寰椎侧块的测量及其临床意义

目的 :为临床寰椎侧块螺钉内固定手术提供解剖学依据。方法 :3 0具新鲜尸体寰椎标本 ,依次测量寰椎侧块的宽度、厚度、高度、寰枢关节面及其倾斜角度。结果 :寰椎侧块的宽度 ( 15 .47± 1.19)mm ,厚度 ( 17.2 1± 0 .93 )mm ,高度 ( 14 .0 9± 1.92 )mm ,侧块外侧壁到中线的距离 ( 2 2 .0 6± 1.2 6)mm ,寰枢关节面的横径 ( 17.90± 1.18)mm ,寰枢关节面的纵径 ( 15 .63± 1.0 4)mm ,寰枢关节在冠状面上的角度 ( 3 4.5 7±3 .77)°。结论 :寰椎侧块较为宽大 ,在理论上有寰椎侧块螺钉固定的足够空间。     

人工寰枢关节的研制及应用解剖研究

目的：通过干燥寰枢椎骨标本的应用解剖测量,设计了具有旋转功能的人工寰枢关节,并进行了初步的摹拟手术。方法：在８７例寰枢椎骨标本上测量寰椎前弓、侧块、枢椎齿突、椎体的有关数据,据此设计组合式仿生人工关节,有３具防腐标本上进行摹拟人工关节置换术。结果：寰椎侧块间距为１５．８±１．５ｍｍ,内缘高度为９．９±１．４ｍｍ,齿状突可看作１０．６ｍｍ×１０．３ｍｍ×１４．３ｍｍ的圆柱体。人工关节由寰椎部件和枢椎部件构成,摹拟手术中无椎动脉损伤和假体压迫延髓。结论：人工寰枢关节设计总结自８７例骨标本,具有旋转功能,适用于需作前路齿突切除减压的病例     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉技术的剖而解剖和三维CT应用研究

目的:对寰椎进行剖面解剖和三维CT测量.为临床提供寰椎椎弓根螺钉技术的解剖学和三维CT参数.方法:采用游标卡尺和量们器测量30例60侧C1湿骨剖面标本,采用GE LightSpeed 16 Pro螺旋CT操作软件(ADW4.2)测量30例60侧30～50岁正常人的C1-三维CT图片结果:剖面解剖学和3D-CT的测量结果分别为:寰椎侧块宽度为(10.42±1.50)mm、(10.1±1.4)mm;侧块长度为(21.33±1.06)mm、(21.5±1.3)mm;侧块高度为(10.22±0.80)mm、(10.3±1.1)mm;椎弓根中点至侧块前缘的距离为(27.98±1.32)mm、(27.8±1.2)mm;中线至寰椎椎管外缘的距离为(13.81±1.36)mm、(14.5±1.1)mm;中线至寰椎椎弓根中点的距离为(18.02±1.64)mm、(18.6±1.1)mm;中线至寰椎横突孔内壁的距离为(22.06±1.90)mm、(22.1±1.7)mm;椎管外缘至横突孔内肇的距离为(8.22±1.62)mm、(7.6±1.4)mm;寰椎后弓最薄处的宽度为(9.60±1.44)mm、(9.7±1.3)mm;高度为(4.60±0.11)mm、(4.4±0.8)mm.其中17侧(18侧)的寰椎后弓最薄处高度<4 mm.占28.3%(30%);寰椎侧块角为(24.6±1.1)°、(24.8±1.5)°两者的符个参数均无显著差异(P0.05).结论:剖面解剖学和三维CT的寰椎测量一致,均可为骨科医师提供寰椎椎弓根螺钉技术的可行性、进针点、进针方向和进针深度,但三维CT可提供具体、个体化的依据.     

人工寰齿关节置换活体动物模型的建立及相关研究

目的建立人工寰齿关节置换的活体动物模型,探索出适合的手术方式,为后续的临床应用奠定理论基础。方法依据15套干燥犬寰枢椎标本解剖学参数,设计并制造人工寰齿关节;18只正常成年雄性杂种犬随机分为正常对照组,假体置换组和Harms钢板融合内固定组,建立犬人工寰齿关节置换以及相关对照组的动物模型,通过一般情况观察及影像学检查比较各组的手术时间、出血量、手术并发症及术后实验动物恢复情况。结果人工寰齿关节置换手术操作简便、不易造成副损伤。术后X线片和三维CT可见假体位置正确,螺钉均位于预先设计好的钉道内,无假体松动和脊髓受压。手术时间,术中出血量及手术恢复时间与传统Harms钢板融合内固定术相似,同时具有保留寰枢椎运动功能的显著优势。结论我们所设计的非限制型人工寰齿关节能够从结构和功能上对寰枢椎进行仿生,达到了兼顾寰枢椎稳定性和运动功能的双重目的,为寰枢椎疾患的手术治疗提供了一种选择,符合颈椎非融合技术的发展趋势。     

寰椎侧块后路螺钉固定的应用解剖学

目的:为寰椎侧块后路螺钉固定提供解剖学依据。方法:对３０例中国成年人的寰椎干骨标本具有临床意义的数据进行解剖学测量,同时对６例新鲜颈椎尸体标本的后人路颈２神经根与寰椎侧块的关系进行观察。结果:寰椎中线至侧块中点、椎动脉内侧壁、椎弓根内缘的距离分别为:(１７．５６±１．１８)ｍｍ、(２３．０４±１．６９)ｍｍ及(ｌ４．１８±１．０７)ｍｍ;侧块中部的宽度为(１１．５９±１．３９)ｍｍ,侧块中心点的厚度为(１２．７０±１．０４)ｍｍ;后弓与侧块移行处中点至下关节面间距为(４．０８±０．６９)ｍｍ;椎动脉沟处后弓厚度为(４．７０±１．００)ｍｍ。解剖学观察见颈２神经根出脊髓后沿颈１/２关节间隙的下方向外下行走,且颈２神经根有较大的移动度。结论:寰椎侧块较枢椎椎弓根明显宽大,颈２神经根的上方有足够的空间,故认为寰椎侧块后路螺钉固定是完全可行的。螺钉的进钉方向矢状面应向上２０°,横断面上应向内斜１５°,螺钉在侧块内的长度约２２ｍｍ。     

极外侧经枕骨髁-侧块入路治疗自发性寰枢椎脱位的临床解剖学

目的:探讨极外侧枕骨髁—侧块入路的可行性及解剖学基础。方法:(1)通过50个干性寰枢椎标本的测量,主要测量齿突和寰椎外侧缘的平均高度;(2)6具成人尸体标本在显微镜操作下模拟手术入路。结果:齿突的平均高度(14.84±2.55)mm,寰椎外侧缘的高度左侧(17.38±2.49)mm,右侧(17.28±2.52)mm。齿突的平均高度明显低于寰椎外侧缘的高度(P≤0.01);该入路仅需磨除部分寰椎侧块,就能够很好的显露齿突。结论:极外侧枕骨髁—侧块入路治疗自发性寰枢椎脱位,可以不磨除枕骨髁,就能满意显露齿突。该入路有足够的空间行该部位的植骨融合术。     

寰枕关节后路经关节螺钉固定的解剖学

目的:为国人提供枕寰枢复合体的相关解剖学参数,寻求枕寰枢后路经关节螺钉固定的解剖学依据和可行性。方法:测量枕骨髁和寰椎干燥标本;观察新鲜尸体标本的枕寰枢后部结构。结果:枕髁关节面舌下神经管间距约9.66mm,两侧枕髁前端间距约14.93mm,枕髁关节面内倾角,左侧约12.5°,右侧约11.6°。枕髁关节面的前后径和横径、寰椎侧块上关节面前后径、侧块上关节面横径、侧块与后弓移行处侧块厚度均在5mm以上。椎动脉第3段恒定行走于椎动脉沟。第1、2颈神经背侧支与寰椎侧块下关节突后方几无交叉,并有一定的活动度。结论:寰枕关节后路经关节螺钉内固定在解剖可行,其理想入钉点在寰椎后弓与侧块下关节突移行处的中点,螺钉指向枕骨髁前上方。     

后路寰枢椎侧块关节间松解与后路螺钉复位固定及植骨融合治疗寰枢椎脱位

背景：寰枢椎脱位常通过椎板间植骨促进融合,但针对后路寰枢椎侧块关节间松解与融合治疗复杂寰枢椎脱位的研究报道相对匮乏。目的：探讨单纯后路寰枢椎侧块关节间松解与融合治疗寰枢椎脱位的安全性和有效性。方法：回顾性分析2017年1月至2021年7月入组的30例寰枢椎脱位患者的临床资料,患者均为可复性寰枢椎脱位,均行后路寰枢椎侧块关节间松解与融合术治疗,术中应用专利器械松解寰枢侧块关节,应用后路螺钉复位固定并在侧块关节间隙植骨。术后随访6-24个月,平均(13.0±5.4)个月,随访期间复查颈椎MRI观察上颈椎减压情况,复查X射线片及CT观察上颈椎复位情况以及内固定有无松动、断裂,同时评估侧块间植骨融合情况。采用日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分评价脊髓功能的改善情况,颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)以及生活质量评分量表(SF-36)评估日常生活功能改善情况,测量寰齿前间隙、寰椎平面脊髓有效空间评估寰枢椎复位及减压情况。结果与结论：(1)30例患者手术顺利,术中未发生脊髓神经、椎动脉损伤等严重并发症,术后复查颈椎MRI显示脊髓压迫解除,X射线片及...     

寰枢椎骨折经皮撬拨复位的临床应用解剖学研究

目的:通过对寰枢椎的解剖观测,为寰枢椎骨折经皮撬拨复位螺钉固定术提供解剖学参数。方法:在5例经防腐处理头颈部标本上模拟寰枢椎骨折经皮撬拨复位术并进行体表定位,术中用直尺和量角器测量经皮撬拨齿突、寰椎侧块的进钉点及进钉方向,在X线片和断层标本上测量撬拨针通道及深度。结果:测出经寰椎侧块撬拨齿突进针点位于乳突下方1.5cm(1.3~1.7cm),乳突前方1.2cm(1.0~14cm);进针方向与正中矢状线的夹角约为60°(55°~65°)、与水平面间的夹角为5°(3°~7°);进针深度7cm(6.2~6.8cm)等体表定位参数。实验5例经寰椎侧块对齿突撬拨,未发生损伤神经、血管及撬拨针滑入椎管损伤颈髓等情况。结论:寰枢椎骨折具备经皮撬拨复位、寰枢关节螺钉内固定的条件。     

寰椎椎弓根解剖和CT测量在椎弓根螺钉固定中的意义

目的：确定寰椎后路椎弓根钉的进钉点和验证螺钉在寰椎侧块中的位置。方法：用40副干燥寰枢椎标本测量进钉点的最佳位置和相关数据，临床应用该置钉技术，CT测量6例术后病人钉在寰椎侧块中的位置和螺钉长度。结果：寰椎椎弓根平均宽度为7．78mm，进钉点在寰椎椎弓根中线外缘2．2mm，即枢椎下关节突中点的矢状线，CT测量螺钉均位于寰椎侧块内，螺钉长度为28--30mm。结论：寰椎椎弓根钉进钉点可用枢椎下关节突中点的矢状延长线来确定，螺钉长度28--30mm。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.