strict criteria. Cystic metastases from head and neck primaries can mimic branchial cleft carcinomas histologically. Correct diagnosis is important so that appropriate surgical and radiotherapeutic treatment can be delivered.