肌腱移植材料的研究进展

肌腱损伤是临床常见疾病之一。由于肌腱解剖结构、功能的特殊性,肌腱修复也是临床工作的难题之一。肌腱损伤可分为无缺损和有缺损两类,对于有缺损的肌腱必须给予肌腱移植修复,否则将导致肢体功能障碍,甚至残废。本文将对人工肌腱的修复材料进展予以综述。     

肌腱损伤的移植修复

近年来,在临床工作中发现传统的肌腱移植效果不理想.通过对肌腱的结构、营养代谢、愈合机制等问题的研究,使肌腱缺损修复率得以明显提高.本文就移植肌腱的来源、肌腱粘连的预防、组织工程技术与转基因技术等方面进行综述.     

吻合血管肌腱移植重建屈指功能

目的 探索手指肌腱损伤后肌腱移植重建手指屈曲功能的新方法，以求获得更快地恢复良好的活动功能。方法 在手术显微镜下，切取带动、静脉蒂并保留腱膜囊（腱鞘）的踇长伸肌腱，移植重建手屈指功能；早期在医生指导下进行功能训练。结果 临床应用7例获得较完整的随访，随访时间6周-2.6年。伤口均一期愈合，平均恢复时间为3-4周，根据美国手外伤肌腱修复术后功能评定TAM标准：优5例，良2例。2例侥动脉血管造影显示动、静脉显影良好。结论 该术式改变了传统的游离肌腱移植的方法，使带和血供和营养支持的肌腱组织在保持其生物特性的基础上得以修复，从而提高了肌腱愈合和功能恢复的质量。     

异体肌腱移植的实验研究与临床应用

作者对异体肌腱移植进行了免疫水干测定、组织形态学观察、再生能力及力学测试。结果证实超低温冷冻过程有明显降低肌腱组织抗原性的作用。应用异体肌腱移植修复各种原因所致手部肌腱缺损１５例（３３条肌腱），功能恢复理想，经１年半观察未发生排异反应。经超低温冷冻处理的异体肌腱移植可以替代自体肌腱移植。     

冷冻干燥同种异体肌腱移植修复肌腱缺损

目的探讨应用异体肌腱移植修复手、足部肌腱缺损的疗效.方法手术切除缺损部位的瘢痕,移植异体肌腱,修复重建肌腱及其功能.结果本组12例,27根肌腱,术后均未见有急性排斥反应,半年后行肌腱松解术时与自体肌腱移植无明显差异.修复重建的肌腱功能均有不同程度的恢复.结论异体肌腱与残存肌腱愈合,功能恢复良好.     

同种异体肌腱移植的研究进展

自体肌腱移植,虽然腱再生都能获得成功,但是供腱来源有限．又会给供区带来不同程度的损伤和功能障碍,人工肌腱虽已有临床应用的报道,但其材料和与受体肌腱愈合等问题,尚未完全解决。由此近十几年来．人们在同种异体肌腱移植方面进行了诸多研究工作．不断取得新的进展。目前依然多在降低异体肌腱移植后的免疫排斥和解决腱再生发生粘连这两个问题上进行研究中。现将其研究进展综述如下。     

肌腱的营养与同源肌腱移植

肌腱移植术后粘连、挛缩仍是手外科难题。随着肌腱机制研究的深入，发现肌腱移植有供体组织特生，滑膜内肌腱移植到腱鞘内，结合术后控制性早期活动，在相同的条件下，比滑膜外肌腱性。     

腱鞘内肌腱与腱鞘外肌腱移植的实验研究

实验应用兔肌腱移植模型，研究腱鞘内肌腱、腱鞘外肌腱移植后，ＰＩＰ关节活动度和移植腱形态学变化，发现腱鞘内肌腱移植，腱内大部分细胞成活，没有粘连形成；腱鞘外肌腱移植后，细胞增生，粘连广泛，ＰＩＰ关节的活动度，腱鞘内肌腿比腱鞘外肌腱大，提示肌腱移植与供体组织特异性，腱鞘内肌腱的滑膜层，对于防止肌腱移植术后粘连的形成，起重要作用。     

鞘内肌腱移植的实验研究

我们采用４种不同肌腱移植材料进行鞘内肌腱移植，结果表明：用自体有滑膜肌腱作为移植体，其粘连轻，功能恢复最好；其次是低温冻存的异体有滑膜肌腱；再次为异体有滑膜肌腱；而临床上常用的自体无滑膜肌腱移植的效果最差。我们认为鞘内肌腱移植后功能恢复的优劣与移植供体的形态结构差异有密切关系。     

跟腱损伤诊断与治疗的研究进展

跟腱是人体中最粗壮有力的肌腱,位于踝关节后方,起点是人小腿后侧中下1/3,止点是跟骨结节,故其可以将小腿后方肌群的肌肉力量传到至足,主要的生理作用是帮助足和踝关节的跖屈,常见的跟腱损伤主要分为急慢性损伤,疾病主要包括跟腱断裂和跟腱炎,由于其特殊的解剖位置和生理功能,跟腱也是人体最容易出现断裂的肌腱之一[1],一旦出现跟...     

Polydeoxyribonucleotide improves tendon healing following achilles tendon injury in rats

Tendon injuries are major musculoskeletal disorders. Polydeoxyribonucleotide activates the adenosine receptor subtype A2A, resulting in tissue growth and neogenesis. This experimental study confirms that polydeoxyribonucleotide can improve secretion of various growth factors, promote collagen synthesis, and restore tensile strength of the Achilles tendon in a rat model with Achilles tendon injury. Thirty‐six male Sprague‐Dawley rats, aged 7 weeks, were divided into two groups, and the Achilles tendon was transected and repaired using the modified Kessler's method. In the experimental group (n = 18), the rats received daily intraperitoneal administration of polydeoxyribonucleotide (8 mg/kg/day for 1, 2, or 4 weeks). The control groups received the same amount of normal saline. The rats were euthanized at 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and tissues from the repair site were harvested. The cross‐sectional area of the tendon was significantly increased at 2 and 4 weeks in polydeoxyribonucleotide group (p = 0.008 and p = 0.017, respectively). Moreover, tendons in the polydeoxyribonucleotide group were more resistant to mechanical stress at 2 and 4 weeks (p = 0.041 and p = 0.041, respectively). The staining levels of collagen type I in the experimental group were significantly stronger at 2 and 4 weeks (p = 0.026 and p = 0.009, respectively). Furthermore, higher expression levels of fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor β1 were detected in the experimental group at 4 weeks (p = 0.041, p = 0.026, and p = 0.041, respectively). This study confirms that polydeoxyribonucleotide can improve the tensile strength of the rats’ Achilles tendon following injury and repair. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1767–1776, 2018.

     

肝移植术后肝缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究进展

肝缺血再灌注损伤是肝移植术后最常见的并发症。活性氧生成过多导致的氧化应激、自噬、炎症反应是造成肝缺血再灌注损伤的重要步骤。其中,核转录因子红系2相关因子2被认为是抗氧化反应的主要调节因子,PI3K-Akt-mTOR通路被认为是自噬的重要通路,HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB通路被认为是导致炎症的关键信号通路,本文将从上述通路及调节分子出发,分别从基因、分子、药物等方面研究对肝缺血再灌注细胞的抗氧化、抗炎、调节自噬作用,探究对肝缺血再灌注细胞的保护作用。     

缝合锚钉修复四肢肌腱止点区断裂伤

正2012年1月~2013年4月,我科对19例四肢肌腱止点区断裂伤患者采用缝合锚钉修复,取得较好疗效,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组19例,男15例,女4例,年龄17~39岁。跟腱断裂9例,髌腱断裂5例,膝内侧副韧带损伤1例,肱三头肌腱断裂3例,喙锁韧带断裂1例。受伤后至手术时间1~4 d。1.2治疗方法硬膜外麻醉下手术。     

Free transplantation of autogenous palmaris longus tendon in the repair of cicatricial ectropion of lower eyelid

Abstract

Treatment of cicatricial lower eyelid ectropion is often difficult and requires surgical intervention. Numerous techniques have been developed over the years to treat the cicatricial lower eyelid ectropion. This article describes an effective surgical technique using the free transplantation of autogenous palmaris longus tendon in the repair of cicatricial lower eyelid ectropion. The operation was performed with the patient under local anaesthesia. After the contracture of the lower eyelid skin or conjunctiva had been thoroughly released, a palmaris longus tendon graft was obtained through small transverse incisions along the non-dominant forearm. The graft is suspended between the medial canthal ligament and lateral orbital rim with proper tension. Then a local skin flap was transferred to cover the wound at the lower eyelid. In this study, 15 patients were treated using autogenous palmaris longus tendon between December 2008 and October 2012. At the 9–18 months of follow-up assessment, there were no major complications reported with any of the cases, and all have achieved good function and satisfactory appearance of the lower eyelid. However, five patients (33%) still had lagophthalmos, but it was in remission. In conclusion, free transplantation of autogenous palmaris longus tendon in the repair of cicatricial ectropion of the lower eyelid is an effective procedure for cicatricial ectropion, the functional and cosmetic results were satisfactory, the recurrence rate is low. Especially for the moderate and severe ectropion this method is a good choice.     

异种肌腱基质填充材料的组织相容性

目的 通过动物实验及组织学观察,研究评价所研制的异种肌腱基质填充材料的组织相容性.方法 健康杂种犬15只,体质量10～13 kg,雌雄不限.于脊柱两侧皮下分别置入异种肌腱基质填充材料(实验组)和硅橡胶材料(对照组),术后14、30、60 d分别取材,进行大体观察和组织学观察.结果 两组动物均在术后研究期间生存良好,置入部位均未见组织坏死、积液及化脓感染.术后14 d,实验组和对照组均见纤维组织增生包绕,炎性反应轻到中度;术后30 d,两组炎性反应轻微;术后60 d,实验组未见炎性反应,置入材料完整,未见肉芽肿.对照组置入硅胶材料周围有薄层纤维组织增生,炎性反应不明显.术后相同时间点,实验组与对照组组织学评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 异种肌腱基质填充材料具有良好的组织相容性.     

A devil of a flexor tendon injury

Careful examination following minor cuts of the hand may avoid consequences. The site of the cut wound is often one of the keys as to structures to be examined following a hand injury. In this case, we present an unusual site for a cut wound which resulted in flexor tendon injury.F.S. Fahmy