鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣在修补前颅底部分缺损中的应用

目的:探讨利用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对前颅底缺损的修补。方法:对9例鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤患者和1例自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者,根据肿瘤性质及病变范围,经鼻侧切开行上颌骨部分截除(或全部截除)加筛窦切除术,或上颌骨部分截除(或全部截除)加眶内容剜除术。应用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对颅底缺损进行修补。结果:10例患者中,筛骨水平板破坏5例,筛顶破坏2例,眶顶壁破坏2例,筛骨水平板和蝶窦顶壁联合破坏1例,均在手术切除肿瘤后同步修补成功。结论:在鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤的手术中,当前颅底骨质受到肿瘤侵蚀、切除肿瘤后形成脑脊液鼻漏时,可转移适当的鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣同步修补前颅底骨质缺损。     

鼻中隔及下鼻道黏骨膜瓣修复前颅底缺损的解剖学研究

目的　利用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对前颅底部分骨质缺损和脑脊液鼻漏进行修补的研究。方法在 2 0具尸头上测量鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜相关径线的数值和面积。结果　鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣面积为 17.0 6cm2 ,下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 6 .16cm2 ,鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 2 3.2 2cm2 ,即可覆盖前颅底约 5cm× 4 .5cm以下的骨质缺损。结论　在鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤侵蚀到前颅底的手术病例中 ,对于骨质缺损较大和 /或形成脑脊液鼻漏时 ,可据此数据转移适当的鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣同步修补前颅底骨质缺损 ,若缺损过大可将鼻中隔骨与软骨一并转移或联合下鼻道黏骨膜     

鼻科学

20050153 鼻中隔及下鼻道黏骨膜瓣修复前颅底缺损的解剖学研究 /贡振扬… //中国耳鼻咽喉颅底外科杂志 2004, 10(4) 204~206目的:利用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对前颅底部分骨质缺损和脑脊液鼻漏进行修补的研究。方法:在 20具尸头上测量鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜相关径线的数值和面积。结果:鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣面积为17 06cm2,下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 6 16cm2,鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 23 22cm2,即可覆盖前颅底约 5cm×4 5cm以下的骨质缺损。结论:在鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤侵蚀到前颅底的手术病例中,对于骨质缺损较大和 /或形成脑脊液鼻漏时,可据此数据转…     

带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣在侵及前颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤切除术颅底重建中的应用

目的　回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣修复内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤术后颅底缺损的效果。方法　2008年9月～2016年5月内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤31例,应用以鼻后中隔动脉和筛前-筛后动脉为供血的两种类型带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣,修复重建前颅底切除后较大颅底缺损。结果　31例患者前颅底重建均一次性修补成功。1例肿瘤复发二次手术患者术后发生脑脊液漏,给予椎管置管引流1周愈合;1例术后10 d撤出鼻腔填塞物后出现脑脊液鼻漏,颅内感染3例,余无颅内出血或血肿等并发症发生。术后随访3～66个月见黏膜瓣愈合良好,无移植瓣膜坏死和脑膜脑膨出发生。结论　血管化带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣是内镜颅底外科的一种首选的、可靠的前颅底修补用材料。     

鼻中隔一期重建硬腭部分缺损的研究

目的探讨利用鼻中隔对硬腭部分缺损进行术后修补的可行性。方法回顾性分析11例上颌窦癌患者的临床资料,上颌骨截除术后均采用一期鼻中隔修补硬腭部分缺损。结果 11例患者中8例肿瘤切除后硬腭重建一期愈合,2例出现小裂隙,1例发生鼻中隔坏死。结论上颌骨切除术后,可利用鼻中隔一期修补硬腭缺损。     

鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤累及眶颅底的手术处理

总结分析了９例经手术处理的侵及眼眶、颅底的鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤。男５例，女４例，年龄最小者１１岁，最大６３岁，平均年龄３９．６岁。病变部位：上颌窦６例。筛窦３例，蝶窦２例，鼻腔２例。病理分类：骨纤维异常增殖症１例，嗅神经母细胞瘤２例，横纹肌肉瘤２例，纤维肉瘤１例，软骨肉瘤１例，鳞状细胞癌２例。侵犯前颅底４例，中颅底２例，眼眶６例。全部经外科手术处理：３例经鼻侧切开鼻外侧壁大块切除，３例经颅鼻联合或颅鼻眶联合进路手术，３例经上颌骨切除眶内容剜除术，术后辅以放射治疗、化疗、免疫及中医中药治疗。其中３例颅底缺损被重建，６例脑膜缺损进行了修补，修补材料包括筛骨垂直板、额骨、中鼻甲、阔筋膜及带蒂额肌、帽状腱膜、骨膜瓣等。病人经２至７年随访，７例存活，２例死亡，无１例局部复发。我们就鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤侵犯颅底，眼眶的手术进路，眼球的保留以及恢复经口进食及讲话功能等进行了讨论。     

额筛窦肿瘤及前颅底外科手术

目的探讨额筛窦肿瘤累及前颅底时的切口选择及肿瘤切除后的修复方法.方法对29例额筛窦肿瘤累及前颅底的患者施行倒U形切口,正反S形切口,额瓣开颅+Weber-Fergusson切口,鼻内镜下径路,暴露肿瘤切除,切除后根据前颅底骨质、硬脑膜、脑组织的缺损情况,分别采用鼻中隔黏膜-软骨瓣、额骨骨瓣、骨水泥修补骨缺损;额部骨膜瓣、鼻中隔黏软骨膜瓣、鼻甲黏膜瓣修补硬脑膜;手术后对恶性肿瘤予以放疗和化疗.结果术后颅面部切口愈合良好,脑脊液鼻漏1例,局部处理后愈合.良性肿瘤经随访未见复发,恶性肿瘤总5年生存率为54.55%(6/11).结论根据额筛窦肿瘤累及前颅底的情况采用不同的切口,选择合适的组织瓣修补前颅底,恶性肿瘤采用放疗和化疗,能提高患者的生存质量和生存率.     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复鼻中隔穿孔和脑脊液鼻漏

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣用于修补鼻中隔穿孔和脑脊液鼻漏的疗效。方法2005年8月～2008年2月北京同仁医院鼻科共11例鼻中隔穿孔和8例脑脊液鼻漏患者。鼻中隔穿孔位于鼻中隔前部,穿孔大小0.8 cm～2.0 cm,在鼻内镜下采用邻近穿孔后上方的鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)向前下反转覆盖于鼻中隔穿孔黏膜缺损处,对侧采用穿孔前下方带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)和鼻底黏膜瓣或下鼻甲带蒂黏膜瓣覆盖修补穿孔。8例脑脊液鼻漏患者,2例漏出部位在嗅裂,5例漏出部位在筛顶,1例漏出部位位于嗅裂延续至后筛顶,面积大小为0.1 cm×0.8 cm～0.3 cm×0.8 cm。采用邻近的鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣反转覆盖于缺损处,必要时黏膜瓣中间夹层钩突或中鼻甲骨片,外覆邻近的鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修补漏出部位。结果11例鼻中隔穿孔和8例脑脊液鼻漏均一次修补成功,随访3个月～3年,未见复发。鼻中隔黏膜转瓣后供区黏膜缺损区在2周后基本上皮化。结论鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)自身有血供,成活率高,获取容易,取材区域广泛,转蒂距离充足,是修补鼻中隔穿孔和嗅裂和筛顶脑脊液鼻漏的良好材料。     

额颞骨瓣开颅加Weber-Fergusson手术切除累及颅眶鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤

目的探讨额颞骨瓣开颅加Weber-Fergusson手术切除累及颅眶的鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤的疗效.方法采用额颞骨瓣开颅加Weber-Fergusson切口手术切除侵犯颅眶的鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤9例.结果 肿瘤全切除7例,大部切除2例,无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症病例.随访2～8年,死亡4例, 5例无瘤生存.结论此手术方法不仅能完整地切除肿瘤,而且可一期切除肿瘤后修复颅底及硬脑膜缺损,有效地预防了脑脊液鼻漏和颅内感染等并发症的发生,是较为理想的外科手术入路.     

带蒂鼻腔底黏骨膜瓣修补鼻中隔穿孔11例

目的:探讨采用以鼻腔底后端为基蒂的黏骨膜瓣旋转修补鼻中隔穿孔的疗效。方法:用类似鼻中隔黏膜下矫正术的方法分离鼻中隔穿孔周边的黏软骨膜及骨膜,并向下连接左鼻腔底后端为基蒂的黏骨膜瓣,将黏骨膜瓣向后上旋转,覆盖并缝合于穿孔周边的黏软骨膜及骨膜袋内。结果:11例鼻中隔穿孔修补患者均一期愈合,修补成功。结论:采用自体带蒂鼻腔底黏骨膜瓣修补鼻中隔穿孔,取材方便;无排斥反应;带蒂黏骨膜瓣血供良好,成活率高;鼻腔底部黏骨膜面积宽而长,修补较大穿孔时,可根据穿孔的大小和形状,提供足够的移植材料。     

Palatal Flap Modifications Allow Pedicled Reconstruction of the Skull Base

Objectives: Defects after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) to the skull base, have exposed limitations of traditional reconstructive techniques. The ability to adequately reconstruct these defects has lagged behind the ability to approach/resect lesions at the skull base. The posteriorly pedicled nasoseptal flap is our primary reconstructive option; however, prior surgery or tumors can preclude its use. We focused on the branches of the internal maxillary artery, to develop novel pedicled flaps, to facilitate the reconstruction of defects encountered after skull base expanded endonasal approaches. Study Design: Feasibility. Methods: We reviewed radiology images with attention to the pterygopalatine fossa and the descending palatine vessels (DPV), which supply the palate. Using cadaver dissections, we investigated the feasibility of transposing the standard mucoperiosteal palatal flap into the nasal cavity and mobilizing the DPV for pedicled skull base reconstruction. Results: We transposed the palate mucoperiosteum into the nasal cavity through limited enlargement of a single greater palatine foramen. Our method preserves the integrity of the nasal floor mucosa, and mobilizes the DPV from the greater palatine foramen to their origin in the pterygopalatine fossa. Radiological measurements and cadevaric dissections suggest that the transposed, pedicled palatal flap (the Oliver pedicled palatal flap) could be used to reconstruct defects of the planum, sella, and clivus. Conclusions: Our novel modifications to the island palatal flap yield a large (12–18 cm²) mucoperiosteal flap based on a ～ 3 cm pedicle. The Oliver pedicled palatal flap shows potential for nasal cavity and skull base reconstruction (see video, available online only).     

The Le Fort I osteotomy approach for nasopharyngeal and nasal fossa tumors

The nasopharynx, pterygopalatine fossa, and nasal fossa are difficult areas in which to gain wide surgical access. The transverse maxillary osteotomy with downfracturing of the entire palate and inferior maxilla has recently been adopted as a surgical option. Simultaneous bilateral wide surgical exposure is achieved in the maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses, nasal fossa, clivus, pterygopalatine fossa, and medial portion of the infratemporal fossa. Compared with other popular techniques, the transverse maxillary osteotomy provides excellent exposure for angiofibromas, clivus tumors, and other tumors of the central base of the skull and midface regions. The details of the procedure and relevant physiology of the osteotomized segment are presented. The safe attainment of wide surgical exposure will be demonstrated. This procedure has worldwide acceptance for orthognathic surgery and is easily adapted to head and neck oncologic surgery.     

鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤侵犯前颅底的手术治疗

目的：探讨鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤侵犯前颅底的手术方法。方法：经眉弓额窦前径路切除侵犯前颅底的鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤14例，7例前颅底骨质破坏直径在2cm以下，硬脑膜完整者未行前颅底修复；7例既有前颅底骨质破坏，又有硬脑膜缺损且直径在2．5cm以上者，以带蒂额肌骨膜瓣、帽状腱膜额骨膜瓣或带蒂颞肌筋膜骨膜瓣修复。结果：术后随访1～8年，11例恶性肿瘤中，2年存活1例，3年存活6例，4年存活2例，术后2年内死亡2例；3例良性肿瘤均健在。所有病例均未发生颅内外感染、脑脊液漏及脑膜脑组织膨出。结论：该术式接近病变部位，各鼻窦暴露满意，可直视下进行手术操作，并减轻了对额叶的牵拉作用，修补脑膜及止血均方便，是治疗累及前颅底肿瘤较好的手术方法。     

Robotic endoscopic surgery of the skull base: a novel surgical approach

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel robotic surgical approach that allows adequate endoscopic access for resection of tumors involving the anterior and central skull base and allows 2-handed, tremor-free, endoscopic dissection and precise suturing of dural defects. DESIGN: Transnasal endoscopic approaches are being increasingly used for surgical access and resection of tumors of the anterior and central skull base. One major disadvantage of this approach is the inability to provide watertight dural closure and reconstruction, which limits its safety and widespread adoption in surgery of intracranial skull base tumors. Other disadvantages include limited depth perception and several ergonomic constraints. Four human cadaver specimens were used for this study. The surgical approach starts with bilateral sublabial incisions and wide anterior maxillary antrostomies (Caldwell-Luc). Transantral access to the nasal cavity is gained through bilateral wide middle meatal antrostomies. A posterior nasal septectomy facilitates bilateral access by joining both nasal cavities into 1 surgical field. The da Vinci Surgical System is then "docked" by introducing the camera arm port through the nostril and the right and left surgical arm ports through the respective anterior and middle antrostomies, into the nasal cavity. A 5-mm dual-channel endoscope coupled with a dual charge-coupled device camera is inserted in the camera port and allows for 3-dimensional visualization of the surgical field at the surgeon's console. Using the robotic surgical arms, the surgeon may perform endoscopic anterior or posterior ethmoidectomy, sphenoidotomy, or resection of the middle or superior turbinates depending on the extent of needed surgical exposure. In addition, resection of the cribriform plate is performed robotically with sharp dissection of the skull base. The dural defect is then repaired with a 6-0 nylon suture. RESULTS: Adequate access to the anterior and central skull base, including the cribriform plate, fovea ethmoidalis, medial orbits, planum sphenoidale, sella turcica, suprasellar and parasellar regions, nasopharynx, pterygopalatine fossa, and clivus, was obtained in all cadaveric dissections. The 3-dimensional visualization obtained by the dual-channel endoscope at the surgeon's console provided excellent depth perception. The most significant advantage was the ability of the surgeon to perform 2-handed tremor-free endoscopic closure of dural defects. CONCLUSIONS: Transantral robotic surgery provides adequate endoscopic access to the anterior and central skull base. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the feasibility and advantages of robotic-assisted endoscopic surgery of the skull base. This novel approach also allows for 3-dimensional, 2-handed, tremor-free endoscopic dissection and precise closure of dural defects. These advantages may expand the indications of minimally invasive endoscopic approaches to the skull base.     

10例前颅底肿瘤的术式分析

目的：探讨鼻锥体下翻额正中进路前颅底肿瘤切除术在前颅底肿瘤中的应用。方法：颅面联合进路前颅底肿瘤切除术2例；经额下进路颅-眶-鼻沟通性肿瘤切除术3例；鼻侧切开术3例；鼻锥体下翻额正中进路前颅底肿瘤切除加额骨膜、髂骨瓣颅底修复和重建2例。结果：10例患者均完全切除瘤体，经1～5年随访，良性肿瘤6例无复发。恶性肿瘤4例中，1例随访1年生存良好；余3例中生存3年2例，5年1例。结论：前颅底肿瘤需要根据肿瘤的大小、位置及性质选择最佳的手术进路。鼻锥体下翻额正中进路前颅底肿瘤切除术可在明视下进行手术操作，对额叶损伤轻，颅底修复方便，是一有价值的手术进路。     

Combined subcranial approaches for excision of complex anterior skull base tumors

OBJECTIVE: To present our method for excision of complex anterior skull base tumors via combinations of the subcranial approach. PATIENTS: Of 120 anterior skull base tumor resections, 41 that included 27 (66%) malignant and 14 (34%) benign lesions were performed via combinations of the subcranial approach. Unilateral or bilateral medial maxillectomy was performed using the subcranial approach alone for 13 tumors infiltrating the anterior skull base, ethmoid bones, and medial maxillary wall. A combined subcranial-transfacial approach in 2 lesions or a combined subcranial-midfacial degloving approach in 14 lesions was performed for tumors involving the skull base and the lower or lateral segments of the maxilla. A combined subcranial-transorbital or transfacial-transorbital approach was used for 5 tumors invading the orbit. An extended subcranial-orbitozygomatic approach was used for 6 tumors invading the middle cranial fossa or involving the cavernous sinus. A combined subcranial-Le Fort I down-fracture approach was used for 1 dedifferentiated chordoma invading the anterior skull base and lower clivus. The surgical results, patient quality of life, survival, and complications were measured. RESULTS: Thirty-seven of 41 tumors (90%) were completely resected. Fifteen patients (35.5%) had perioperative complications. There were no postoperative deaths. Two-year overall and disease-free survival in patients with malignant tumors who underwent combined approaches was 66% and 60%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the quality of life between patients operated on via combined or classic subcranial approaches. CONCLUSION: Combinations and modifications of the subcranial approach for excision of complex anterior skull base tumors yield surgical results, survival, quality of life, and complications similar to those found with the classic subcranial technique.     

扩大鼻外额窦进路切除前颅底肿瘤术式探讨

目的：探讨前颅底额眶筛区肿瘤切除的最佳手术入路。方法：采用扩大鼻外额窦进路术式对28例累及前颅底额眶筛区的肿瘤患者行肿瘤切除术。结果：经随访,8例良性肿瘤至今无复发或死亡,20例恶性肿瘤中,1年生存率95．0％（19／20）,3年生存率61．5％（8／13）,5年生存率57．1％（4／7）。结论：该术式术野暴露充分,手术时首先自前颅底剥离肿瘤阻断瘤体在颅底的血供,出血少,手术视野清晰,操作便捷,切除肿瘤彻底,重建颅底方便,手术创伤小,术后反应轻。该术式是切除前颅底额眶筛区肿瘤的较好手术入路。     

影像导航在前中颅底手术中的应用

目的 探讨应用影象导航技术施行前、中颅底的手术,避免损伤颅底周围重要的神经血管组织,降低手术并发症,提高手术疗效。方法 在影象导航下共施行前中颅底手术112例,其中外伤性视神经管骨折19例;脑脊液鼻漏15例;中颅底肿瘤26例（骨纤维异常增殖症3例、翼腭窝中颅底鳞状细胞癌6例、鞍旁神经纤维瘤1例、后筛窦颅底骨瘤4例、垂体瘤12例）;累及颅内的蝶窦囊肿17例;霉菌性蝶窦炎11例;孤立性蝶窦炎18例;后组筛窦、蝶窦炎鼻息肉6例。结果 112例患者在影象导航的引导下,顺利找到骨折、漏口、或者窦口位置;确定肿瘤边界,精准确定周围重要结构的位置,避免损伤;顺利准确地进行配准。结论 影象导航技术在前中颅底外科手术中的应用有定位准确、标志清楚、降低手术并发症、最大限度地切除病变等优点,可以弥补鼻内窥镜下操作缺乏层次感的局限。影象导航的基础是手术前的影象,不能反映手术中的变化,而配准精确是导航手术的关键所在,一旦对应关系破坏将出现严重后果,手术中要定时检查配准情况。     

Midfacial degloving: an alternative approach to the frontobasal area, the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses]

Midfacial degloving can be characterized as an alternative surgical approach for exposing the bony structures of the midface. In combination with transient partial osteotomies the nasal cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the pterygopalatine fossa and the posterior parts of the anterior skull base are easily accessible. Using an intercartilaginous, a transseptal and a circumvestibular incision in the nose and a vestibular incision in the oral cavity the soft tissues of the upper face are mobilized and transposed cranially up to the infraorbital rim, the nasion and the lacrimal sac. Thus one can avoid scar formations in the face. In comparison with the common visible incisions in the face a bilateral exposure of midline structures is possible. The resected bone can be easily replaced and fixed with titanium miniplates for osteosynthesis. The soft tissue glove is replaced. A correct suture technique for readaptation especially in the nasal cavity is most important to avoid a circular stenosis of the nasal aperture. Between 1986 and 1991, 40 patients with various tumors (juvenile angiofibroma, inverted papilloma, esthesioneuroblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus, benign tumors of the pterygopalatine fossa, clivus chordoma) underwent this procedure. Neoplasms and fractures of the anterior frontal skull base, the frontal sinus, the orbital cavity and the zygoma were less accessible due to the unsatisfactory exposure of these regions. Complications and side effects were rare. In five cases, a transient paresthesia of the infraorbital nerve and a facial edema were observed. In one case, a circular stenosis of the nasal aperture required a second plastic procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)