以鼻出血为特征的上颌窦病变27例分析

目的:探讨以鼻出血为特征的上颌窦病变的诊断和治疗.方法:回顾分析1995年1月至1999年6月住院治疗27例患者的临床资料.结果:22例患者经手术切除窦内病变,病理证实为上颌窦息肉、出血坏死性息肉,血管瘤,乳头状瘤,曲霉菌性上颌窦炎等疾病.其中14例行上颌窦根治术,6例行上颌窦根治伴窦内筛窦开放或鼻内筛窦开放术,2例行功能性上颌窦手术.术后恢复良好,随访0.5～4年,除1例失访,无复发.结论:要提高对以鼻出血为特征的上颌窦病变的认识,鼻窦CT扫描有助于诊断,手术切除病灶效果良好.     

影像导航辅助鼻内镜下治疗鼻窦骨纤维异常增殖症的应用体会

目的:探讨影像导航辅助鼻内镜下切除鼻窦骨纤维异常增殖症的手术方法及经验。方法:回顾性分析2006-03-2011-12期间收治的4例鼻窦骨纤维异常增殖症患者,其中男2例,女2例;年龄19～55岁,平均38岁。原发于上颌窦内3例,原发于蝶窦内1例。术前行16排CT扫描并行三维重建,全部病例均采用影像导航鼻内镜下电钻磨除鼻窦腔内的异常骨纤维组织,实现骨纤腔内的轮廓化。结果:4例患者均在影像导航鼻内镜下准确找到病变并磨除大部分病变组织。3例患者术后头痛、鼻塞、面部不适等症状逐渐消失。1例上颌窦内骨纤维异常增生患者术后3个月再次出现面部肿胀疼痛,保守治疗效果不佳,复查CT示左侧上颌窦炎,再次行手术,术中发现上颌窦内有大量骨渣,考虑为首次手术后术腔未冲洗干净,导致上颌窦口堵塞,再次扩大上颌窦口,冲洗上颌窦腔,术后行鼻腔及上颌窦冲洗,1个月后症状完全消失。所有患者术后均未见复发。结论:正确的使用影像导航系统辅助鼻内镜下治疗鼻窦骨纤维异常增殖症,术中结合电钻磨除鼻窦腔内的异常骨纤维组织,实现骨纤腔内的轮廓化,可以使患者获得彻底、安全、有效的治疗。     

鼻腔鼻窦出血性息肉的诊断和手术治疗(附23例报告)

目的：总结鼻腔鼻窦出血性息肉的临床表现和影像学特征,以减少误诊和避免术式扩大化。方法：23例经病理确诊、资料完整的鼻腔鼻窦出血性息肉患者均行手术切除。1例疑鼻窦恶性肿瘤行鼻侧切开,2例经前鼻孔切除,余20例行上颌窦根治术。结果：术后全部确诊为鼻腔鼻窦出血性息肉。随访8个月～10年,无复发。结论：本病术前诊断靠综合判断,上颌窦穿刺及鼻窦CT对诊断有一定价值,最后确诊依赖术中肉眼观察及术后病理检查。手术是惟一有效的治疗方法,上颌窦根治术是本病较适宜的术式。     

上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿(附3例报告)

目的 :探讨上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿的临床特征及治疗方法。方法 :结合文献复习 ,报告 3例上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿患者的临床资料。结果 :3例经 Caldwell- L uc手术 ,术后结合类固醇激素及抗变态反应药物治疗 ,疗效良好 ,随访 0 .5～ 2年未见复发。结论 :上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿是一种炎症反应性病变 ;CT检查多见上颌窦骨壁侵犯 ,有类似恶性肿瘤的影像学表现。本病患者预后大多良好。     

鼻腔鼻窦少见良性肿瘤8例报告

目的：提高鼻腔鼻窦少见良性肿瘤的诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析8例鼻腔鼻窦少见良性肿瘤患者的临床资料。根据病变范围．4例行鼻侧切开术,4例行上颌窦根治术。结果：8例术后随访2～10年均无复发。结论：鼻腔鼻窦良性肿瘤呈膨胀性生长,发展缓慢,以青少年发病为主,临床表现无特异性,诊断以术前CT加术后病理检查为主,手术彻底切除肿瘤是治疗并防止其复发的惟一方法。     

经上颌窦前壁双管穿刺径路治疗上颌窦囊肿

目的 研究上颌窦囊肿的手术治疗方法,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法 对40例上颌窦囊肿患者行经上颌窦前壁双管穿刺径路鼻内镜手术治疗。结果 术后均无牙列酸痛、面部麻木等不适,单纯上颌窦囊肿患者均术后3 d出院。随诊3个月至半年经鼻内镜及鼻窦CT检查,无脓性分泌物,未见囊肿复发。结论 经上颌窦前壁双管穿刺径路治疗上颌窦囊肿具有手术方法简单、治愈率高、创伤小的优点,可减轻患者痛苦,值得临床推广应用。     

经鼻内镜开窗治疗上颌骨囊肿

目的探讨上颌骨囊肿的的治疗方法。方法根据囊肿的大小、累及上颌窦范围和离上颌窦自然开口距离,采用扩大上颌窦自然口中鼻道开窗3例、下鼻道开窗或鼻底开窗4例、泪前隐窝入路+下鼻道开窗9例,手术切除完全囊肿囊壁或部分切除,囊肿与上颌窦有间隔的将间隔完全去除,使囊肿与上颌窦融合为一个腔,保证囊肿腔与上颌窦、鼻腔引流通畅。结果术后随访6～24个月,平均随访12个月,15例面部胀感消失,未出现面部隆起,定期复查鼻内镜及鼻窦CT,囊肿术腔黏膜均于术后2～3个月上皮化,囊肿均无复发,术腔、鼻窦腔引流通畅。1例因开窗口小致开窗口闭合,但囊肿较前明显缩小,半年后再次开窗后囊肿未见复发。结论经鼻内镜开窗治疗上颌骨囊肿简便、安全、创伤小、恢复快、疗效确切、复发率低,术后便于观察术腔情况,尤其适合侵犯鼻腔底或上颌窦的上颌骨囊肿。     

28例鼻窦真菌病临床分析

目的 总结鼻窦真菌病的诊治体会。方法 对28例鼻窦真菌病患者的临床及病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果 所有患者均在术前取窦口附近干酪样物送病检而确诊。27例非侵袭型上颌窦曲霉菌病，1例采用上颌窦根治术，26例采用内镜鼻窦手术，5例术后加口服抗真菌药治疗；术中随机取9例患者的上颌窦腔粘膜病检，均未见霉菌侵犯；27例患者均获治愈。另1例为侵袭型鼻脑曲霉菌病，采用鼻侧切开术治疗，术后2月死亡。结论 ①窦口鼻道复合体是本病的发病、转归及手术治疗的关键部位；②取窦口附近干酪样物送病检有助于诊断；③非侵袭型鼻窦真菌病宜采用内镜鼻窦手术，彻底清除真菌团块，术后反复冲洗窦腔，术后不必全身应用抗真菌药。     

鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术50例临床分析

目的回顾性分析鼻内镜下切除鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的方法及疗效。方法对50例鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤患者,内镜下切除鼻腔鼻窦肿物及肿物基底部黏骨膜,对侵及上颌窦,尤其是内下角者,辅助柯陆氏入路彻底切除肿瘤。结果术后随访2～8年,50例患者中治愈42例（84%）,局部复发5例（10%）、恶变3例。结论鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤疗效确切,对侵及上颌窦者辅已柯陆氏径路下内镜治疗。     

Caldwell-Luc径路联合鼻内镜手术治疗上颌窦病变38例

目的探讨Caldwell-Luc径路联合鼻内镜手术治疗上颌窦病变的方法。方法回顾分析Caldwell-Luc径路联合鼻内镜手术治疗38例上颌窦严重病变病例的临床资料。全部病例均在局部麻醉辅以强化麻醉下手术,手术中彻底清除上颌窦内的病变,摘除鼻腔肿物或息肉,切除钩突、扩大上颌窦自然开口,必要时行筛窦开放术。结果术后随访6~36个月,平均18个月。38例病例中治愈30例(78.9%),好转7例(18.4%),1例鼻腔-鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤术后复发,总有效率为97.4%。结论Caldwell-Luc径路联合鼻内镜手术治疗阻塞性上颌窦病变,效果满意,值得临床推广使用。     

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in head and neck cancer patients

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience with the indications and complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in head and neck cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study of the patients treated, we reviewed the records of 43 patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer at the Otorhinolaryngology Department, in which a PEG was performed by the Unit of Digestive Endoscopy. RESULTS: All cases had squamous cell carcinoma. Larynx was the most frequent primary site, with 21 cases (49%), followed by hypopharynx, 12 patients (28%). Indications for PEG were: dysphagia (53.5%) and pharyngocutaneous fistula (43.5%). The most frequent complication was a local infection. CONCLUSION: PEG is a good choice for long-term enteral feeding in head and neck cancer patients due to its low complication rate and easy handling.     

Steroid-dependent anosmia

OBJECTIVE: To document the response to steroids in patients remaining anosmic following endoscopic nasal and sinus polypectomy. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of 24 patients with nasal and sinus polyps who were anosmic prior to endoscopic nasal and sinus surgery. Those who remained anosmic after surgery were treated with steroids. Most patients had asthma, allergic rhinitis, or both. A few had aspirin sensitivity. METHODS: All 24 patients had testing of their sense of smell before and after surgery. Those who remained anosmic postoperatively were first treated with topical nasal and then oral steroids and then tested again. RESULTS: Twelve of the 24 remained anosmic after surgery and were found to be unresponsive to nasal steroids, but oral steroids were found to restore the sense of smell to normal in most patients. Few patients continued to take the medication for long periods of time mainly because of a fear of side effects. Recent studies have suggested the role of systemic steroids in olfactory secretion, which may explain the mechanism for this response. CONCLUSION: Patients who remain anosmic after the removal of nasal and sinus polyps can be treated with oral steroids resulting in improvement of their sense of smell. Further research is needed on a molecular level to determine the reason for this and also why oral but not nasal steroids are helpful in these patients.     

Mastoid eosinophilic granuloma: a case report

OBJECTIVES: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a proliferating cell disease that may take various forms characterised by bone, skin lymph nodes and visceral lesions. Eosinophilic granuloma is a localised form of histiocytosis X, or Langerhans' cells histiocytosis, a benign form with unknown aetiology. At the head and neck level, it is usually located on the temporal, and usually occur in association with multifocal disease; however, isolated lesions may occur in the mastoid bone alone. METHODS: The author's present a case of a patient with unifocal eosinophilic granuloma limited to the mastoid treated in ENT and radiotherapy departments. RESULTS: CT scan demonstrated an osteolytic lesion of the mastoid. The biopsy and immunohistochemical study confirmed the diagnosis. A surgery followed by a radiotherapy (20 Gy) have stabilised the situation. There is no recurrency after one year. CONCLUSION: Unifocal eosinophilic granuloma of the temporal bone is a benign lesion of langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Its diagnosis is difficult when the disease remains isolated. Its treatment depend on its extension and its risks. The excellent prognosis does not dispense on regulary follow up.     

头颈部炎性假瘤诊断和治疗

目的探讨头颈部炎性假瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析头颈部炎性假瘤患者11例临床资料。结果柯-陆氏手术进路3例;鼻内镜手术2例;鼻内镜、柯-陆氏联合进路3例;鼻侧切开、颈外切开及经口腔进路各1例。其中10例随访1年以上,未见复发;1例失访。结论头颈部炎性假瘤以手术治疗为主,并辅以类固醇激素治疗,确诊必须依靠病理组织学。     

Postoperative bleeding after laser surgery in head and neck tumors

BACKGROUND: There are different reports in the literature how often postoperative hemorrhage occurs after laser resection of head-and-neck tumours. This retrospective study investigates the frequency of postoperative hemorrhage after laser surgery of head and neck tumours. Time and extent of bleeding have been considered as well as the localization of the primary tumour and possible general risk factors. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Between 1998 and 2001, microscopic laser surgery was performed in 223 patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic and glottic region and the hypopharynx. In case of ultrasonographic or palpable evidence of cervical lymphadenopathy surgery included subsequent neck dissection. The mean age of the patients was 59.2 year. RESULTS: Postoperative bleeding occurred in 14 out of 223 patients (6 %). It was 9 % for oral carcinoma, patients 10 % for oropharyngeal carcinoma, 5 % for supraglottic carcinoma and none for glottic and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. 5 patients were treated conservatively, 4 patients were controlled bei cautery and ligation, 1 patient was treated with ligation of the lingual artery and in 2 cases ligation of the external carotid artery was performed. 1 patient had a fatal hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Laser-surgical resection of head and neck carcinomas does not lead to a higher incidence of bleeding complications compared to ordinary surgery.     

内镜下经咽隐窝入路岩尖胆固醇肉芽肿的外科治疗并文献复习

目的探讨经咽隐窝入路治疗岩尖胆固醇肉芽肿的可行性。方法报道一例左侧颞骨岩尖胆固醇肉芽肿患者经咽隐窝入路治疗的方法,并回顾文献报道的手术方法的优缺点。结果该例患者术后听力恢复,耳闷、耳鸣症状消失,无任何并发症。随访10月无复发。结论经咽隐窝入路手术是治疗胆固醇肉芽肿可供选择的一种新方法,可简单迅速直达病变,降低了手术风险,减少了手术创伤。     

The surgical management of oral cancer

Oral cavity cancers represent an area of head and neck oncology with some unique and interesting management themes. In spite of a significant paradigm shift in the treatment of many head and neck cancers toward us-ing primary chemoradiation, this treatment is not frequently applied to the oral cavity. Small cancers of the oral cavity are usually managed by surgery alone. Larger cancers are usually treated with primary surgery followed by chemoradiation. Neck treatment is offered to patients who have a greater than 20% chance of having lymph node metastasis or who have neck disease at the time of presentation. Neck treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or both. Reconstruction of surgical defects of the oral cavity runs the gamut of techniques from the most simple to the most complex three-dimensional microvascular composite flaps. A multidisciplinary setting with a tumor board and multiple supportive services provides the best care for patients who have advanced-stage cancers.     

Photodynamic therapy and the treatment of head and neck neoplasia

Objective: To present the theory, technique, and results of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral, laryngeal, and head and neck cancers. Study Design: Retrospective review of the literature of more than 500 patients with head and neck cancer treated with photodynamic therapy, as well as a retrospective review of the author's 107 patients treated with photodynamic therapy for head and neck neoplasia between 1990 and 1997. Methods: The literature was retrospectively reviewed, as were patient records, and tabulaled for age, sex, site, and staging of lesions, with special focus on post-photodynamic therapy treatment outcome, long-term disease-free survival, and complications. Results: Twenty-five patients with carcinoma in situ and T1 squamous cell carcinoma of the true vocal cord who underwent photodynamic therapy treatment for cure obtained a complete response after a single photodynamic therapy treatment. Only one patient has had recurrence to date, with a cure rate to 79-month follow-up of 95%. Twenty-nine patients with carcinoma in situ and T1 recurrent squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and tongue were treated. All obtained a complete response after a single photodynamic therapy treatment; however, five patients developed local recurrence with follow-up to 70 months, for an 80% cure rate. A review of 217 patients with early squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck treated with photodynamic therapy in the literature demonstrated an 89.5% complete response rate. The most common complication in these patients was limited prolonged skin photosensitivity without any permanent sequelae. Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy is effective for treating carcinoma in situ and T1 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and oral cavity and may be of benefit as an adjuvant intraoperative treatment of stages III and IV tumors of the head and neck in conjunction with surgery and radiation therapy to improve cure rates. Further controlled studies need to be performed to further demonstrate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy and the treatment of head and neck cancers.     

Abrasive esophageal cytology for the oncological follow-up of patients with head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The occurrence of a second primary cancer in the esophagus in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is frequent and is associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of abrasive esophageal cytology as a means of screening for metachronous cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed the results of abrasive esophageal cytology performed twice yearly for the screening of patients with prior head and neck cancer. METHODS: From 1987 to 1996, 320 patients treated for head and neck cancer underwent 1,673 abrasive cytology examinations of the esophagus during a mean follow-up period of 4 years. Cytological results were classified as negative, suspect, or positive for malignancy. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients without symptoms had one or more suspect or positive cytologic findings, leading to 29 endoscopic examinations. These revealed 20 premalignant or early malignant lesions of the esophagus (2 dysplasias, 18 squamous cell carcinomas), 2 glandular carcinomas, and 10 clinically unsuspected oral or pharyngeal carcinomas. In seven patients, positive cytological results were associated with clinically visible head and neck cancer. Of the 34 patients with suspect cytological results for malignancy, 10 had no evidence of tumor at endoscopy and 24 had no endoscopic examination because of refusal or because suspected cells were not found in additional examinations. Negative results on cytological examination were found for 254 patients throughout their follow-up, and none of them developed esophageal cancer during a mean follow-up period of 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with head and neck cancer, abrasive sponge cytology is useful for detecting esophageal cancer at an early stage. In addition, it may reveal unsuspected second primaries or recurrences in the head and neck region.     

The protean clinical features of polymorphic reticulosis (lethal midline granuloma)

Confusion surrounds the entity known as “lethal midline granuloma.” Partly responsible is the lack of specificity in this term. “Polymorphic reticulosis” has been used as a term to describe the morphology of the disease. Thirty-two cases illustrate the protean features of this disease. Although it commonly presents in the head and neck, other sites such as the lungs, kidneys, skin, and gastrointentinal tract may be involved, either alone or in conjunction with lesions of the head and neck. Clinically, it is easily confused with Wegener's granulomatosis. Histopathologic differentiation, however, is both feasible and important. Wegener's granulomatosis is treatable with steroids with or without cyclophosphamide; polymorphic reticulosis confined to one site responds to irradiation. In polymorphic reticulosis, the best results of treatment are obtained in localized lesions of the upper airway treated early with irradiation; a poorer outcome is associated with multifocal involvement, which necessitates systemic therapy.