铁皮石斛野生居群基于RAMP标记的遗传多样性评价

本文运用RAMP标记16对引物组合,对铁皮石斛9个野生居群的112个样本进行了检测,共得到123条扩增带,其中86条(占69.92%)具有多态性,每对引物组合可扩增出3～8条多态性带,平均5条,表明铁皮石斛不同居群间存在较丰富的遗传多样性;铁皮石斛居群间遗传相似系数的变化范围为0.250～0.813,平均值为0.550。利用RAMP扩增条带数据进行聚类分析,可将9个铁皮石斛野生居群划分为3个类群,聚类结果表现出较好的地域相关性,显示RAMP标记可以有效地评价铁皮石斛野生居群的遗传多样性及遗传结构。     

广西产鸡血藤遗传多样性的RAPD与ISSR标记方法的比较研究

目的:比较随机扩增多态性DNA分子标记技术(RAPD)和简单重复序列间区扩增技术(ISSR)两种标记方法,研究广西不同居群鸡血藤遗传多样性的优劣。方法:分别采用RAPD和ISSR标记方法,利用POPGENE 32软件、Ntsys软件、SPSS 17.0软件,对广西不同采集地的9份鸡血藤的遗传多样性进行研究。结果:筛选出的3条RAPD引物及4条ISSR引物扩增后,共得到198和315个位点,多态性位点37和80个,多态性位点比率为18.7%和25.4%,有效等位基因数为1.416 8、1.584 0,基因多样性指数为0.269 4、0.351 3,Shannon多样性指数为0.431 6、0.529 9。ISSR标记均高于RAPD标记,RAPD和ISSR的平均遗传相似系数为0.757 64、0.683 80,表明ISSR检测遗传多样性更灵敏。二者的聚类结果相近,相关系数r为0.847,说明其在0.001水平呈极显著正相关。结论:ISSR标记方法比RAPD标记反映出更多的遗传多样性信息,更适合于广西产不同居群鸡血藤的遗传多样性研究。     

不同居群白芍的DNA随机扩增多态性研究

目的分析6个不同居群白芍的遗传多样性,为白芍的种质鉴定及遗传多样性分析提供依据。方法运用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,对浙江磐安、四川中江、安徽亳州、上海崇明、江苏宿迁和山东荷泽居群白芍的基因组DNA进行随机扩增,利用NTsys2.10e软件计算遗传相似性,运用UPGMA法进行聚类分析并构建树状图。结果共筛选了70个随机引物,从中挑选出8条多态性强、重复性好的引物,共检测出215个位点,多态性位点137个,多态位点比率为63.7%,UPGMA聚类可以将不同来源的白芍很好地区分开。结论不同产地间的白芍存在丰富的遗传多样性,RAPD分子标记方法可以用来鉴定不同产地的白芍。     

霍山地区4种石斛属植物的遗传多态性分析

利用AP-PCR方法对4种霍山来源的石斛属植物基因组DNA进行了多态性分析，从75种随机引物中筛选出10种扩增条带清晰、稳定的随机引物，通过PCR扩增共获得250条DNA片段，其中呈多态性的片段数为165条，占扩增条带数的66％，显示了霍山来源的石斛植物具有较高的遗传多态性；利用NT-syspc分析软件对不同石斛品种间的平均遗传距离进行了分析，并利用UPGMA聚类分析方法构建它们的亲缘关系聚类图，结果表明4种霍山来源的石斛品种具有较近的亲缘关系，它们之间的平均遗传相似系数为0．63，其中铁皮石斛和铜皮石斛的亲缘关系最近，两者间的遗传相似系数为0．78，它们与串珠石斛的遗传相似系数分别为0．6和0．61，与霍山石斛的遗传相似系数分别为0．63和0．58；但是，相对于形态接近的铜皮石斛，铁皮石斛与霍山石斛的亲缘关系更近。     

不同产地白及遗传多态性的RAPD分析

目的 研究国内不同产地白及的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。方法 利用随机扩增多态DNA （random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD）引物,RAPD分子标记技术分析国内50个不同产地的白及。结果 RAPD技术扩增产物经琼脂凝胶电泳检测,从50条引物中筛选出10条（S8,S9,S14,S19,S23,S25,S28,S29,S30,S31）条带清晰的引物,10条引物共扩增出88条DNA条带,其中多态性的DNA条带数目为81条,占总数的92.05%。每个引物能扩增出5~11条DNA条带,平均可扩增出8.8条;扩增最少的引物为S19,扩增出5条DNA条带;扩增最多的引物为S29,扩增出11条DNA条带。而每个引物能扩增的多态性DNA条带数为3~11条,平均可扩增出8.6条。结论 不同产地的白及具有较丰富的遗传多样性,RAPD可有效应用于白及的遗传多样性研究。     

珍稀铁皮石斛SSR标记的开发及种质纯度鉴定

本研究利用磁珠富集法开发了60对铁皮石斛的SSR引物,从中筛选出15对多态性位点丰富、带型清晰、重复性好的引物。利用筛选出的SSR引物对铁皮石斛野生居群材料进行了遗传分析,共鉴定出等位变异92个,平均每个SSR位点等位变异数为6.1个;表观杂合度(HO)范围是0.60～0.85,平均值为0.72;期望杂合度(HE)范围是0.49～0.85,平均值为0.74。平均每个SSR位点多态信息含量(PIC)为0.702,变化范围为0.437～0.829。利用15对SSR引物对20种石斛试验材料进行跨种扩增,检测出有13对SSR引物具有种间通用性。此外,还利用所筛选的4对SSR引物检测了集约化种植过程中的铁皮石斛组培苗的种质纯度,结果显示:所开发的SSR标记可用于铁皮石斛组培苗的品种纯度鉴别。     

青阳参及其近缘种的RAPD研究

目的 针对青阳参Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid.存在混淆种类和种内变异较大的情况,对青阳参和与其相混淆的隔山消C．wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl.和昆明杯冠藤C. wallichii Wight进行种间鉴别,并对青阳参的4个居群进行遗传多样性分析。方法 运用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术进行分析,用Shannon指数和Nei指数评价青阳参的遗传多样性,用UPGMA类平均法进行聚类分析亲缘关系。结果 利用筛选出的10个随机引物对供试材料DNA进行随机扩增,共得到72条带,其中多态性带有70条,多态性百分率为97.22%。由Shannon指数计算青阳参4个居群内的遗传多样性比率为68.52％,高于居群间的31.48%;同时由Nei指数估计青阳参4个居群中有69.44％的遗传变异来自居群内,高于居群间的30.56％。采用UPGMA聚类法得出反映各种间亲缘关系的树状图。结论 运用RAPD方法可以进行青阳参和隔山消两个种同昆明杯冠藤的种间鉴别;虽然居群间已有较高分化,但青阳参遗传变异主要分布在居群内。     

青阳参及其近缘种的RAPD研究

目的针对青阳参Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid．存在混淆种类和种内变异较大的情况,对青阳参和与其相混淆的隔山消C．wilfordii（Maxim．）Hemsl．和昆明杯冠藤C.wallichii Wight进行种间鉴别,并对青阳参的4个居群进行遗传多样性分析。方法运用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术进行分析,用Shannon指数和Nei指数评价青阳参的遗传多样性,用UPGMA类平均法进行聚类分析亲缘关系。结果利用筛选出的10个随机引物对供试材料DNA进行随机扩增,共得到72条带,其中多态性带有70条,多态性百分率为97．22％。由Shannon指数计算青阳参4个居群内的遗传多样性比率为68．52％,高于居群间的31．48％;同时由Nei4指数估计青阳参4个居群中有69．44％的遗传变异来自居群内,高于居群间的30．56％。采用UPGMA聚类法得出反映各种间亲缘关系的树状图。结论运用RAPD方法可以进行青阳参和隔山消两个种同昆明杯冠藤的种间鉴别：虽然居群间已有较高分化,但青阳参遗传变异主要分布在居群内。     

RAPD标记在药用菊花种质鉴定中的应用

目的：探讨药用菊花类型间的遗传关系,为药用菊花资源合理保护利用和新品种选育提供理论依据,也为药用菊花DNA指纹图谱的构建奠定基础。方法：利用改良SDS方法提取药用菊花的基因组DNA,以RAPD分子标记技术,对6种药用菊花进行了遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果：从8个随机引物中筛选出多态性频率高的2个引物。2个引物共扩增出17个DNA条带,其中多态性条带16个,多态性达94%,显示菊花品种内丰富的遗传多样性。扩增的多态性片段在300~1300bp之间。结论：聚类分析结果表明,利用RAPD标记可将全部供试材料区分开,得出了药用菊花种质资源在分子水平上确实存在较大差异。     

甘肃产秦艽的DNA指纹图谱鉴别

目的 对产于我国甘肃省的中药秦艽的3种基源植物秦艽、麻花秦艽与小秦艽进行RAPD分析,建立具有鉴别意义的DNA指纹图谱.方法 采用RAPD分子标记对秦艽的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,利用NTSYSpc 2.1和Popgene 3.2软件分析3种秦艽间的亲缘关系,构建树系图.结果 从80条RAPD引物中筛选出4条具有鉴别意义的多态性引物,在3种秦艽中共得到39个DNA条带,其中共有条带2条,多态条带37条.据此获得了能有效区别3种秦艽的多态性RAPD指纹谱.结论 甘肃产秦艽的3种基源植物遗传分化明显,RAPD方法能有效地将它们区分鉴别.     

Intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) molecular fingerprinting markers for authenticating populations of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo

Intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) molecular fingerprinting markers have been employed to authenticate eight populations of Dendrobium officinale using 10 primers selected from 76 ISSR primers. A total of 127 DNA fragments were amplified, of which 115 were polymorphic (90.5% of all bands). Sixteen specific authentication markers have been found. To enhance the efficiency of authentication, ISSR fingerprinting codes have been constructed using six polymorphic bands for authenticating D. officinale populations. Eight wild populations of D. officinale have been authenticated accurately using ISSR.     

鱼腥草种质资源的RAPD分析

目的分析鱼腥草种质资源在分子水平上的遗传多样性。方法应用RAPD技术对92份鱼腥草种质资源进行检测。结果34个随机引物中有32个引物(94.1%)扩增产物具多态性。34个引物共得到200条扩增DNA片段,其中93.5%的片段具多态性。每个多态性引物平均可扩增出5.8个多态性片段。峨眉蕺菜和蕺菜种内平均遗传相似系数(genetic similarity,GS)分别为0.521和0.572,二者种间GS值为0.517。峨眉蕺菜与蕺菜中染色体数目为36的细胞型间相似程度最高,其平均GS值达0.530。栽培蕺菜类群比其野生类群遗传多样性相对较高。聚类分析表明,利用RAPD技术可将全部供试材料区分开,所有材料共划分为14类。其中,绝大多数(62个)聚为一类,且根据RAPD遗传相似系数划分的类群同地理分布有一定关系。结论(1) 鱼腥草种质资源在分子水平上确实存在较大遗传差异。(2) RAPD标记可作为构建鱼腥草DNA指纹图谱的有效工具。(3) 鱼腥草药材道地性与环境因素有关,但更大程度上由其遗传因素所决定。     

Utilization of RAPD markers to assess genetic diversity of wild populations of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)

The Catskill Mountains of New York State are an important source of wild-collected American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) and, increasingly, of woods-cultivated ginseng. The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity among 9 different wild ginseng populations in and adjacent to the Catskill Mountain region of New York State and to compare these to wild populations from other states including Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and one cultivated population from Wisconsin. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate the genetic distance among samples from the 15 populations. Pooled DNA from 10 plants of each of 8 New York populations was initially screened with 64 random primers; subsequently, the 15 primers that exhibited the greatest number of reproducible polymorphic markers were selected for further experimentation. Gel electrophoresis with the selected 15 primers produced 124 highly reproducible polymorphic bands. The ratio of discordant bands to total bands scored was used to estimate the genetic distance within and among populations. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the relation matrix showed distinctly separate clusters between New York and non-New York populations, indicating separation between these two groupings. The MDS analysis was confirmed using pooled chi-square tests for fragment homogeneity. This study shows that RAPD markers can be used as population-specific markers for Panax quinquefolium, and may eventually be utilized as markers for ginsenoside assessment.     

Allele-specific primers for diagnostic PCR authentication of Dendrobium officinale

Based on rDNA ITS sequences of D. officinale and the other 37 species of Dendrobium, a pair of allele-specific diagnostic primers, TP-JB01S and TP-JB01X, were designed to authenticate D. officinale from the other species. Before the diagnostic PCR, the primer pair, P1 and P2, for amplifying the whole ITS region was used to validate template DNA and to obtain the appropriate template DNA for the diagnostic PCR. Diagnostic PCRs were performed using the diagnostic primers with the total DNAs of the original plants as a template. When the annealing temperature was raised to 66 degrees C, only the template DNA of D. officinale could be amplified whereas the diagnostic PCRs of the other Dendrobium species were all negative. The diagnostic PCRs have been repeated many times and have played an important role in authenticating the stems of D. officinale in China. Compared with the authentication method by sequencing DNA fragments, the allele-specific diagnostic PCR is not only simpler and time-saving but also practical and effective.     

Molecular Characterization of Contaminant-Indicative RAPD Markers

This paper describes genetic markers which can be used to study selection and genetic adaptation of organisms to radionuclide and other types of contaminant stress. Previous research using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique has identified several markers which revealed genetic differences between contaminated and reference western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) populations. Experimental evidence suggested that these markers may be associated with loci involved in determining relative fitness in radionuclide-contaminated environments ("contaminant-indicative markers"). In the present study, Southern blot analyses show these markers to be highly conserved in DNA sequence and molecular length in sea urchins, mosquitofish, herring gulls and humans. Such conservation is thought to be rare among RAPD bands. Results of DNA sequencing efforts did not provide definitive evidence as to the identity of these loci, but indicated that short segments (<40 bp) of known DNA sequences were homologous to various regions of the RAPD sequences. Furthermore, the regions of homology seemed to be non-randomly distributed along the length of the RAPD markers. Although the identity of these bands is still unknown, the high degree of conservatism suggests that these loci might play an important role in molecular processes.