白头翁总皂苷对日本血吸虫虫卵 毛蚴 尾蚴的作用

目的 观察白头翁总皂苷（Pulsatilla chinensis（Bunge）Regel saponins,PRS）对日本血吸虫虫卵、毛蚴、尾蚴的杀灭效果,为白头翁总皂苷作为抗血吸虫新药提供理论和实验依据。方法 采用尾蚴腹部贴片法感染ICR小鼠,感染后42 d的鼠肝脏经研磨、过筛获得虫卵,毛蚴由虫卵孵化,尾蚴由阳性感染钉螺光照逸出,采用0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8 μg/ml 的PRS药液分别于不同时间作用虫卵、毛蚴、尾蚴。结果 不同浓度PRS及对照药物吡喹酮（PZQ）对日本血吸虫虫卵作用24 h的孵化结果显示,PRS对虫卵孵化的抑制效果略优于PZQ,尤其在4 μg/ml浓度时,日本血吸虫虫卵对PRS的作用更敏感。1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8 μg/ml 的PRS药液作用于毛蚴30 min后,毛蚴死亡率分别为13.47%、26.05%、60.99%、90.84%、100%、100%、100%、100%。作用于尾蚴30 min后,尾蚴的死亡率分别为5.32%、18.81%、44.7%、76.87%、98.28%、100%、100%、100%。毛蚴、尾蚴的死亡率对PRS的作用时间和浓度有一定依赖性。 结论 体外实验显示PRS对日本血吸虫虫卵、毛蚴、尾蚴均有杀伤作用,有望成为新的抗血吸虫药物。     

氰氨化钙杀血吸虫卵和杀蛆蝇效果

目的观察氰氨化钙对日本血吸虫卵和简易厕所粪坑内蛆的杀灭作用。方法采用对照方法,观察室内和现场牛粪与氰氨化钙（W/W）和粪坑中氰氨化钙与粪液（W/V）不同比例杀灭血吸虫卵和蛆的效果。结果1%（W/W）氰氨化钙与集卵牛粪沉渣拌匀2 h后均不能孵出毛蚴;室内按氰氨化钙与牛粪（W/W）2%堆积牛粪10 cm和20 cm厚加一层氰氨化钙,分别于5、7 d抽样孵化,未发现毛蚴;现场用原粪加2%（W/W）氰氨化钙搅拌堆积,2 d后抽样不能孵出毛蚴。1%（W/V）氰氨化钙撒入粪液搅匀,3 d蛆死亡率100%,效果维持15 d,苍蝇密度比对照组显著降低。结论氰氨化钙对血吸虫卵中的毛蚴和蛆蝇有较强的杀灭作用。     

荣宝对血吸虫病畜粪虫卵影响的实验观察

目的观察荣宝对家畜粪便中血吸虫卵的杀灭作用。方法在含有血吸虫卵的家畜新鲜集卵粪渣中按0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%的比例分组加入荣宝混合,同时按0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%的荣宝比例分别与同一新鲜粪便作直接搅拌。另外,制作高度10.0cm和18.5cm的粪柱,并按1.0%和3.0%的比例分别在粪柱底面和顶层洒上荣宝,各组以相同的粪便和方法作对照,处理一定时间后,抽样（高度组在粪柱中部取样）观察各组毛蚴孵化情况。结果荣宝与集卵粪渣混合或与新鲜粪便直接搅拌处理24h以上时,集卵粪渣加入0.5%-3.0%比例荣宝、新鲜粪便加入0.25%-2.0%比例荣宝的粪便中血吸虫卵均不能孵化;如果混合处理在2h以下时,集卵粪渣中加入0.5%-1.0%荣宝仍可见毛蚴孵出,加入2.0%-3.0%荣宝则不能,最佳药物浓度为1.0%-2.0%,有效处理时间24h以上。10.0cm高度粪柱中加入3.0%荣宝处理4d或1.0%荣宝处理5d开始不能孵出毛蚴;18.5cm高度粪柱中加入1.0%或3.0%荣宝处理8d尚可见到毛蚴孵出。所有对照组在各处理时间均可孵出毛蚴。结论荣宝具有杀灭家畜粪便中血吸虫卵的作用,其粪、药混合处理方式优于分层处理。     

牛日本血吸虫病粪孵毛蚴的年周期探索

要从少量粪便检出日本血吸虫病牛,可按生态学的生物繁殖周期来进行,即可提高查病率。 用弱阳性病牛粪(1头黄牛感染4条尾蚴),每天上午9:30采粪,操作后在30℃水中孵化,粪样20g×7/日,全年不间断地作粪孵毛蚴计数结果:(1)每月平均毛蚴数,毛蚴出现次数,最多1天的毛蚴数,以及孵出1个毛蚴的平均粪量,都随季节繁殖周期而变化,     

氰氨化钙合成药物对血吸虫虫卵形态学影响

目的 目的 观察虫卵经氰氨化钙合成药物作用后的形态改变, 为进一步研究氰氨化钙合成药物杀灭血吸虫虫卵作 用机理提供依据。 方法 方法 向含有血吸虫虫卵的阳性牛粪中加入氰氨化钙合成药物并搅拌, 模拟野粪自然形态堆放于洲 滩上; 同时设空白对照。于1、 2、 3、 7 d后分别取样, 收集血吸虫虫卵, 于显微镜下观察虫卵形态。 结果 结果 虫卵经氰氨化 钙合成药物作用后, 颜色逐步加深, 毛蚴萎缩, 卵壳变厚, 3 d后胚膜不完整, 7 d后毛蚴严重变形; 对照组毛蚴未见明显萎 缩。 结论 结论 氰氨化钙合成药物对虫卵胚膜及毛蚴有损伤作用, 且随时间延长而损伤加重。     

感染性钉螺在北方水域对动物宿主的易感性

目的 探索输入性感染性钉螺在北方非疫区水域感染人畜的可能性.方法 选择南水北调水利枢纽微山湖区作为研究现场,以南水北调东线工程干渠南端取水口地区江滩的感染性钉螺,感染动物宿主小白鼠30只和家兔3只;采用毛蚴孵化法粪检和解剖实验动物,观察肝脏虫卵结节的方法以确定感染情况.结果 感染后第2～4周,存活的19只小白鼠肝脏均有虫卵结节,感染成功率为100%;感染后第7周,家兔毛蚴孵化法粪检血吸虫卵均为阳性,解剖见肝脏均有虫卵结节.结论 输入性感染性钉螺在北方非疫区自然水域具有逸出尾蚴并感染动物宿主的能力.     

沼气防治血吸虫病的综合效益

目的观察沼气池对血吸虫卵杀灭作用,沼气液对钉螺、尾蚴杀灭作用,以及沼气液对农业增产的综合效益。方法将含活血吸虫卵的阳性人粪以模拟自然排粪状态投放到沼气池中,用260目尼龙袋装4包有血吸虫卵(每包40 g)的人粪投放到发酵池中浸泡,7、15、30、60 d分别取出1包粪样进行孵化,Kato-Katz检查虫卵的死活;进行沼气液杀灭钉螺、尾蚴实验;沼气液对小麦施肥效果观察。结果以260目尼龙绢袋包裹方式投放后,15 d后血吸虫孵化计数为零,沼气液杀灭钉螺室内为6.7%,现场为8.3%,杀灭尾蚴实验20 min后原液死亡率94.3%,50%、25%浓度死亡率均为100%,对照组无死亡。施用沼液组小麦产量为56 kg,农家肥组产量57.5 kg,化肥组产量60 kg,对照组产量35.5 kg。结论沼液对血吸虫卵有明显的杀灭作用;对钉螺杀灭效果不明显;对尾蚴有显著的杀灭效果,小麦增产方面沼液组与其他组不明显。     

血吸虫毛蚴动态自动识别系统在尼龙绢集卵 孵化法中的应用价值

目的　探讨血吸虫毛蚴动态自动识别系统在常规尼龙绢集卵孵化法观察毛蚴中的价值。方法　在牛粪中加入不同数量的日本血吸虫新鲜虫卵,分为低感染组、中感染组和高感染组,以不含虫卵的牛粪为阴性对照组,比较不同组毛蚴识别系统与肉眼观察法检测毛蚴的效率、准确率;同时观察不同毛蚴数量和不同检测时间毛蚴识别系统检出毛蚴数量。结果　该系统可自动识别毛蚴,阳性检测率和检测效率均明显高于肉眼观察法;尤其在低感染组,毛蚴识别系统阳性检测显著高于肉眼观察法（[χ2] = 10.769,P = 0.002）。毛蚴识别系统检测1 min可用于现场检测粪便样本。结论　血吸虫毛蚴动态自动识别系统可有效提高尼龙绢集卵孵化法毛蚴检测效率和准确率,可替代肉眼观察法用于血吸虫病现场查病及相关研究。     

血吸虫毛蚴动态自动识别系统在尼龙绢集卵 孵化法中的应用价值

目的　探讨血吸虫毛蚴动态自动识别系统在常规尼龙绢集卵孵化法观察毛蚴中的价值。方法　在牛粪中加入不同数量的日本血吸虫新鲜虫卵，分为低感染组、中感染组和高感染组，以不含虫卵的牛粪为阴性对照组，比较不同组毛蚴识别系统与肉眼观察法检测毛蚴的效率、准确率；同时观察不同毛蚴数量和不同检测时间毛蚴识别系统检出毛蚴数量。结果　该系统可自动识别毛蚴，阳性检测率和检测效率均明显高于肉眼观察法；尤其在低感染组，毛蚴识别系统阳性检测显著高于肉眼观察法（[χ2] = 10.769，P = 0.002）。毛蚴识别系统检测1 min可用于现场检测粪便样本。结论　血吸虫毛蚴动态自动识别系统可有效提高尼龙绢集卵孵化法毛蚴检测效率和准确率，可替代肉眼观察法用于血吸虫病现场查病及相关研究。     

南京血吸虫感染兔尿液中的虫卵观察

目的 观察和计数南京血吸虫(Schistosoma nanjingi)感染兔尿液中的虫卵和孵出的毛蚴。方法兔感染s．natotngi尾蚴1000条，75d后解剖，取出膀胱，观察和取出膀胱表面静脉丛中血吸虫，观察和计数膀胱内尿液中的血吸虫卵，尿液水洗后孵化及计数毛蚴。结果 膀胱表面静脉丛中取出血吸虫14对(28条)，膀胱中尿液发现虫卵18840只，卵壳表面有很小的颗粒状附着物，兔尿中有变性卵和变黑卵。尿液水洗后孵化，共孵出毛蚴874只，占虫卵总数的4．6％。结论 S.nanjingi与S.japonicum不同，兔感染S.nanjingi后，尿液中有很多血吸虫卵，且能孵出毛蚴。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.