寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗Ⅲ度齿状突骨折

目的：探讨寰枢椎颈后路椎弓根钉棒固定治疗齿状突Ⅲ度骨折可行性及临床疗效。方法：根据Anderson分型,对16例Ⅲ度齿状突骨折患者采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定和寰枢椎植骨融合。结果：术中无椎动脉、脊髓及神经根损伤发生,术后随访6～18个月,临床症状得到明显改善;复查X线,未见固定枢椎齿状突骨折端移位和松动,骨折部位稳定。结论：寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定对治疗Ⅲ度齿状突骨折稳定和愈合起到了重要的作用,对有上颈椎骨折损伤患者的治疗打下了基础。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折

目的：探讨寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折的可行性及临床疗效。方法：2002年12月～2006年6月采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折患者9例，其中男7例，女2例，年龄23～58岁，平均39．6岁；新鲜骨折6例，陈旧性骨折3例；齿状突骨折按Anderson分型：Ⅱ型8例，Ⅲ型1例；术前神经功能JOA评分8～15分，平均10．9分。术前均行X线、螺旋CT等影像学检查及颅骨牵引术：均在全麻直视下行复位、寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统固定术。结果：术中无椎动脉、脊髓及神经根损伤发生，7例寰枢椎骨折脱位完全复位，2例不完全复位；术后第3～6天（平均第4天）在颈托保护下离床活动：随访6～24个月。平均15个月，临床症状得到明显改善；手术6个月后复查X线、螺旋CT示所有骨折均呈骨性愈合，螺钉位置良好，无松动、断钉。术后1年神经功能JOA评分13～17分，平均15．9分，平均改善率为85．3％。结论：寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术具有直视下置钉、复位，短节段固定、固定可靠及骨愈合率高等特点，为Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折患者提供了一种较好的治疗方法。     

小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断

总结小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断经验。回顾分析 59例小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤 ,全部病例均常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开口位片 ,2 5例摄断层 ,2 8例摄屈 /伸侧位片。 2 1例行CT扫描 ,2 6例行MRI检查。上颈椎损伤 4 6例 ,其中寰椎椎弓骨折 9例 ,枢椎骨折 7例 ,齿状突骨折 2 1例 ,寰椎椎弓骨折合并齿状突骨折 1例 ,寰椎横韧带断裂 8例 ;下颈椎损伤 1 1例 ,其中椎体骨折 3例 ,脱位 2例 ,骨折脱位 6例 ;多节段间隔性颈椎损伤 2例 ,无X线异常的脊髓损伤 (SCIWORA) 3例。认为影像学检查对于小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的诊断具有重要价值 ,对怀疑有颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的小儿患者应常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开口位片 ,小儿颈椎SCIWORA应常规行颈椎MRI检查     

经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合术治疗寰枢椎失稳

目的:探讨应用寰枢椎椎弓螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎失稳的临床疗效。方法:对2003年6月至2010年3月对收治的32例寰枢椎失稳患者采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术进行治疗,其中男21例,女11例;年龄28～66岁,平均42.5岁;齿状突骨折18例,先天性游离齿状突7例,Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折4例,类风湿性关节炎致寰枢椎不稳3例。所有患者均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或失稳。术前JOA评分4～14分,平均(9.1±0.3)分。术前完善颈椎X线(包括动力位片)、螺旋CT三维重建及MRI等影像学检查,在CT轴位片上对寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置入点、置入角度及钉道长度等数据进行测量,并行颅骨牵引术。手术在全麻下进行,直视下完成寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置入、复位和植骨融合,植骨块被向后预弯的横联紧紧卡压于寰椎后弓与枢椎椎板棘突之间。比较术前和术后6个月的JOA评分,并计算改善率。结果:32例患者共置入寰枢椎螺钉128枚,无脊髓、神经根和椎动脉损伤发生。所有患者获随访,时间6～48个月,平均16个月。术后JOA评分11～17分,平均(15.9±0.2)分,平均改善率为86.1%。骨折的齿状突均完全愈合,植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂和松动。结论:寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术是治疗寰枢椎失稳的有效方法,具有固定牢靠,操作相对安全方便、融合率高等优点,值得临床应用。     

小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断

总结小儿颈椎及颈脊损伤的影像学诊断经验。回顾分析５９例小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤,全部病例均常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开闰片,２５例摄断层,２８例摄屈／伸侧位片。２１例行ＣＴ扫描,２６例行ＭＲＩ检查。上颈椎损伤４６例,其中寰椎椎弓骨折９例,枢椎骨折７例,齿状突骨折２１例,寰椎椎弓骨折２１例,骨折１例,寰椎椎弓骨折合并齿状突骨折１例,寰椎横韧带断裂８例,下颈椎损伤１１例,其中椎体骨折３例,脱位２例,骨折     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉置钉技术的临床应用

目的：探讨寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉置钉技术在上颈椎损伤临床应用的效果。方法选择性应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗 Jefferson 骨折5例,齿状突骨折11例,Hangman 骨折9例。结果术中无椎动脉、脊髓及神经根损伤发生。1例暴露时损伤静脉丛,予以压迫即能止血;1例寰枢椎骨折不完全复位。患者均获随访,时间1～2年。患者临床症状明显改善,术后1年行 X 线及 CT 检查,显示所有骨折均骨性愈合,螺钉位置良好,无松动、断钉。结论寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术具有固定可靠及骨折愈合率高等特点,为上颈椎损伤提供了坚固的稳定性。     

后路寰枢椎钉棒固定非融合治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折保留寰枢椎旋转功能的临床初探

目的:介绍寰枢椎后路钉棒固定非融合治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折保留寰枢椎旋转功能的临床初步疗效. 方法:2010年1月～2011年7月收治8例不适合前路齿状突螺钉固定的新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折患者,其中骨折线呈前下后上型者5例,牵引后齿状突骨折复位不佳者3例;男6例,女2例;年龄21～56岁,平均38岁.在气管插管全麻下行一期后路寰枢椎钉棒固定,不进行后路植骨;待术后随访CT复查显示齿状突骨折骨性愈合后,二期后路手术取出内固定,观察寰枢椎旋转功能的恢复情况. 结果:8例患者均成功进行寰枢椎后路钉棒固定,共置入直径3.5mm的寰椎、枢椎螺钉各16枚,其中寰椎采用椎弓根螺钉固定13枚、部分经椎弓根螺钉固定3枚,枢椎采用椎弓根螺钉固定11枚、椎板螺钉固定5枚;术中齿状突骨折复位满意,未发生椎动脉、脊髓损伤一期术后随访12～24个月,平均16个月,末次随访CT复查显示8例患者齿状突骨折均获得骨性愈合,颈椎左、右旋转均约35°～55°,平均约45°. 二期后路钉棒内固定取出术后颈椎旋转功能即刻得到部分恢复,颈椎左、右旋转均约50°～70°,平均约60°;随访6～12个月后颈椎旋转功能基本恢复正常,颈椎左、右旋转均约80°～90°,平均约85°.结论:对不适合前路齿状突螺钉固定的新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折患者,采用一期后路寰枢椎钉棒固定非融合、二期取出内固定的方法可保留寰枢椎的旋转功能.     

前路三钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折

背景：齿状突加寰枢椎前路经关节螺钉内固定是近来治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折的一种新方法,临床报道较少。 目的：探讨颈前路三钉,即齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎前路经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折的方法及疗效。 方法：2008年2月至2011年10月于C型臂X线机透视下行颈前路齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折5例。 结果：5例骨折患者共植入5枚齿状突螺钉,9枚经寰枢关节螺钉,1例因左侧经寰枢关节螺钉进钉点处骨折而行右侧单侧固定。全部获得随访,随访时间为10~30个月,平均18个月,螺钉位置满意,齿状突骨折均获骨性愈合,寰枢关节稳定,无一例发生螺钉松动、断钉,无一例发生脊髓、椎动脉损伤等并发症。 结论：颈前路齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折,对齿状突直接固定同时即刻稳定寰枢椎,为寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折患者提供了一种新的治疗方法。     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉板固定融合治疗上颈椎伤病临床体会

[目的]探讨经寰枢椎椎弓根钉板固定融合治疗上颈椎伤病的临床疗效。[方法]回顾2000年3月~2007年9月,徒手对50例上颈椎伤病患者进行后路经寰枢椎椎弓根钉板系统复位内固定,置入200枚寰枢椎椎弓根钉,在寰椎后弓及枢椎椎板间植骨融合,使寰枢椎复合体得到稳定。其中男36例,女14例;年龄20~65岁,平均41.52岁。Ⅱ型齿状突陈旧性骨折23例,齿状突不连12例,横韧带损伤15例。[结果]4例术后出现枕大神经痛,经对症治疗1个月后痊愈;2例螺钉穿破寰椎左侧椎弓根外侧壁,未发现脊髓、椎动脉损伤。48例获得随访,随访时间25~60个月,平均27.56个月,均获得骨性融合,未发现钉板断裂。所有患者X线片示寰椎完全复位,枢椎齿状突骨折处复位良好。CT片示螺钉与椎动脉及脊髓位置关系良好。按JOA评分标准,优34例,良13例,可2例,差1例;优良率94.00%。[结论]寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉结合钉板系统固定治疗上颈椎伤病,能显著增强寰枢椎间生物力学稳定性,植骨融合率高,该术式在寰枢椎融合术中具有较高的推广应用价值。     

后路寰枢椎非融合内固定术治疗齿状突骨折

目的探讨后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定非融合术治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法对10例新鲜齿状突骨折采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定,不行后路植骨融合,根据术后定期随访影像学检查确定骨折愈合后二期原路取出内固定装置,观察评价患者寰枢椎旋转功能的恢复情况。结果 10例患者均成功置入椎弓根螺钉,骨折端获解剖复位,未见脊髓、血管损伤等并发症。所有患者均获随访,随访时间12~30个月,平均18个月,末次随访时CT扫描确定骨折端达到骨性愈合,颈椎向左、右旋转30~55°,平均45°。二期钉棒内固定装置取出术后颈椎旋转功能即获部分恢复,颈椎向左、向右旋转恢复至50~70°,平均60°,随访3-6个月,颈椎左、右旋转恢复至80~90°,平均85°,基本恢复正常。结论采用一期后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉非融合内固定术、二期原路取出内固定装置是治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的理想手术方式,尤其适用于ⅡC型齿状突骨折,既能即刻取得解剖复位、恢复寰枢关系、达到三维固定效果,又能在内固定装置取出后极大恢复颈椎旋转功能。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位

目的探讨经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位的临床疗效。方法对2010年10月-2012年9月收治的20例Ⅱ型（Anderson分型）齿突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位的患者行后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者伴有寰枢椎的脱位或半脱位,所有患者无明显脊髓损伤症状,枕颈部疼痛明显,术前常规采用颅骨牵引,平均3.5 d。结果 20例患者术后平均随访16个月,所有患者颈部疼痛缓解明显,骨折固定可靠。结论寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统三维固定技术是治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折并寰枢椎脱位患者一种有效的手术方法。     

A review of halo vest treatment of upper cervical spine injuries

Thirty-five relevant studies involving in total 682 patients with 709 different types of injuries were evaluated in a review to determine the outcomes after immobilisation in a halo vest for various injuries to the upper cervical spine between 1962 and 1998. Studies were analysed according to the type of injury pattern and in terms of the treatment outcomes following primary treatment with a halo vest. The following types of injuries were evaluated: odontoid fractures (n = 420), hangman's fractures (n = 172), other axis fractures (n = 75), Jefferson fractures (n = 26), C1 arch fractures (n = 9), atlantooccipital (n = 2) and atlantoaxial dislocations (n = 5). The ligamentary atlantooccipital dislocations never healed. All isolated Cl ring fractures healed completely. The isolated C1 arch fractures healed in 83% of the cases. The ligamentary atlantoaxial dislocations had a 60% rate of healing. Healing was noted in all isolated odontoid type I fractures, 85% of the isolated odontoid type II fractures, and 67% of the odontoid type II fractures with combined injuries. The isolated odontoid type III fractures had a 97% healing rate. The non-classifiable odontoid fractures had a healing rate of 85%. The stable C2 arch fractures (hangman's fracture) healed consistently in 99%, and 90% success was found for other C2 fractures. A halo vest can be recommended for patients with isolated Jefferson fractures, hangman's fractures, odontoid type III and type II fractures, with a low dislocation rate. The results of treatment with a halo vest were unsatisfactory with regard to combined injuries with an odontoid type II fracture. An overall healing rate of 86%, however, allows one to conclude that this treatment continues to be a good alternative to operative stabilisation of bone injuries to the upper cervical spine.     

颈椎后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗齿突骨折合并寰枢关节脱位

目的 探讨颈椎后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术在治疗齿突骨折合并寰枢关节脱位中的临床疗效.方法 2006年12月～2009年3月,对9例齿突骨折合并寰枢关节脱位患者采用颈椎后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗.其中男7例,女2例;年龄为19～56岁,平均39岁;新鲜齿突骨折并寰枢椎脱位7例,陈旧性骨折脱位2例.齿突骨折按照A...     

三维CT引导下寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗上颈椎不稳

目的 观察在三维CT引导下后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉准确率及其治疗上颈椎不稳的近期疗效.方法 7例上颈椎不稳患者在三维CT引导下行后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定术并行自体髂骨植骨融合,其中先天性齿突不连3例,寰枢不稳3例,陈旧性齿突骨折1例.结果 所有病例术后随访3～15个月,临床症状得到不同程度的改善,融合节段获得骨性融...     

Combined fractures of the odontoid process and upper thoracic spine: two case reports

 We describe two cases of combined fractures of the odontoid process and upper thoracic spine that have not been previously reported. The first patient, a 21-year-old man, sustained an odontoid process fracture with posterior displacement and a fracture-dislocation injury at T4/5 in a motorcycle accident. The second patient, a 66-year-old woman, fell from a cliff and sustained an odontoid process fracture with posterior displacement and a bursting fracture at T3 and T4 with rotation. The first patient exhibited complete paraplegia below the T5 level of the spinal cord. The second patient escaped neurological deficit. Both underwent anterior screw fixation of the odontoid process and posterior fusion of the upper thoracic spine. In both cases the cervical spine seemed to be in hyperextension, and the upper thoracic spine experienced sudden flexion and rotation forces. Received: October 3, 2002 / Accepted: December 13, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" Offprint requests to: N. Miyakoshi     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定及枕颈融合术治疗上颈椎不稳27例临床分析

目的 探讨应用寰枢侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根钉内固定及枕颈融合术治疗上颈椎不稳的疗效.方法 对寰枢椎不稳27例患者采用寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉及枕颈融合治疗.结果 27例患者均经寰枢椎螺钉或枕颈融合内固定术,其中一例颅底凹陷患者一期行经口齿状突切除术,二期行枕颈融合术,27例患者无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.所有患者均获得随访,随访3 ～17个月,平均9个月.术后3个月JOA评分13.5 ～16.9分,平均15.2分,改善率为88.4％.植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂、松动.结论 后路寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定及枕颈融合术具有稳定的三维固定效果,可用于治疗上颈椎不稳.     

钉棒及钩棒系统治疗胸腰椎多节段脊柱骨折

目的评价钉棒及钩棒系统治疗胸腰椎多节段脊柱骨折的临床疗效。方法23例多节段胸腰椎骨折患者，后路切开复位，选择性椎管减压．钉棒或钩棒系统内固定及后外侧植骨融合进行手术治疗。其中相邻多节段型13例，非相邻多节段型8例，混合型2例。结果全组病例平均随访14个月，未发现内固定物松动、断离，无继发性脊柱后凸畸形加重。椎体高度由术前平均48．4％恢复至术后平均92．4%。2例完全性及11例不完全性脊髓损伤者．脊髓神经功能获改善。结论在椎管进行充分减压的基础上．钉棒及钩棒系统能有效复位椎体骨折，重建脊柱稳定性，是多节段胸腰椎不稳定性骨折合并脊髓神经损伤后路手术的理想选择。     

Odontoid fractures: A retrospective analysis of 53 cases

Background:

The management of odontoid fracture has evolved but controversy persists as to the best method for Type II odontoid fractures with or without atlantoaxial (AA) instability. The anterior odontoid screw fixation can be associated with significant morbidity while delayed odontoid screw fixation has shown to be associated with reasonable good fusion rates. We conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the outcome of a trial of conservative management in type II odontoid fractures without atlantoaxial instability (Group A) followed by delayed odontoid screw fixation in cases in which fusion was not achieved by conservative treatment. The outcome of type II odontoid fracture with AA subluxation (Group B) was also analysed where closed reduction on traction could be achieved and in those atlantoaxial subluxations that were irreducible an intraoperative reduction was done.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective evaluation of 53 cases of odontoid fractures treated over a 9-year period is being reported. All odontoid fractures without AA instability (n=29) were initially managed conservatively. Three patients who did not achieve union with conservative management were treated with delayed anterior screw fixation. Twenty-four cases of odontoid fractures were associated with AA instability; 17 of them could be reduced with skeletal traction and were managed with posterior fusion and fixation. Of the seven cases that were irreducible, the initial three cases were treated by odontoid excision followed by posterior fusion and fixation; however, in the later four cases, intra operative reduction was achieved by a manipulation procedure, and posterior fusion and fixation was performed.

Results:

Twenty-six of 29 cases of odontoid fracture without AA instability achieved fracture union with conservative management whereas the remaining three patients achieved union following delayed anterior odontoid screw fixation. 17 out of 24 odontoid fracture with atlantoaxial dislocation could be reduced on traction and these patients underwent posterior fusion and fixation. Optimal or near optimal reduction was achieved by on table manipulation in four cases which were irreducible with skeletal traction. Atlantoaxial stability was achieved in all cases. All cases were noted to be stable on evaluation with x-rays at six months.

Conclusions:

The initial conservative management and use of odontoid screw fixation only in cases where conservative management for 6–12 weeks has failed to provide fracture union have shown good outcome in type II odontoid fracture without AA instability rates. Intraoperative manipulation and reduction in patients where AA subluxation failed to reduce on skeletal traction followed by posterior fusion obviates the need for transoral odontoid excision.