Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy with multiple mini tracts in a single session in treating staghorn calculi

There has been continuing controversy regarding multiple tracts in a percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) session that may bring more complications, especially severe bleeding need for transfusion, even nephrectomy. Little tracts may bring less trauma to renal parenchyma than standard PCNL tracts. We carried minimally invasive PCNL (MPCNL) in treating staghorn calculi with multiple 16Fr percutaneous tracts in a single session, in an attempt to get high stone free with little trauma, and compared the morbidity of standard PCNL procedures in a prospective trial. A total of 54 consecutive patients with staghorn calculi were prospectively randomized for MPCNL (29) and PCNL (25). The size and location of stone, operative parameters, number of tracts, stone-free rate, operating time, hospital stay and complications were analyzed. In MPCNL group, a total of 67 percutaneous tracts were established in 29 renal units, while 28 tracts in 25 renal units in PCNL group. Compared to PCNL, MPCNL was associated with higher clearance rate (89.7 vs. 68%, p = 0.049), less chance need for adjunctive procedure of SWL or second-look PCNL (24.1 vs. 60%, p = 0.007), while a similar complication rate (37.9 vs. 52%, p = 0.300). In conclusion, with the development of instruments and increased experience, judiciously made multiple percutaneous tracts in a single session of MPCNL for treating staghorn calculi were safe, feasible and efficient with an acceptable morbidity.     

超声引导下多通道经皮肾镜术治疗肾鹿角形结石

目的：探讨超声引导下行多通道经皮肾镜术治疗肾鹿角形结石的可行性及手术经验。方法：2004-2008年行超声引导下多通道PCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石163例,对其临床资料进行了回顾性分析。其中,男130例,女33例。完全性鹿角结石105例,部分性鹿角结石58例。将患者分为二组,分期建立多通道者131例为第一组,一期建立多通道者32例为第二组。结果：术中、术后未发生严重并发症。第一组结石取净107例,结石取净率81．7％;总手术时间130～240min,平均146min;住院14～23天,平均17天;术后输血者8例（6．1％）。第二组结石取净28例,结石取净率87．5％;总手术时间90～160min,平均115min;住院7～15天,平均10天;术后输血者3例（9．4％）。第二组的总手术时间、住院天数显著少于分期建立多通道者,但输血率和结石清除率无显著差别。结论：超声引导下多通道经皮肾镜术治疗肾鹿角形结石安全、可靠。一期建立多通道比分期建立多通道随着经验的积累,更值得采用。     

Treatment for residual stones using flexible ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy after the management of complex calculi with single-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy

This study validated the effectiveness and safety of the treatment for residual stones using flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) and holmium laser (0.6–1.2 J, 20–30 Hz) lithotripsy via a fiber with a 200-μm core diameter and 0.22 numerical aperture (NA) after the management of complex calculi with single-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Between January 2014 and June 2016, 27 consecutive patients with complex calculi underwent fURS and holmium laser lithotripsy after a planned single-tract PCNL. Among the 27 patients with complex calculi, 9 had full staghorn calculi, 7 had partial staghorn calculi, and 11 had multiple calculi. After the first single-tract PCNL session, the mean stone size and mean stone surface area were 18.0?±?10.7 mm and 181.9?±?172.2 mm², respectively. Treatment for residual stones with fURS and holmium laser lithotripsy was successfully completed and was performed without intraoperative complications. The mean operative time of the fURS procedure was 69.1?±?23.6 min, and the mean hospital stay was 5.3?±?2.4 days. The mean decrease in the hemoglobin level was 7.3?±?6.5 g/l. After the fURS procedure, the overall stone-free rate was 88.9%. The overall postoperative complication rate was 14.8% (Clavien grade I 11.1%; Clavien grade II 3.7%). The current approach tested here combines the advantages of both PCNL and fURS and effectively manages complex calculi with a high stone-free rate (SFR) (88.9%). This approach also reduced the number of treatment sessions, the number of percutaneous access tracts, and the blood loss and potential morbidity associated with multiple tracts.     

Multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large complete staghorn calculi

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of large complete staghorn calculi requires a sandwich combination of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or sometimes open surgery. Many urologists hesitate to place more than 2-3 tracts during PCNL because of the belief that this may increase complications. We present data to support multi-tract PCNL for large (surface area >3,000 mm(2)) complete staghorn calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July 1998 to October 2003, 121 renal units (103 patients) with large complete staghorn renal calculi were treated with PCNL. All procedures were performed in the prone position after retrograde ureteral catheterization. Fluoroscopy-guided punctures were made by the urologist followed by track dilation to 34 french. When multiple tracts were anticipated all punctures were usually made at the outset and preplaced wires were put into the collecting system or down the ureter. Stones were fragmented and removed using a combination of pneumatic lithotripsy and suction. Postoperative stone clearance was documented on X-ray KUB. RESULTS: 121 renal units of 103 patients (15 women and 88 men, mean age 43 years) were treated. Six patients had associated bladder calculi that were treated simultaneously. The stone surface area was 3,089-6,012 (mean 4,800) mm(2). 10 patients (9.7%) had renal insufficiency with a mean (range) serum creatinine of 3.0 (1.5-5.5) mg/dl. The number of tracts required per patient were 2 tracts in 11, 3 tracts in 68, 4 tracts in 39, and 5 tracts in 3, giving a total of 397 tracts in 121 renal units, over a total of 140 procedures (including second-look procedures in 19 renal units). The points of entry of these tracts were 121 upper calyx (30.4%), 178 middle calyx (44.8%), and 98 lower calyx (24.6%). All 121 units had one upper polar access tract of which 92 (76%) were supracostal. Complications were blood transfusion (n = 18), pseudoaneurysm (n = 2), fever (n = 22), septic shock (n = 1) and hydrothorax (n = 3). PCNL monotherapy achieved an 84% complete clearance rate that improved to 94% with SWL in 8 renal units with small residual fragments. Stone compositions were calcium oxalate (91%), uric acid (2%) and mixed (7%). CONCLUSION: Aggressive PCNL monotherapy using multiple tracts is safe and effective, and should be the first option for massive renal staghorn calculi.     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗感染性肾结石

目的探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗感染性肾结石的方法和疗效。方法 2007年9月～2010年4月,27例感染性肾结石患者术前抗感染治疗后,在B超定位及引导下穿刺,用筋膜扩张器、金属扩张器扩张,置入F24的肾镜鞘,采用EMS第三代超声气压弹道碎石清石系统,先用超声吸附装置清理脓液、脓栓及附壁脓苔,并在低压或无压力的状况下超声碎石后吸出脓液,再行超声联合弹道碎石和清石。结果 22例一次取净结石;3例术后残留结石〉1 cm,1周后二次取石;2例术后残留结石〈1 cm,行体外冲击波碎石后排净。术中、术后未出现大出血、肾周脓肿、邻近脏器损伤等并发症,3例术后出现全身炎症反应综合征,1例肾动静脉瘘,均治愈。术后1个月8例肾功能不全者血肌酐平均值较术前降低76μmol/L2。7例随访2～24个月,平均10个月,肾功能、肾集合系统分离好转。结论采用经皮肾镜联合EMS第三代超声气压弹道碎石清石系统清理脓液、脓苔后,再行超声联合弹道碎石和清石,是治疗感染性肾结石的一种安全、高效的方法。     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in semisupine position: a modified approach for renal calculus

Conventional percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is usually performed in a prone position, which compresses the thorax and results in difficulty in rescue during operation. When PCNL is performed in a supine position, the flank renal puncture area is limited, so it is difficult to treat disseminated and complex renal calculi. Herein, we introduce a modified semisupine position for performing PCNL, which has numerous benefits as well as safe and effective. Between May 2002 and May 2009, a total of 452 patients with renal calculi were treated with semisupine PCNL. The patient was placed in 45° semisupine position during the procedure, with the affected flank arched as much as possible. In this series, no one converted to open surgery. The average operating time was (115.2 ± 44.5) min. Single tract PCNL was performed for 80.97% of the cases, two tracts 13.94%, three tracts 4.65%, and four tracts 0.44%. The upper, middle, and lower calix tracts accounted for 12.1, 63.0, and 24.9%, of procedures, respectively. Stone-free rate was 85.7% overall, 92.2% for single calculus (83/90), and 72.9% for staghorn calculi (78/107). Major postoperative complications occurred in 3.3% of the cases. This study demonstrated PCNL in a semisupine position is an effective alternative for treating renal calculi, which combines the advantages of PCNL in a prone position, and PCNL in a supine position. The semisupine position allows easier irrigation of stone fragments, is more comfortable for the patient, and facilitates monitoring of anesthesia.     

Developments in technique and technology: the effect on the results of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi

OBJECTIVE

To review the development of the technique of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), for ease of learning and development of instrumentation for staghorn calculi at our centre since 1991, and to assess the results and outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analysed the hospital records of 773 patients (632 males and 141 females, 834 renal units) who underwent PCNL for staghorn calculi at our centre from January 1991 to August 2008. We divided the patients into three groups depending on the changes in treatment policy, global trends and advances in equipment as follows: the first 200 cases (group I) from January 1991 to December 1996 (216 renal units); the next 200 (group II) from January 1997 to December 2001 (212 renal units); and the last 373 (group III) from January 2002 to August 2008 (406 renal units).

RESULTS

The mean (sd , range) operative duration in groups I, II and III, respectively, were 138.2 (52.7, 60–310), 121.4 (42.8, 70–250) and 112.5 (51.5, 55–310) min; the decrease in haemoglobin level was 3.2, 2.6 and 1.6 g/dL, respectively, and continued to decrease with improvements in technique. With increasing experience, the number of stages required for stone clearance and the number of tracts required decreased exponentially. Most of the severe complications occurred early in our experience. The stone clearance rate in groups I, II and III was 81%, 86% and 93%, respectively, after completing the procedure; the overall clearance rate with observation/auxiliary procedures was 86%, 89% and 96%, respectively. The mean hospital stay for groups I, II and III was 11.1 (3.9, 7–25), 9.5 (3.4, 5–22) and 7.1 (3.6, 4–28) days, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The percutaneous management of staghorn calculi requires considerable expertise. Our data suggest that ‘multiperc’ PCNL is difficult to learn and requires experience. Although over the years our results improved, complete clearance remains a challenge. A constant review and application of newer techniques and results will improve the overall clearance rates further.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex pediatric renal calculus disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pediatric renal calculus disease has been a management dilemma in view of the concern about the effects of the various treatment modalities on the growing kidney, the significant recurrence rate, and the long-term outcome. We report our experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) monotherapy in staghorn or complex pediatric renal calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the case records of 116 patients younger than 15 years who underwent PCNL. The stones included 56 complex calculi. We defined complex calculi as either staghorn (complete or partial) or those with a large bulk and involving more than one calix, the upper ureter, or both. RESULTS: Complete clearance was achieved in 50 patients (89.8%). Of these, 22 (39%) required a single tract, while 34 (61%) required multiple tracts. With subsequent SWL, the clearance rate increased to 96%. The average hemoglobin drop was 1.9 g/dL. Assessing the factors affecting the hemoglobin drop, the number of tracts and the size of tracts were found to be significant (P<0.01). The average change in the serum creatinine concentration between the preoperative and postoperative measurements was +0.03 mg/dL and was not different in patients with a single tract and those with multiple tracts (+0.02 and +0.04 mg/dL, respectively; P=NS). Intravenous urography done in 36 renal units postoperatively revealed good function in all. A DMSA renal scan in six children showed no scar. CONCLUSIONS: Monotherapy with PCNL is safe and effective in the management of staghorn and complex renal calculi in single hospital stay. Ultrasound-guided peripheral caliceal puncture and limiting the tract dilatation to 22F are important factors in reducing the blood loss. Multiple tracts increase the hemoglobin drop but are not associated with an increased risk of complications (bleeding, postoperative infection, and prolonged urinary leak). Also, there is no deterioration in renal function after either single- or multiple-tract PCNL.     

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi: a novel single session approach via multiple 14-18Fr tracts

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) (14-18Fr percutaneous tract) to treat staghorn calculi via multiple percutaneous tracts in a single session procedure, and evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of this technique. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From March 2001 to November 2005, 100 patients with staghorn calculi were treated by MPCNL via multiple percutaneous tracts. The size and location of the stone, operative parameters, number of tracts, stone-free rate, operating time, hospital stay, and complications were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 209 percutaneous tracts were established in 100 renal units during 128 operations including 28 second-look procedures. The mean operating time was 107 minutes (range 43 to 130 min) and the mean hospital stay was 9.4 days (range 6 to 13 d). The initial stone clearance rate of 72% after the first session was improved to 93% after a second-look procedure in 28 patients. The mean blood loss was 112 mL (range 64 to 483 mL), 3 patients required blood transfusion and 1 patient with branched renal arterial injury during puncture received a highly elective embolism. Seven patients had a postoperative fever of 38.5 degrees C or greater, whereas 4 patients had mild hydropneumothorax. CONCLUSIONS: With the development of instrument and increased experience, judiciously made multiple percutaneous tracts in a single session MPCNL for treating staghorn calculi in selected cases is safe, feasible, and efficient with an acceptable morbidity.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complete staghorn calculi in preschool children

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for the management of complete staghorn calculi in children 相似文献   

复杂肾结石经皮肾镜取石术后结石残留的原因与处理

目的:探讨复杂肾结石PCNL术后结石残留的原因及处理方法.方法:回顾分析我院行二期PCNL取石的35例复杂肾结石患者的临床资料,既往有开放手术史17例,2例因术中出血影响视野改二期手术,合并肾盏憩室内结石2例.结果:除2例需辅助ESWL治疗外,其余33例在B超和输尿管镜辅助下,行二期PCNL全部成功取净残留结石.其中3例因残留结石所在肾盏位置远离经皮肾通道或在与皮肾通道平行的肾盏内,重新建立另一通道取石;1例行3通道取石.结论:术中出血、肾盏憩室内结石、既往开放手术史和肾内集合系统解剖异常,是PCNL术后结石残留的主要原因;术中B超及软镜的应用,可以清楚显示有无残留结石及其所在肾盏的位置;了解结石与经皮肾通道的位置关系,帮助引导最大限度地清除结石.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy outcomes: Re‐audit in 2005

Aim: To evaluate the outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for upper urinary tract stones in 2005 in our hospital and to compare with the results obtained in 2000. Methods: The present study reviewed the outcomes of standardized PCNL, a one‐stage procedure under sedo‐analgesia, for upper urinary tract stones in 2000 and 2005 in Queen Elizabeth Hospital. In 2000, 74 PCNL were carried out using holmium laser, Swiss lithoclast or electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) for stone fragmentation. Thirty to 40% of staghorn stones and 80–100% of complicated renal and upper ureteric stones achieved stone‐free clearance after single‐session PCNL. In 2005, 82 PCNL were performed after the introduction of three strategies, namely: multiple tract access, flexible nephroscopic exploration and the new‐generation ultrasonic lithotripter. The outcomes were evaluated and compared to those in 2000 according to the different categories of stones. Results: The results in 2005 were improved in terms of increased overall stone‐free rates (20% in single session and 5% after the final session), retreatment rate reduction (15%), and raised efficiency quotient (21.5), while the overall complication rate remained low (13.9%) compared to that in 2000. In 2005, in particular, the single‐session stone‐free rates of staghorn stones and renal pelvis stones were significantly improved to 70–80% (30–40% in 2000) and 100%, respectively (50–60% in 2000). Single‐session stone‐free rates for other stones remained at 90–100%. Conclusion: Our outcomes improvement could be attributed to the maturation of the PCNL technique, use of multiple tract access, use of flexible nephroscopy, and ultrasonic lithotripsy.     

以肾中盏为目标肾盏行气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗鹿角形结石的效果及安全性

目的：探讨以肾中盏为目标肾盏,采用气压弹道联合超声碎石方式治疗鹿角形结石的效果及安全性。方法：取俯卧位,采用气压弹道联合超声碎石的方式,以肾中盏为目标肾盏行经皮肾镜碎石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）治疗鹿角形结石患者145例184侧,其中不完全性鹿角形结石115例侧,完全性鹿角形结石69例侧。观察结石的排除率及并发症。结果：144例侧行一期单通道碎石（中盏）,7例侧行一期双通道碎石（中盏及下盏5例,中盏及上盏2例）;2例侧残留肾盏结石未进一步处理,自动出院;31例侧行二期碎石,单通道者29例,其中4例先行ESWL再行PCNL碎石;双通道者2例（中盏及上盏1例,中盏及下盏1例）。151例侧排尽结石,其中完全性鹿角形结石54例侧,不完全性鹿角形结石97例侧,结石清除率82．1％。手术时间120～330min,平均（147±23）min。血红蛋白下降1～4g／L,平均下降（2．0±0．6）g／L,术中输血22例,术后输血5例;术后肾盂内感染3例,合并肾周感染、单侧分肾功能受损1例。平均住院时间（13．0±3．5）天。结论：以肾中盏为目标肾盏行PCNL治疗鹿角形结石是非常有效和安全的;气压弹道联合超声碎石对鹿角性结石的清除率较高,治疗时问短,并发症少。     

肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的疗效与安全性探讨

目的 评价经肾上盏入路行PCNL的疗效及安全性.方法 2007年10月至2009年10月行经肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾结石患者42例.其中鹿角形结石10例,肾盂结石22例,肾上盏结石7例,下盏多发结石3例;合并输尿管上段结石4例,合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)2例;结石长径2.0～6.5 cm,平均3.4 cm.B超引导下选取肾上盏穿刺,穿刺点选在第10或11肋间,建立经皮肾通道(16～26 F).经皮肾镜或输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石. 结果 42例均一期成功建立经皮肾通道并碎石.单通道取石36例(85.7%),双通道取石6例(14.3%).手术时间30～140 min,平均65 min.术后发热4例(9.5%),输血1例(2.4%),肾盂穿孔1例(2.4%).无气胸、血胸、腹腔脏器损伤.一期结石清除率88.1%(37/42),3例(7.1%)行二次肾镜取石,2例(4.8%)辅助体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗. 结论经肾上盏入路PCNL活动范围大,对于部分复杂性肾结石碎石取石方便,是一种安全有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)guided by ultrasonography through upper pole access. Methods From October 2007 to October 2009, 42 patients with upper urinary tract calculi underwent PCNL through upper pole access.Among these cases, there were 10 cases of staghorn calculi, 22 cases of renal pelvis calculi, 7 cases of the upper calyx calculi, 3 cases of the lower calyx calculi, 4 cases combined with ureter calculi and 2 cases combined with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The stone measured from 2.0 to 6.5 cm (average: 3.4 cm) in length. Working tunnels (F16-F26) were established through the 10th or llth intercostals. Pneumatic or holmium laser lithotripsy was used to disintegrate and remove stones by nephroscopy or ureteroscopy. Clinical data including operation time, complications and stone free rate were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the operations were completed in one session, single tract was used in 36 cases(85.7%), double tracts were used in the other 6 cases(14.3%). The stonefree rate after one session was 88.1% (37/42), 3 cases(7.1%) received a second-session PCNL, 2 cases (4.8%)underwent ESWL after operation. The mean operative time was 65 min(30- 140 min).Postoperative surgery-related infection rate was 9. 5% (4/42). One patient (2. 4%)required blood transfusion. Perforation of the pelvis occurred in 1 patient(2.4 %). No pleural or important organ injury occurred. Conclusion The upper pole access for PCNL can be convenient to remove stones,this method is a highly efficient and safe technique.     

俯卧分腿位一期经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜治疗复杂性铸型结石的临床研究

目的探讨俯卧分腿位一期经皮肾镜（PCNL）联合逆行输尿管软镜（RIRS）治疗复杂性铸型结石的可行性、有效性和安全性。 方法回顾性分析我院2015年8月至2019年8月93例复杂性铸型结石患者的临床资料,其中PCNL组50例仅行PCNL,PCNL+RIRS组43例一期行PCNL联合RIRS,术前肾结石情况采用S.T.O.N.E评分系统进行评估;两组均在截石位下置入输尿管支架管（剪去头端）,PCNL组改为俯卧位,PCNL+RIRS组改为俯卧分腿位,比较两组的手术时间、术后血红蛋白下降值、术后发热率、再次手术率、结石清除率、术后住院天数及并发症。 结果两组的术前基本资料差异无统计学意义,所有患者均顺利完成手术,PCNL+RIRS组需要建立的通道显著少于PCNL组;PCNL+RIRS组在血红蛋白下降值、结石清除率、再次手术率、平均住院天数上均明显优于PCNL组;虽然两组在手术时间、术后发热率、手术并发症差异无统计学意义,但是PCNL组有1例需要介入栓塞患者,并且PCNL组患者术后发热比例高于PCNL+RIRS组,差异无统计学意义可能与本研究例数较少有关。 结论俯卧分腿位一期经皮肾镜联合逆行输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石安全有效,可以减少穿刺通道和术中出血,提高结石清除率,降低再次手术率。     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy requiring multiple tracts: comparison of morbidity with single-tract procedures

PURPOSE: To compare the morbidity of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) requiring multiple percutaneous tracts with that of procedures requiring a single tract for calculus clearance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 20 patients undergoing PCNL through two or more percutaneous renal tracts over a 1-year period were compared with a contemporary cohort of 20 patients undergoing PCNL requiring a single tract. The mean stone size was 2157 mm(2) v 423 mm(2) (P < 0.0001), the baseline serum creatinine concentration was 1.67 mg/dL v 1.13 mg/dL (P < 0.05), and the baseline hemoglobin concentration was 11.8 g/dL v 13.4 g/dL (P < 0.05) in the multiple- and single-tract groups, respectively. RESULTS: All single-tract and 95% of multiple-tract patients were rendered stone free. The mean drop in hemoglobin was similar in the two groups (2.3 g/dL for single tract v 2.1 g/dL for multiple tracts; P = 0.55). Complications occurred in two patients in each group. Four multiple-tract patients required blood transfusion. The need for transfusion correlated with lower preoperative hemoglobin and higher preoperative serum creatinine. There was a significant rise in serum creatinine (1.67 mg/dL to 1.91 mg/dL; P < 0.05) and drop in creatinine clearance (76.9 mL/min to 67.2 mL/min; P < 0.05) in the multiple-tract group; this was more pronounced in patients with existing renal insufficiency. No significant change in renal function was seen in the single-tract group. CONCLUSIONS: Monotherapy with PCNL utilizing multiple percutaneous tracts is highly effective in the treatment of staghorn and other large-volume renal calculi. Blood loss and complication rates with such an aggressive approach are comparable to those of PCNL incorporating a single percutaneous tract for more straightforward calculi.     

螺旋CT三维重建肾鹿角形结石影像在PCNL术中的应用价值研究

目的：探讨螺旋CT三维重建肾鹿角形结石影像在经皮肾穿刺取石术（PCNL）中的应用价值．方法：将60例肾鹿角形结石患者随机均分成研究组和对照组各30例,利用螺旋CT对全部患者肾鹿角形结石进行非增强薄层扫描。获取结石及肾脏的影像资料。并对研究组的肾鹿角形结石进行三维影像重建．两组均在常规麻醉下行PCNL术,并对手术疗效的一系列指标进行对比研究．结果：60例均顺利完成手术,无明显并发症．研究组手术通道建立时间、术中出血量、一次结石清除率、二次结石清除率等指标均明显优于对照组。结论：螺旋CT三维重建肾鹿角形结石影像可直观、形象、准确地提供结石的立体结构、大小及其所在部位。从而能准确选定经皮肾穿刺的位置。可使PCNL手术入路更精确合理,进而提高碎石取石效率,降低结石残留率,减少手术并发症。有效提高PCNL的疗效。     

斜侧卧位多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术在治疗鹿角形肾结石中的临床应用研究

目的 探讨斜侧卧位微创多通道经皮肾镜取石术（microchannels percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）治疗鹿角形肾结石的可行性、有效性与安全性。方法 回顾分析本院从2011年3月至2015年12月期间收治确诊为鹿角形结石并接受经皮肾镜取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）治疗,而且通过入选标准和排除标准筛选的患者39例,其中斜侧卧位多通道MPCNL组（A组）17例,俯卧位标准通道PCNL组（B组）22例。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中体位舒适度、术前术后血红蛋白浓度差、术后肾功能、术后结石清除率、术后并发症发生率、术后住院天数、住院总费用等。结果 比较两组之间手术时间、术中体位舒适度、一期术后结石清除率,A组均高于B组,其差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。比较两组术后住院天数、住院总费用,A组均低于B组,差异亦有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。比较两组患者术前术后血红蛋白浓度差、术后第3天血肌酐、术后并发症发生率,其差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 斜侧卧位多通道MPCNL在提高一期结石清除效率、缩短住院时间、降低住院费用等方面具有优势,而且不增加手术并发症发生率,可作为一种治疗肾脏鹿角形结石的理想术式。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1289例临床总结

目的 探讨B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性. 方法 2004年6月至2009年7月行超声引导下PCNL 1289例.其中输尿管上段结石386例;肾单发结石463例,多发结石355例,鹿角形结石85例.结石大小0.8 cm×1.2 cm～9.0 cm×5.3 cm,平均2.1 cm×3.1 cm.伴不同程度肾积水935例. 结果 1289例无中转开放及死亡.平均手术时间90(55～220)min,平均术中出血量175(60～800)ml.术中、术后输血31例,术后因出血行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术14例(1.09%).一期单通道取石1105例,二通道取石108例,三通道取石76例.一期结石取净率85.03%(1096/1289);193例结石残留者中,67例行ESWL,126例行二期PCNL,其中85例结石取净.总结石取净率91.62%(1181/1289).结论 B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石具有定位准确、工作通道建立安全简便、结石取净率高、创伤小、并发症少等特点,手术适应证选择、手术技巧掌握、相应配套设施的保障是PCNL成功的关键.     

螺旋CT三维重建技术在鹿角形肾结石经皮肾镜取石术中的应用价值

目的 评价螺旋CT三维重建技术在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗鹿角形肾结石中的应用价值. 方法 鹿角形肾结石87例104侧.采用16排螺旋CT平扫,容积成像技术进行结石三维重建,根据重建结果设定穿刺目标肾盏,初步判断建立多通道的必要性,并计算结石体积.患者均接受B超引导下24 F PCNL,记录穿刺通道位置、数目以及其他手术技术参数,收集结石并测量结石体积,KUB判断有无结石残留. 结果术中实际穿刺肾盏与术前根据CT三维重建结果设计的目标肾盏选择完全一致,建立多通道数目与术前预测符合率为91.5%(43/47);一期手术结石取净率87.5%,二期或多期手术后取净率91.7%;清除结石体积平均(16.34±13.79)cm3,术前CT三维重建估算结石体积平均为(19.35±19.24)cm3,两者之间相关性分析r=0.993,P=0.000. 结论 螺旋CT三维重建技术可形象直观地显示鹿角形肾结石的立体结构,指导术前穿刺通道的选择,并可以准确计量结石体积.