中国人先天性肾病综合征NPHS1基因突变

目的分析并确定一个中国先天性肾病综合征（CNS）家系NPHSl基因突变及特征。方法对先证者及其家系成员采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和DNA直接测序方法进行NPHSl基因突变检测,确定基因突变的位点。同时应用限制性内切酶酶切分析的方法,分析先证者及其家系成员和对照人群的基因组DNA,确定突变特征。结果在本家系的先证者发现同时存在NPHS1的G928A（D310N）、1893～1900del8（CGAAACCG）和G2869C（V957L）的3个杂合突变。具有相同表型的姐姐（Ⅲ：11）与先证者的测序结果完全一致,而在表型正常的先证者的同父异母的大姐及对照样本均未发现这些突变。患儿母亲尿检正常,基因检测显示仅有第8外显子G928A突变;患儿父亲尿检也正常,基因检测显示仅存在第14外显子的1893～1900del 8和第21外显子的G2869C突变,没有第8外显子G928A突变。同时还在先证者发现了4种碱基变异：E117K（rs3814995）、S1105S（rs2071327）、IVS27＋45c〉t和IVS8＋68a〉g,经比对前3种均为单核苷酸多态性,位于内含子内的变异（IVS8＋68a〉g）意义有待进一步研究。结论首次发现中国人CNS存在NPHS1基因突变,并证实致病突变为国际首次报道的3个杂合突变。     

NPHS1基因Fin-minor突变致中国先天性肾病综合征2例报道并文献复习

目的总结2例先天性肾病综合征芬兰型NPHS1基因Fin-minor突变患儿临床资料,提高对该病的认识。方法报道2例先天性肾病综合征患儿的临床特点。对可能致病基因NPHS1、NPHS2、PLCε1、LAMB2、COQ2和LMX1B外显子和WT1基因第8、9外显子,以及外显子相邻附近区域进行直接测序。对该家系相关成员进行NPHS1基因外显子及附近调控区域直接测序,分析突变位点,并文献综述。 结果2例患儿均于出生后1个月内起病,临床表现为肾病综合征。血清病原学检查均为阴性。家系调查未发现家族中有类似疾病的成员。NPHS1、NPHS2、PLCε1、LAMB2、COQ2、LMX1B和WT1基因分析发现,2例患儿存在双NPHS1基因杂合突变,未发现其他基因有致病性突变。1例患儿为NPHS1基因的p.R1109X（c. 3325C>T ,Fin-minor）和IVS26DS-2A>T杂合突变,IVS26DS-2A>T剪切突变为首次报道,其父亲携带IVS26DS-2A>T,其母亲携带p.R1109X。1例患儿为NPHS1基因的p.R1109X （c. 3325C>T ）和p.A1160X （c.3478C>T）杂合突变,其母亲携带p.R1109X突变,未发现p.A1160X突变,其父亲拒绝行NPHS1基因分析。以上发现的突变在100例正常人群中未发现。 结论中国先天性肾病综合征儿童不仅有NPHS1基因突变,而且有经典的Fin-minor突变,为国内首报。本研究新发现的IVS26DS-2A>T剪切突变丰富了NPHS1基因突变谱。     

散发性激素耐药型肾病综合征患儿30例足细胞基因突变分析

目的分析散发性激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)儿童足细胞基因突变及其特点。方法研究对象为30例散发性SRNS患儿和50例尿检正常的健康志愿者。采用PCR扩增NPHS1、NPHS2和CD2AP基因全部外显子及其周围的部分内含子,WT1基因外显子8和9及其周围的部分内含子;应用DNA序列直接测定法对其PCR产物进行测序。结果在10例应用激素和免疫抑制剂治疗肾病无缓解的SRNS患儿中,发现1例携带WT1基因杂合突变——1180C>T(R394W),1例携带NPHS1基因复合杂合突变——2677A>G(T893A)和*142T>C,1例携带CD2AP基因杂合突变IVS13-137G>A。在20例应用激素或免疫抑制剂治疗肾病缓解的SRNS患儿中,发现4例患儿携带NPHS1基因单杂合突变——928G>A、IVS8+30C>T、IVS21+14G>A和IVS25-23C>T,1例患儿携带CD2AP基因单杂合突变(IVS7-135G>A)。结论对激素和免疫抑制剂均耐药的SRNS患儿需进行足细胞基因突变分析。     

儿童肾病综合征致病基因筛查策略的探讨

目的 通过儿童散发性肾病综合征（NS）致病基因及其突变特点,探讨儿童NS致病基因的筛查策略。方法 收集复旦大学附属儿科医院肾脏风湿科2011年1月1日至2013年12月31日的所有住院NS患儿的临床资料,依据发病年龄分为先天性NS（3月龄内）、婴儿型NS（～12月龄）、儿童早发型NS（～5岁）和儿童迟发型NS（～14岁）;对儿童早发型和迟发型NS再依据对糖皮质激素（GC）治疗反应分为GC敏感（SSNS）和GC耐药（SRNS）,SRNS又分为初发型和迟发型SRNS。先天性NS行NPHS1、NPHS2、PLCE1、LAMB2、LMX1B、COQ2基因所有外显子和WT1基因8、9外显子直接测序;婴儿型NS行NPHS1、NPHS2、PLCE1基因所有外显子和WT1基因8、9外显子直接测序;儿童早发型和迟发型NS行NPHS2基因所有外显子和WT1基因8、9外显子直接测序,以及NPHS1等8个基因42个常见突变位点的SnapShot分析。结果 238例NS患儿进入本文分析,男139例。①8/10例（80％）先天性NS患儿检出NPHS1基因致病性突变;②12例婴儿型NS患儿检出3例WT1（25.0%）、2例NPHS2（16.7%）和1例NPHS1（8.3%）基因突变;③8/132例（6.1％）早发型NS患儿检出基因突变,均属于初发型SRNS（8/32,25.0%）,其中WT1 3例（9.4％）、NPHS2 2例（6.3%）、NPHS1 2例（6.3%)和INF2 1例（3.1%),19例迟发型SRNS和81例SSNS患儿均未检出相关基因突变;④84例儿童迟发型NS中未检出基因致病性突变。结论 先天性NS、婴儿型NS和儿童早发型NS中的初发型SRNS患儿应是临床基因筛查的对象。NPHS1是本文先天性NS患儿的主要致病基因,推荐在先天性NS患儿行NPHS1基因检测。NPHS1、NPHS2和WT1基因突变频率在婴儿型NS和儿童早发型NS中的初发型SRNS患儿中较高,推荐这些人群中优先选择这3个基因作为目标基因进行筛查。不推荐常规在SSNS和迟发型SRNS患儿中行基因检测。     

中国南方汉族人家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征家系NPHS2基因突变

目的 分析中国南方汉族人家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)家系NPHS2基因突变及其特点.方法 研究对象为A、B、C 3个南方汉族人SRNS家系先证者及其姐和父母,50例尿检正常的南方汉族成年人作为对照人群.取所有研究对象外周静脉血3 ml,提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增NPHS2全部8个外显子及其周围的部分内含子和启动子全长序列,对PCR产物直接进行DNA序列测定.结果 对3个南方汉族人SRNS家系先证者NPHS2全部8个外显子及其周围的部分内含子进行突变分析,未发现NPHS2突变,仅在外显子8上检测到1个NPHS2基因多态性(954T＞C).在3个家系的先证者及其姐和父母的NPHS2启动子上检测到6个变异:-1715A＞G、-1709G＞A、-1000A＞T、-670C＞T、-116C＞T和-51G＞T.其中5个变异(-1709G＞A、-1000A＞T、-670C＞T、-116C＞T和-51G＞T)在100条正常染色体中也有检出,它们在SRNS患者中的等位基因频率分别与在对照人群中的等位基因频率比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);另1个变异(-1715A＞G)在家系C的先证者及其母亲(尿检正常)中检出,为杂合变异,而在100条正常染色体中未发现.-1000A＞T为新发现的NPHS2基因多态性,-1715A＞G为新发现的NPHS2变异.结论 NPHS2基因突变不是本研究3个南方汉族人家族性SRNS家系的主要致病原因.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">NPHS2</Emphasis> mutations

Objective  To uncover the frequency and the spectrum of NPHS2 mutations in Egyptian children with non familial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Methods  Sixteen patients were screened by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of NPHS2 gene followed by direct sequencing. Results   NPHS2 mutations were evident in four patients (25%) who were bearing four novel mutations including two frame shift mutations (R238fs and P45fs) and two missense mutations (I136L and F216Y). There were no phenotypic or histological characteristics of patients bearing NPHS2 mutations, apart from the earlier onset of the disease, compared to those who were not bearing mutations. Conclusion   NPHS2 mutations are prevalent in Egyptian children with non-familial SRNS and this may in part explain the less favorable prognosis reported in these patients.     

Congenital nephrotic syndrome with a novel NPHS1 mutation

Congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. The incidence of CNF is relatively high in Finland but considerably lower in other countries. We encountered a male newborn with CNF, associated with compound heterozygous mutations in nephrosis 1, congenital, Finnish type (NPHS1). The patient was admitted to hospital as a preterm infant. Physical and laboratory findings fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of nephrotic syndrome, and were compatible with a diagnosis of CNF, but there was no family history of the disease. On genetic analysis of NPHS1 a paternally derived heterozygous frame‐shift mutation caused by an 8 bp deletion, resulting in a stop codon in exon 16 (c.2156‐2163 delTGCACTGC causing p.L719DfsX4), and a novel, maternally derived nonsense mutation in exon 15 (c.1978G>T causing p.E660X) were identified. Early genetic diagnosis of CNF is important for proper clinical management and appropriate genetic counseling.     

中国南方汉族人3个家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征家系CD2AP和NPHS1基因突变分析

目的 分析中国南方汉族人家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)家系CD2AP和NPHS1基因突变及其特点.方法 研究对象为A、B、C 3个南方汉族SRNS家系先证者及其父母,A、B 2个家系先证者的姐姐和50例尿检正常的南方汉族成年人.取所有研究对象外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA,PCR方法扩增CD2AP基因全部18个外显子和NPHS1基因全部29个外显子及其周围的部分内含子,对PCR产物直接进行DNA序列测定.结果 在3个SRNS家系先证者未检测出CD2AP基因致病突变.在B家系的先证者检测出NPHS1基因2398C＞T(R800C)杂合突变,先证者父亲亦携带此杂合突变,但先证者母亲及姐姐未发现该突变.在50例对照人群中未发现2398C＞T突变.此外,在3个先证者及50例对照人群还检测出9种已报道的CD2AP基因多态性--IVS4-25G＞A、IVS8-95G＞A、IVS10+36C＞A、IVS10-153A＞T、IVS10-110A＞G、IVS11+82T＞C、1204C＞T、IVS16+24G＞A、IVS17-66T＞C和4种已报道的NPHS1基因多态性--349G＞A、IVS24+36C＞T、3315G＞A和IVS27+45C＞T.结论 在1个中国南方汉族SRNS家系先证者检测出NPHS1基因突变--2398C＞T,证实中国南方汉族人家族性SRNS儿童存在NPHS1基因突变,提示对其需进行NPHS1基因突变分析.     

一个中国汉族人家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征家系NPHS2基因新突变

目的　分析中国汉族人家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征 (SRNS)家系NPHS2基因及突变特点。方法　研究对象为一个中国汉族人家族性SRNS家系中的先证者及其兄和父母 ,对照人群为 5 3例尿检正常成年人。取肾组织做常规光镜检查和 podocin、nephrin、α actinin、WT1表达的检查。提取外周血白细胞基因组DNA ,PCR扩增NPHS2基因 8个外显子 ;应用变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)分析PCR产物 ,对DHPLC洗脱曲线异常者进行DNA序列测定。结果　先证者及其兄肾脏病理示 :局灶节段性肾小球硬化。先证者肾组织 podocin重组蛋白P35染色弱阳性 ,P2 1染色阴性 ;nephrin、α actinin和WT1染色的范围、定位、分布和荧光强度与对照组无差异。DHPLC示先证者及其父母洗脱曲线异常 ;DNA测序证实先证者为 4 6 7_4 6 8insT与 5 0 3G >A复合杂合突变 ,其父为 5 0 3G >A杂合突变 ,其母为 4 6 7_4 6 8insT杂合突变。结论　首次发现了一中国汉族人家族性SRNS家系中NPHS2基因突变——— 4 6 7_4 6 8insT与 5 0 3G >A复合杂合突变 ,且 5 0 3G >A突变为新发现的突变 ;同时还发现该复合杂合突变引起肾组织中抗 podocin重组蛋白P35的染色明显减弱 ,抗 podocin重组蛋白P2 1的染色阴性。     

NPHS2 基因突变致遗传性肾病综合征患儿临床特点

目的探讨NPHS2基因突变所致激素耐药型肾病综合征的临床特点。方法回顾分析2例NPHS2基因突变所致激素耐药型肾病综合征患儿的临床资料,并结合文献进行复习。结果 2例患儿均为男性,发病年龄2岁、3岁。临床表现为大量蛋白尿、低白蛋白血症、高胆固醇血症。肾脏病理1例为局灶节段性肾小球硬化,另1例为微小病变。均伴有反复发作性腹股沟斜疝,1例伴左侧睾丸发育不全。相关基因检测均证实存在NPHS2突变。病初即激素耐药,其后激素联合多种免疫抑制剂治疗仍无效。发病3年内均进入终末期肾病阶段。结论对于激素耐药性肾病综合征男性患儿,伴多发疝或睾丸发育异常等肾外表现时,应注意除外NPHS2基因突变所致遗传性肾病综合征可能。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">NPHS2</Emphasis> mutations in Indian children with sporadic early steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome

We examined the frequency and spectrum of podocin NPHS2 mutations in Indian children with sporadic steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Of 25 children screened, only one (4%) had a pathogenic mutation resulting in a stop codon. The allele and genotype frequencies of the four known single nucleotide polymorphisms detected in the cohort were similar to that of controls. This finding emphasizes the need to screen for mutations in other genes involved in the pathogenesis of SRNS.     

中国南方汉族散发性先天性肾病综合征NPHS1基因突变1例

目的 分析中国南方汉族1例散发性先天性肾病综合征(CNS)患儿NPHS1基因突变及其特点.方法 研究对象为1例中国南方汉族CNS患儿及其父母,对照人群为50例尿液检查正常的南方汉族成年人.取所有研究对象外周静脉血3 mL,提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增NPHS1全部29个外显子及其周围的部分内含子和启动子全长序列,对PCR产物直接进行DNA序列测定.结果 在CNS患儿检测出NPHS1基因3250insG(V1084fsX1095)纯合突变,其父母分别携带3250insG杂合突变.在CNS患儿及其父母还检测出3种已报道的NPHS1基因多态性--349G＞A、3315G＞A和IVS27+45C＞T.在50例对照人群中未发现NPHS1基因3250insG变异;但检测出349G＞A、3315G＞A和IVS27+45C＞T基因多态性.结论 首次在1例中国南方汉族CNS患儿发现了NPHS1基因纯合突变--3250insG(V1084fsX1095),表明中国南方汉族散发性CNS患儿存在NPHS1基因突变,提示对中国南方汉族散发性CNS患儿需进行NPHS1基因突变分析.     

Mutations in the Wilms' tumor 1 gene cause isolated steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome and occur in exons 8 and 9

Primary steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is characterized by childhood onset of proteinuria and progression to end-stage renal disease. Approximately 10-25% of familial and sporadic cases are caused by mutations in NPHS2 (podocin). Mutations in exons 8 and 9 of the WT1 gene have been found in patients with isolated SRNS and in SRNS associated with Wilms' tumor (WT) or urogenital malformations. However, no large studies have been performed to date to examine whether WT1 mutations in isolated SRNS are restricted to exons 8 and 9. To address this question, we screened a worldwide cohort of 164 cases of sporadic SRNS for mutations in all 10 exons of the WT1 gene by multiplex capillary heteroduplex analysis and direct sequencing. NPHS2 mutations had been excluded by direct sequencing. Fifteen patients exhibited seven different mutations exclusively in exons 8 and 9 of WT1. Although it is possible that pathogenic mutations of WT1 may also reside in the introns, regions of the gene that were not able to be screened in this study, these data together with our previous results (Ruf et al.: Kidney Int 66: 564-570, 2004) indicate that screening of WT1 exons 8 and 9 in patients with sporadic SRNS is sufficient to detect pathogenic WT1 mutations and may open inroads into differential therapy of SRNS.     

Congenital nephrotic syndrome of NPHS1 associated with cardiac malformation

Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is a rare disease inherited as an autosomally recessive trait and defined as proteinuria manifesting at birth or in the first 3 months of life. The classical form is the Finnish type of CNS (CNF), which is caused by mutations in the nephrin gene (NPHS1). The classical findings include prematurity, large placenta and massive proteinuria. Minor cardiac findings have been reported as a minor functional disorder but CNS with major cardiac malformation is rare. Here we report the case of a Turkish child with CNS with small indel mutation (c.614_621delCACCCCGGinsTT) in exon 6 of NPHS1 and also major cardiac malformation who did not develop end‐stage renal disease until the age of 5 years.     

足细胞相关突变基因致激素耐药型肾病综合征的机制研究进展

激素耐药型肾病综合征的治疗十分棘手,其发病机制尚未完全阐明。近年来,相关研究发现一些足细胞突变基因可能在激素耐药型肾病综合征病例的发病过程中起到了重要作用,研究较为深入的突变基因有NPHS2、NPHS1、WT1、TRPC6、MDR-1、PLCE1、LMX1B、LAMB2等,本文就以上突变基因的致病特性加以概述,以期为早期明确肾病类型并采取正确治疗措施,同时对预后判断和产前诊断提供帮助。     

新生儿芬兰型先天性肾病综合征1例基因突变类型

目的探讨芬兰型先天性肾病综合征(CNF)患儿的NPHS1基因突变类型。方法回顾分析1例CNF患儿的临床资料,以及患儿及其父母的NPHS1基因检测结果。结果男性新生儿,34周早产,出生后呼吸困难,出生第3天出现尿糖、尿蛋白、血尿,临床确诊为先天性肾病综合征。患儿NPHS1基因出现2个杂合突变:c.1699??C,p.(Cys567Arg);c.3523_3524de1TT,p.(Leu1175Valfs)。其父亲携带c.1699??C,p.(Cys567Arg)杂合突变,母亲携带c.3523_3524de1TT,p.(Leu1175Valfs)杂合突变。结论 NPHS1基因的c.1699??C,p.(Cys567Arg);c.3523_3524de1TT,p.(Leu1175Valfs)突变可能引起CNF,其中c.1 699??C,p.(Cys567Arg)国内外未见报道。     

Novel SCN1A mutations in Indonesian patients with severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy

Background: Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) and borderline SMEI (SMEB) are caused by a mutation in SCN1A, which encodes a voltage‐gated sodium channel α1‐subunit protein. Although many mutations in SCN1A have been associated with clinical features of SMEI or SMEB from different ethnic groups, there have been no such reports from the South‐East Asian populations so far. Methods: Patients 1 and 2 were Indonesian children diagnosed as having SMEI and SMEB based on their clinical features. SCN1A was screened for mutations using a combination of polymerase chain reaction and denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography. Nucleotide substitutions were confirmed on direct sequencing. Results: In patient 1, a G‐to‐A heterozygous transition was detected at nucleotide 4834 (c.4834G>A) in exon 25, leading to substitution of valine with isoleucine at amino acid position 1612 (p.V1612I) in the SCN1A protein. In patient 2 a T‐to‐G heterozygous transversion was identified at nucleotide 5266 (c.5266T>G) in exon 26, leading to substitution of cysteine with glycine at amino acid 1756 (p.C1756G) in the SCN1A protein. Both amino acid substitutions might disrupt these highly conserved regions in species from drosophila to human, leading to dysfunction of the protein. p.V1612I and p.C1756G were determined as disease‐causing mutations due to their absence in the control population. Conclusion: The first cases of SMEI and SMEB are reported in South‐East Asian populations. Two novel SCN1A mutations are also identified in these patients, p.V1612I and p.C1756G, which may lead to neuronal excitability or convulsions.     

肾病综合征合并寻常性鱼鳞病临床特征及相关基因突变研究

目的 研究肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome,NS)合并寻常性鱼鳞病(ichthyosis vulgaris,IV)患儿的临床特征,探讨FLG基因及NPHS2基因与疾病之间的关系.方法 分析我院3例NS合并IV患儿的临床、病理资料,并采用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性、DNA测序法,分析患儿NPHS2基因及患儿和3个家系中的部分IV患者的FLG基因.结果 ①3例NS合并IV患儿(1号女性,2号、3号为男性)对激素及多种免疫抑制剂治疗反应均差,随访观察1.5～4年未缓解.②1号患儿的兄长死于"尿毒症",其他2个家系中无肾脏疾病患者.③初次肾活检,2例为轻度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,1例为微小病变;其中2例患儿在第1次肾活检的1年半后,重复肾活检,进展为中度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎.④3例患儿及3个家系中部分IV患者均具有FLG基因常见的突变类型R501X 和(或)2282del4,没有发现NPHS2基因突变.结论 3例NS合并IV患儿对激素及免疫抑制剂均耐药,肾脏病理损害进展较快,提示患儿对激素及免疫抑制剂耐药可能与FLG基因相关联.     

Monogene Ursachen des nephrotischen Syndroms

Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) represents a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease in children. Renal histology shows focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in about 80% of cases. Recently, it became apparent that up to 28% of all cases of childhood nephrotic syndrome are caused by recessive mutations of podocin (NPHS2). Additional monogenic causes are mutations of nephrin (NPHS1), WT1, PLCE1, or LAMB2. The related gene products are expressed in the glomerular podocyte and are essential for development and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. These genetic insights have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of SRNS and will allow for unequivocal molecular genetic diagnostics and for stratification in therapeutic studies.     

Phenotypic spectrum of 80 Greek patients referred as Noonan syndrome and <Emphasis Type="Italic">PTPN11</Emphasis> mutation analysis: the value of initial clinical assessment

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a common multiple congenital anomaly entity, the diagnosis of which, on clinical grounds, is based on a comprehensive scoring system in order to select patients for molecular confirmation. Our aim was to evaluate the phenotypic characteristics in the light of PTPN11 mutations. The study revealed 80 patients who were referred with initial indication of NS or Noonan-like syndrome (NLS) and further assessed by a clinical geneticist; 60/80 index patients, mean age 5.9 ± 5.3 years, fulfilled the NS criteria. Molecular analysis of PTPN11 gene (exons and their flanking regions) of the total population revealed mutations in 17/80 patients, all belonging in the group of the patients screened with the scoring system. All mutations were heterozygous missense changes, mostly clustering in exon 3 (8/17), followed by exons 13 (3/17), 8 (2/17), 7 (2/17), 2 (1/17) and 4 (1/17). We conclude that (a) most of our clinically diagnosed NS cases were sporadic (b) PTPN11 analysis should be limited to those fulfilling the relevant NS criteria (c) Cardiovascular evaluation should comprise all NS patients, while pulmonary stenosis, short stature, and thorax deformities prevailed among those with PTPN11 mutations.