Management of blunt pancreatic injury in children

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Controversy persists regarding the management of pancreatic transection. Over the past 10 years, 51 patients admitted to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh sustained blunt pancreatic injuries. We reviewed their medical records to clarify the optimal management strategy and to define distinguishing characteristics, if any, of patients with pancreatic transection. RESULTS: Patients who sustained pancreatic transection had a significantly higher Injury Severity Score, length of stay, serum amylase, and serum lipase, than those patients who sustained pancreatic contusion. Patients who underwent laparotomy within 48 hours of injury for pancreatic transection had a significantly shorter length of stay than those who underwent laparotomy more than 48 hours after injury. CONCLUSION: Serum amylase greater than 200 and serum lipase greater than 1,800 may be useful clinical markers for major pancreatic ductal injury when combined with physical examination. Early operative intervention for pancreatic transection results in shorter length of stay and fewer complications.     

Long-term results of endoscopic stent in the management of blunt major pancreatic duct injury

Background Pancreatic stents can be used to treat a variety of acute and chronic pancreatic lesions. Sporadic successful trials in trauma patients have been reported. To our knowledge, however, a series with long-term follow-up has not previously been reported. We treated six patients in a 6-year period and report the long-term results. Methods From February 1999 to February 2005, six blunt-trauma patients with major pancreatic duct disruption were treated with pancreatic duct stent at a single trauma center. Assessment of injury severity and diagnosis were based on abdominal computed tomography (CT) and proved by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), with chart review used to establish mechanism of injury, timing of ERP, and stent placement, as well as the long-term outcome. Results Three of the six injuries were classified AAST grade III and three were grade IV; the interval to ERP with stent placement ranged from 8 hours to 22 days after the injury. One patient developed sepsis and died. One patient’s stent could be removed early (52 days post-stenting) with mild ductal stricture, whereas the other four were complicated by severe ductal stricture that required repeated and prolonged stenting treatment. Removal of the stents was only possible in three of these four cases (at 12, 19, and 39 months, respectively), with stent dislodgment in the pancreatic duct occurring in another. Conclusions Stent therapy may avoid surgery in the acute trauma stage, and may be preserved as another choice for acute grade IV pancreatic injury. However, variant outcome and long-term ductal stricture reveal that the role of pancreatic duct stent is uncertain and may not be suitable for acute grade III pancreatic injury. However, it needs more clinical data to define the value in the acute blunt pancreatic duct injury.     

腹部闭合性胰腺损伤的诊治

目的 探讨腹部闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断及治疗,以改善病人的预后.方法 回顾性分析自1999年9月至2006年6月收治闭合性胰腺损伤病人10例,进行分析总结.结果 10例患者中9例治愈,1例死亡.结论 腹部闭合性胰腺损伤发生率低,早期诊断困难,并发症多,如处理不当,将影响病人的预后.而CT的诊断准确率高,是重要的辅助检查手段.选择适当的治疗方式可以提高病人的救治率.     

闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断和治疗。方法　回顾性分析 2 3年间收治的闭合性胰腺损伤 5 8例的临床资料。结果　行 1次B超检查的阳性诊断率为 5 1.1% ;2次以上B超的阳性率为70 .0 %。行 1次CT检查的阳性诊断率为 65 .0 % ;行 2次以上CT检查的阳性率为 91.3 %。手术治疗3 7例 ,术前诊断 2 5例 ( 67.6% ) ,术中探查诊断 12例 ( 3 2 .4% )。其中I级 10例 ,II级 13例 ,III级 9例 ,IV级 4例 ,V级 1例 ;非手术治疗 2 1例 ,其中I级 11例 ,II级 7例 ,III级 3例。全组死亡 6例 ( 10 .4% ) ,其中非手术治疗组无死亡 ,手术组死亡率为 16.2 % ( 6/ 3 7) ;死亡原因主要为多器官功能衰竭( 5 / 6,83 .3 % )。全组治疗后形成胰腺假性囊肿 11例 ( 19.0 % ) ,其中手术组 3例 ( 8.1% ) ,非手术组8例 ( 3 8.1% )。结论　闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断应结合临床及动态B超、CT检查 ,非手术治疗对无主胰管损伤的闭合性胰腺损伤是一种好的选择 ;手术治疗适于重度闭合性胰腺损伤及伴有腹内脏器合并伤者     

Lessons learned from isolated blunt major pancreatic injury: Surgical experience in one trauma centre

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to present our surgical experience of isolated blunt major pancreatic injury (IBMPI), and to compare its characteristic outcomes with that of multi-organ injury.Materials and methodsFrom 1994–2015, 31 patients with IBMPI and 54 patients with multi-organ injury, who underwent surgery, were retrospectively studied.ResultsOf the 31 patients with IBMPI, 22 were male and 9 were female. The median age was 30 years (interquartile range, 20–38). Twenty-one patients were classified as the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma–Organ Injury Scale Grade III, and 10 patients as Grade IV. Patients with IBMPI had significantly lower shock-at-triage rates, lower injury severity scores, longer injury-to-surgery time, and shorter length of hospital stay than those with multi-organ injury. There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age, trauma mechanism, laboratory data, surgical procedures, and complications between the two groups. Eight patients with IBMPI underwent endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, and 5 patients with complete major pancreatic duct (MPD) disruption underwent pancreatectomy eventually. The remaining 3 patients had partial MPD injury and two of them received a pancreatic duct stent for the treatment of existing postoperative pancreatic fistula. Spleen-sacrificing distal pancreatectomy (SSDP) was performed in 13 patient with IBMPI, followed by spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (n = 12), peripancreatic drainage (n = 4), and central pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction (n = 2). The overall complication rates, related to the SSDP, SPDP, peripancreatic drainage, and central pancreatectomy, were 10/13 (77%), 4/12 (33%), 3/4 (75%), and 2/2 (100%), respectively. Three patients died resulting in a 10% mortality rate, and the other 16 patients developed intra-abdominal complications resulting in a 52% morbidity rate. In the subgroup analysis of the 25 patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy, SPDP was associated with a shorter injury-to-surgery time than SSDP.ConclusionsPatients with IBMPI have longer injury-to-surgery times, compared to those with multi-organ injury. Of the distal pancreatectomy patients, the time interval from injury to surgery was a significant associated factor in preserving or sacrificing the spleen.     

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of blunt pancreatic injury

目的 探讨闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断和手术治疗体会.方法 回顾性分析我科收治的闭合性胰腺损伤36例临床资料.结果 本组病例超声确诊11例,CT确诊23例,腹腔穿刺确诊20例.本组病例均行手术治疗,胰漏6例,腹腔出血2例,胆漏1例,腹腔感染2例.全组死亡4例,死亡原因主要为多器官功能衰竭.结论 胰腺损伤的诊断首选B超、CT检查.根据胰腺损伤的程度,选择合理的手术方式,有效的手术方案和术后通畅的引流可提高治愈率,降低病死率.主胰管损伤的识别和定位是治疗成功的关键.     

闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断和手术治疗分析

目的探讨闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断和手术治疗体会。方法回顾性分析我科收治的闭合性胰腺损伤36例临床资料。结果本组病例超声确诊11例,CT确诊23例,腹腔穿刺确诊20例。本组病例均行手术治疗,胰漏6例,腹腔出血2例,胆漏1例,腹腔感染2例。全组死亡4例,死亡原因主要为多器官功能衰竭。结论胰腺损伤的诊断首选B超、CT检查。根据胰腺损伤的程度,选择合理的手术方式,有效的手术方案和术后通畅的引流可提高治愈率,降低病死率。主胰管损伤的识别和定位是治疗成功的关键。     

Management of blunt pancreatic trauma in children

Purpose  Blunt abdominal trauma is the major cause of abdominal injury in children. Because of the retroperitoneal location, insidious signs and symptoms and the lack of sensitivity with common imaging modalities often lead to difficulties in making an accurate diagnosis. The most common complication is the formation of a pancreatic fistula, pancreatitis and a pancreatic pseudocyst, which usually manifests within 3 or 4 weeks after injury. Methods  The case records of seven children (4 male, 3 female) treated for blunt pancreatic injury in the department of pediatric surgery, University Hospital, Split were reviewed. Results  The treatment modalities were selected according to the grade of the pancreatic injury, hemodynamic status and associated injuries. Because all of the patients were classified as grade I or II according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) classification, a conservative treatment was selected for all seven patients. In four patients the conservative treatment resulted in the total regression of the clinical, biochemical and radiological signs within four weeks (AAST grade I). In the other three patients, pancreatic pseudocysts arose within 3 or 4 weeks after the injury (AAST grade II). Conclusions  The status of the main pancreatic duct and the location of the pancreatic injury constitute the basis of the AAST scoring system. This scale should be used as a guide to selecting a surgical or conservative strategy. Based on these data, two factors appear to be the most important determinants of the treatment strategy for children with pancreatic injury: the grade of the pancreatic injury, which is determined according to the status of the main pancreatic duct and the clinical status of the patient.     

Nonoperative management of blunt pancreatic injury in childhood

PURPOSE: Nonoperative management for blunt pancreatic injury in children was performed between 1977 and 1998. The efficiency and safety of nonoperative management was examined. METHODS: Pancreatic injury was diagnosed in 20 children. The surgical indication was determined by hemodynamic instability and the management of associated injuries. Children without surgical indications were treated initially by nonoperative management. RESULTS: Nineteen of 20 children were treated initially nonoperatively, and 18 of the 19 survived. Surgical exploration was performed in only 1 child with perforation of the duodenum and bile duct. One child died of complications of total parenteral nutrition. Ultrasound scan and computed tomography scan showed pancreatic contusion in 9, laceration in 6, and injury of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) in 5. Pseudocysts were detected in 10 (5 laceration and 5 MPD injury). Pseudocysts smaller than 10 cm disappeared after nonoperative management, and those larger than 10 cm required operative management. Rupture of pseudocysts occurred in 2 children by rotating the upper torso. CONCLUSIONS: Nonoperative management of pancreatic injuries is effective in children, although careful management is required to avoid complications. Pseudocysts smaller than 10 cm were treated successfully by nonoperative management, and those larger than 10 cm required surgical management.     

Nonoperative management of major blunt liver injury with hemoperitoneum

We evaluated the role of nonoperative therapy in 16 patients with blunt multisystem trauma, hemodynamic stability following resuscitation, and major lobar liver injury; the patients were treated with a protocol of intensive care unit observation and computed tomographic scanning to identify and follow up the hepatic lesion. Computed tomographic scans showed right-lobe or bilobar liver lacerations and/or subcapsular hematomas in all patients and associated hemoperitoneum in 8 patients. Exploration was required in 2 patients; both were found to have a hemoperitoneum and a nonbleeding liver laceration. There were no deaths. Patients with hemoperitoneum requiring transfusion had significantly greater injury severity scores and longer intensive care unit and hospital stays. The major advantage of a nonoperative approach is the opportunity to stabilize major extra-abdominal (particularly head) injuries as the first priority. Unstable hemodynamics, abdominal distension, and falling hematocrit are indications for prompt exploration. Nonoperative care of these injuries requires a strict treatment protocol.     

Management of blunt thoracic aortic injury.

Blunt traumatic aortic transection (TAT) is an uncommon injury in clinical practice that is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The approach to patients with such an injury is controversial with specific regard to the most effective diagnostic tools, timing of surgical intervention and mechanisms of spinal cord protection. Chest X-ray with widening of the mediastinum is unreliable as a diagnostic tool. Contrast enhanced helical CT Scan has replaced the traditional angiography as the screening diagnostic tool of choice Emergency thoracotomy and repair should be reserved for the few patients with isolated TAT without any major concomitant injuries. Delayed management approach with aggressive blood pressure control and serial radiological monitoring is a safe and recommended option for those with severe concomitant injuries or other medical co-morbidity that puts surgery at high risk. Active augmentation of the distal perfusion pressure during cross clamp offers the best protection against development of paraplegia during open surgical repair. Endovascular stenting offers a minimally invasive method of treatment but the long-term durability of the endovascular stent is still unknown. We feel that the greater feasibility of the endovascular repair in the acute phase of the thoracic injury is an advantage over the open surgery and should be the treatment of choice in patients with severe concomitant injuries.     

Management of penetrating and blunt diaphragmatic injury

The past 5 years' experience with diaphragmatic injuries at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio was reviewed to refine the clinical signs and appropriate treatment. During this period 102 patients were treated. Ninety-three patients incurred penetrating trauma to the diaphragm and nine patients suffered blunt trauma. Chest X-rays were normal in 40 patients, a hemo- and/or pneumothorax was present in 57, herniated abdominal viscera in four, and free air in one. Peritoneal lavage was positive in six of seven patients with blunt diaphragmatic injury, but was falsely negative in two of five patients (20%) with penetrating diaphragmatic injury. Eighty-nine patients (87%) experienced 137 associated injuries (excluding hemo- and/or pneumothorax). Nine patients (8.8%) had an isolated diaphragmatic injury. Four patients (4%) had a diaphragmatic injury associated with only a hemo- and/or pneumothorax. All patients, except for three with injuries recognized late, were operated upon immediately. Two patients had a missed diaphragmatic injury at initial laparotomy. There was one death in the series from a consumption coagulopathy. It was concluded that injuries to the diaphragm should be suspected in all patients with severe blunt torso trauma or with penetrating injuries near the diaphragm. Because of the nonspecificity of X-rays and the 20% false negative rate for peritoneal lavage, we believe that missed injuries and morbidity can be minimized by immediate laparotomy for all patients with abdominal and low thoracic penetrating injuries. Care must be taken not to overlook associated injuries.     

AAST grade III pancreatic injury following blunt abdominal trauma

Isolated pancreatic trauma with major pancreatic duct disruption is a rare finding; it can present with equivocal clinical signs. Serum amylase levels and diagnostic contrast-enhanced computed tomography can facilitate the diagnostic process.     

钝性胰腺损伤合并主胰管损伤的诊断和治疗:附35例报告

目的探讨钝性胰腺损伤合并主胰管损伤的早期诊断和合理的外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1995年4月至2005年4月间35例胰腺钝性伤病人的临床资料，其早期诊断和损伤严重度的分级根据术前动态的淀粉酶及影像学检查（特别是动态螺旋CT和MRCP扫描）和早期外科手术的术中发现，就胰腺钝性伤的早期诊断方法、不同的手术处理方式及并发症等进行分析。结果22例Ⅲ级胰腺损伤病人中，14例行远端胰腺切除术和脾切除术，6例行远端胰腺切除术和保留脾脏手术，2例行单纯胰周引流术。8例Ⅳ级胰腺损伤病人中，2例行远端胰腺切除术和脾切除术，2例行胰尾切除术，4例行胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。5例Ⅴ级胰腺损伤病人中，4例由于复合伤情较重且合并十二指肠损伤，根据伤害严重度（injury severity score，ISS）评分，首先应用损伤控制手术先进行止血和制止肠内容物的外溢、胰腺外引流等简化手术，于急诊ICU监护待血液动力学稳定后，于受伤后48-72h再次行彻底性手术，1例胰头严重毁损伤行Whipple手术，平均住院时间是40d（2～147d），总死亡率是14．3％（35例中5例），其余均治愈。结论对胰腺损伤病人，及时正确的诊断和合理的外科手术治疗是减少死亡率，改善预后的重要因素。     

四肢主要动脉钝性损伤延误修复的原因分析

目的 通过分析四肢主要动脉钝性损伤的临床救治经验,探讨未能及时复通血管的可能原因.方法 1998年1月至2009年6月共收治36例四肢主要动脉钝性损伤且肢体缺血超过8 h的患者,男32例,女4例;年龄6～56岁,平均32岁.所有患者完成血管修复手术.结果 所有患者均从外院转入.其中有5例(13.9%)在首诊单位未及时发...     

Management of blunt injury to the internal carotid artery

The management of vascular injury to the internal carotid artery (ICA) is controversial. We undertook a retrospective review of 14 patients with blunt injuries to the ICA and found three types of ICA injury, often presenting with delayed symptomatology. Six patients had intraluminal arterial stenosis or obstruction and were treated with anticoagulants. Five patients had pseudoaneurysms. Three of these were treated with balloon occlusion of the ICA above and below the orifice of the aneurysm, one with aneurysmorrhaphy, and one with resection and interposition vein graft. Three patients sustained a carotid cavernous fistula and were treated by balloon occlusion of the fistula while patency of the ICA was maintained. Treatment rendered all patients either asymptomatic or with residual deficits only. Angiography is essential to anatomically delineate the injury. The vascular surgeon, the neurosurgeon, and the interventional radiologist all make important contributions to the successful treatment of patients with blunt ICA injuries.     

Blunt pancreatic trauma and pseudocyst: management of major pancreatic duct injury

When there is no major pancreatic duct injury or the injury involves only the distal duct, percutaneous drainage should be considered the primary therapeutic procedure for traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst. If the pseudocyst does not then resolve, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography should be performed to prove proximal duct injury. When the major pancreatic duct is disrupted but not obstructed, pancreatic duct stenting may avert surgical resection. If the major duct is obstructed, surgical resection is required.     

Management of blunt adrenal gland injury in a community-based hospital

IntroductionInjury of the adrenal gland in blunt trauma is rare. The routine usage of the whole body computed tomography (CT) scan helps in early diagnosis. We aimed to study the incidence, mechanism of injury, management, and outcome of adrenal injury in blunt trauma patients treated in a community-based hospital.MethodsCT scan of the abdomen of all blunt trauma patients who were admitted to our institution between October 2010 and March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The files of all the patients with CT scan-detected adrenal injuries were retrieved. Studied variables included demography, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, GCS, ISS, Intensive Care Unit admission, hospital stay, and outcome.Results4991 blunt trauma patients were admitted to the hospital. CT scan of the abdomen was performed for 2359 (47%) patients. Blunt adrenal injuries were diagnosed in eleven male patients (0.22%). The main mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collisions in eight (72.7%) patients. Nine (81.8%) patients had right adrenal gland injury. The mean (range) ISS was 22 (6–50). All patients had intra-adrenal hematoma and periadrenal fat stranding. None of our patients had acute adrenal insufficiency. One patient died (overall mortality 9.1%).ConclusionsThe incidence of blunt adrenal injury, although rare, is similar in a community-based hospital to those reported from trauma I centers. It is associated with severe and multiple organ injuries. Blunt adrenal injuries are usually self-limiting.