晕厥的诊断与治疗

晕厥是一种常见的临床症状，其病因较多，机制复杂，常涉及多个学科。现结合自己的临床体会和近年来晕厥诊断与治疗的相关问题作一概述。     

倾斜试验用于诊断血管迷走性晕厥的建议

血管迷走性晕厥（ｖａｓｏｖａｇａｌｓｙｎｃｏｐｅ，简称ＶＶＳ）是诸多晕厥中既特殊又常见的一种类型，过去是在排除其它类型晕厥的基础上诊断的，故诊断步骤复杂、费时。倾斜试验是诊断ＶＶＳ的一项特殊性检查，有助于确定诊断。为了规范化地开展此项检查，综合有关倾...     

儿童血管迷走性晕厥的诊断和治疗

晕厥是儿童和青少年的常见病症，可有许多原因引起。女孩比男孩发病率高。研究发现晕厥的发病率存在2个高峰年龄组，分别为青少年和老年。其中在青少年发病的高峰年龄为15～19岁之间。晕厥的病因复杂。其中神经介导（反射性）晕厥是最常见的病因，而血管迷走性晕厥（vasovagal syncope，VVS）是反射性晕厥中最常见的类型。有资料显示，神经介导晕厥最多见（6l％～71％），其次为脑血管和精神性晕厥（11％-19％）、心源性晕厥（6％）。香港中文大学附属医院儿科病例报道149例（平均年龄10．4岁）晕厥患儿中，VVS占54．1％，     

直立试验诊断血管迷走性晕厥的价值

血管迷走性晕厥是临床最常见的一种晕厥类型 ,倾斜试验是确诊这种疾病的主要方法 [1 ]。但大多数血管迷走性晕厥发生于直立时 ,我们用直立试验检测了 2 0例血管迷走性晕厥患者 ,以探讨用这种简单方法替代倾斜试验来诊断血管迷走性晕厥的临床价值。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　有反复晕厥史并经临床检查排除了心、脑血管器质性疾病的患者 2 0 (男 11,女 9)例 ,年龄 17～ 5 1岁。晕厥病史 1个月～ 5年 ,症状发生于较长时间站立时 13例 ,卧位或坐位站起后 2例 ,大便后站起时 2例及直立排尿时 3例。1.2　方法　所有患者试验前停用任何药物 3d。试验…     

24h动态心电图对晕厥的病因诊断价值

１９９０年９月～１９９６年９月我院４７例疑为心源性晕厥患者经２４ｈ动态心电图检查 ,１２例明确了病因。现报告如下。资料和方法选择１次或多次晕厥发作、经病史、体检、心电图、脑电图、ＣＴ等检查均未发现晕厥的直接原因 ,而临床上疑为严重心律失常所致的患者４７例。男性２７例 ,女性２０例 ,年龄２１～７４(５０．５±１３．４)岁。病程１周～９年 (９．０９±６．８６)月。检查前１周停服一切抗心律失常药物。用德国西门子公司产ＣｕｓｔｏＭｅｇａ动态心电图系统和Ⅲ型心电记录器作２４ｈ３通道连续记录。嘱患者尽量以诱因促使晕…     

人工智能心电图协助诊断晕厥原因探索

心电图记录和分析心动周期的电活动变化,对识别晕厥的潜在病因具有重要提示作用。人工智能赋能的心电图（AI-ECG）在晕厥的病因诊断和风险预测等方面展现出不容忽视的巨大潜力。基于AI-ECG表型的临床决策评分已被开发用于晕厥的病因诊断,AI-ECG对晕厥风险分层和临床管理的影响正在不断显现。     

直立倾斜试验对不明原因晕厥的诊断进展

晕厥指突发而短暂的意识丧失,同时伴有肌张力降低。临床上常见,年死亡率约6％。部分晕厥病人反复发作,而常规进行的心脏、神经系统检查和均正常,因而被列为不明原因的晕厥。近年的研究表明,血管迷走神经介导的低血压和心动过缓是这类晕厥的病因之一,但临床上正确诊断尚属不易。目前有直立倾斜试验(head—up tilt test,HUT)评价血管迷走性晕厥,成为评估的重要手段。现将近年研究进展综述如下。     

晕厥诊断方法新进展

<正>晕厥是指一过性全脑血液低灌注导致的短暂意识丧失,发病突然,常因伴随跌倒致伤、致残,增加死亡风险。由于病因复杂,不同病因预后差异很大,晕厥的诊断一直是极具挑战的临床问题,这也成为继续深化对晕厥病理生理机制的理解,不断开发新型诊断方法的推动力。近些年在不同类型晕厥的诊断与鉴别诊断领域取得很大进展,同时,人口老龄化使得老年人晕厥的疾病负担不断增加,由于共病、多重用药、衰弱以及记忆衰退和(或)认知功能障碍等因素的影响,老年人晕厥的诊治尤其复杂,     

直立倾斜试验对晕厥鉴别诊断的价值

应用直立倾斜试验诊断血管迷走神经性晕厥近年来日益受到重视。本文介绍该试验的具体方法、判定标准和机制,并讨论其在不明原因晕厥中的鉴别诊断价值。     

心源性晕厥的电生理检查及评价

心源性晕厥的最常见原因为心律失常性,当怀疑晕厥是由于严重心律失常引起,但常规心电图及Holter检查又不能发现证据时,可进行心内电生理检查。心内电生理检查的内容包括:评定窦房结功能,评定希浦氏纤维系统功能,诱发快速心律失常(室上性心动过速、心房扑动或颤动、室性心动过速)。正常的电生理检查结果并不能完全除外心律失常引起的晕厥,此时可行植入性循环心电监测仪检查有助于发现晕厥的原因。而异常的电生理检查结果并不一定是晕厥的原因,还需进一步随访观察。     

Management of Vasovagal Syncope

Vasovagal syncope is a common disorder of autonomic cardiovascular regulation that can be very disabling and result in a significant level of psychosocial and physical limitations. The optimal approach to treatment of patients with vasovagal syncope remains uncertain. Although many different types of treatment have been proposed and appear effective based largely on small nonrandomized studies and clinical series, there is a remarkable absence of data from large prospective clinical trials. However, based on currently available data, the pharmacologic agents most likely to be effective in the treatment of patients with vasovagal syncope include beta blockers, fludrocortisone, and alpha-adrenergic agonists. In this article, we provide a summary of the various therapeutic options that have been proposed for vasovagal syncope and review the clinical studies that form the basis of present therapy for this relatively common entity.     

一平苏对血管迷走性晕厥疗效观察

目的观察一平苏对血管迷走性晕厥的疗效。方法对86例倾斜试验阳性晕厥患者给予一平苏2.5mg/d,3月后复查倾斜试验并随访。结果除7例有咳嗷或其他原因退出试验外,余79例倾斜试验阴转率为75.95%。服药期间无一例发生晕厥。治疗前卧位血压为121/73mmHg,治疗后为120/76mmHg,P>0.05。心率在治疗前后分别为68±13和70±13/min,两者无显著性差异。结论一平苏可以作为治疗血管迷走性晕厥的有效药物,副作用少,对正常血压和心率无影响。     

一平苏对血管迷走性晕厥疗效观察

目的　观察一平苏对血管迷走性晕厥的疗效。方法　对 86例倾斜试验阳性晕厥患者给予一平苏 2 .5mg/d ,3月后复查倾斜试验并随访。结果　除 7例有咳嗷或其他原因退出试验外 ,余 79例倾斜试验阴转率为 75 .95 %。服药期间无一例发生晕厥。治疗前卧位血压为 12 1/73mmHg ,治疗后为 12 0 /76mmHg ,P >0 0 5。心率在治疗前后分别为 6 8± 13和 70± 13/min ,两者无显著性差异。结论　一平苏可以作为治疗血管迷走性晕厥的有效药物 ,副作用少 ,对正常血压和心率无影响。     

Atrioventricular Dissociation Exacerbating Posturally-Induced Syncope

We report a case of an 85-year-old patient with posturally-induced syncope in whom symptoms were reproduced during tilt table testing in conjunction with development of an accelerated junctional rhythm with isorhythmic atrio-ventricular (AV) dissociation. That loss of AV synchrony was crucial to development of hypotension and syncope was demonstrated during electrophysiologic testing in which both an accelerated junctional rhythm and an inducible atypical AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) were induced. The accelerated junctional rhythm was accompanied by moderate hypotension with the patient in the supine posture, whereas blood pressure was well maintained during atypical AVNRT despite a much faster ventricular rate. Thus, symptomatic hypotension due to AV dissociation, presumably the result of transient autonomic disturbance, may be another manifestation of neurally-mediated syncope.     

血管迷走性晕厥

血管迷走性晕厥（VVS）是临床中的最常见晕厥原因,是指各种刺激通过迷走神经介导反射导致血管扩张及心率减慢,造成脑部低灌注缺氧而出现短暂的意识丧失。VVS发作前有情绪紧张、长时站立等诱因并伴有典型的前驱症状。VVS是一种预后相对良好的疾病,在健康宣教的基础上,一般不需要特殊治疗,发作频繁、症状重者可考虑药物、起搏器或神经消融治疗。     

舌下含服硝酸甘油直立倾斜试验对血管迷走性晕厥的诊断价值

为寻找使用方便、省时、耐受性良好的倾斜方案 ,将不明原因晕厥者 91例、无晕厥史者 5 2例 (对照 )分别随机分为异丙肾上腺素组 (A组 ,患者 45例、对照 2 6例 )和硝酸甘油组 (B组 ,患者 46例、对照 2 6例 )。每组首先行 70°30min的基础倾斜试验 (BHUT) ,若为阴性则加用药物激发。A组在BHUT结束后将倾斜床放回水平位 ,静脉注射异丙肾上腺素 (剂量 3μg/min) 5min ,再次倾斜 70° 10min。B组在BHUT结束后同一倾斜角度给予硝酸甘油 0 .2mg舌下含服 ,持续倾斜 2 0min。结果 :A组BHUT阳性率为 11.1% (5 / 45 ) ,加用药物后阳性率为 42 .2 % (19/ 45 ) ;总敏感性5 3 .3 %、特异性 88.5 % ;3例 (6 .7% )出现胸闷、胸痛不能耐受试验。B组BHUT阳性率为 10 .9% (5 / 46 ) ,加用药物后阳性率为 45 .7% (2 1/ 46 ) ;总敏感性 5 6 .5 %、特异性 92 .3%。结论 :含服硝酸甘油激发试验具有良好的敏感性和特异性 ,且使用方便、省时、耐受性好 ,可做为诊断血管迷走性晕厥的常规方法。     

血管迷走性晕厥的诊断治疗手段及评价

血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)的诊断主要依靠详细的病史询问和体格检查,并排除其他类型的晕厥。目前认为直立倾斜试验(HUT)是诊断VVS的“金标准”。HUT检查阴性的部分所谓不明原因晕厥的VVS病人可通过植入性心电记录仪进行诊断。偶发VVS不需要特别处理,复发性VVS及部分特殊人群才需要进一步的诊治。目前VVS尚无有效的根治方法,其治疗以预防发作为主,包括患者教育、一般治疗、药物治疗(β-受体阻滞剂、盐皮质激素、抗胆碱能药物、选择性5-羟色胺重吸收抑制剂、α-受体激动剂)及起搏器治疗等几个方面。     

Syncope in the Elderly:

Syncope is more common in older persons than in any other age group. Age-related physiologic impairments of heart rate, blood pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cerebral blood flow, in combination with a higher prevalence of comorbid disorders and concomitant medications, account for the increased susceptibility of older persons to syncope. A number of age-related factors confound the assessment of syncope in older persons. Examples include (1) more than one possible attributable diagnosis; (2) polypharmacy; (3) cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidity; (4) amnesia for loss of consciousness; (5) lack of witness accounts; (6) syncopal events presenting as falls; and (7) coexistent cognitive impairment and dementia. Cardiovascular risk factors are increasingly recognized as key triggers for dementia, with enormous potential for early detection and intervention. One such possible risk factor is bradyarrhythmia. Successful interventions for cardiovascular disorders that cause syncope in the elderly have wider implications than control of syncopal events and include reductions in falls and possibly prevention or modification of cognitive impairment and dementia. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. S74-S77, September 2003, Suppl.)     

Basic Autonomic Nervous Function in Patients with Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Basic autonomic nervous function was evaluated in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS). Atropine, isoproterenol, propranolol, phenylephrine, and phentolamine were administered successively, and parasympathetic nerve activity and β- (and α-) activity, sensitivity, and secretion of the sympathetic nerve were determined in patients with NCS and control subjects. In patients with NCS, β- and α- sensitivity were higher and β-activity and β- and α-secretion lower than in control subjects.

In patients with NCS, the increased basic β-sensitivity may contribute to induce strong cardiac contractions and augment ventricular mechanoreceptor response, and a compensatory state against diminished neuronal sympathetic activity is suggested by the increased α-sensitivity.