肺源性心脏病患者呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨肺源性心脏病患者伴发呼吸道感染的病原菌及耐药性,为临床抗菌方案的制定提供依据。方法回顾性分析医院自2013年1月-2016年11月收治的218例肺源性心脏病伴发呼吸道感染患者的临床资料,分析患者的痰培养结果,统计病原菌分布及其对常见抗菌药物的耐药性情况。结果 218例患者共送检痰标本338次,培养出303株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌151株,占49.84%,革兰阳性菌80株,占26.40%,真菌72株,占23.76%;发生二重感染20例次,发生混合感染39例;革兰阳性菌对红霉素、克林霉素均表现出高度耐药性,耐药率均>80.00%,对万古霉素具有较高的敏感性,其中金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素、头孢唑林、头孢曲松的耐药率均>70.00%;革兰阴性菌对头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟的耐药率均>50.00%,铜绿假单胞菌对除他唑巴坦外的所有常用抗菌药物的耐药率均>30.00%;肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星和美罗培南有较高的敏感性;大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南有较高的敏感性;鲍氏不动杆菌对除庆大霉素外的所有常用抗菌药物的耐药率均>50.00%。结论肺源性心脏病患者伴发呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌居多,且耐药性严重,临床应进一步规范抗菌药物的应用,减少耐药菌的产生。     

器官移植患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析2005-2012年移植病区器官移植患者病原菌分布及其耐药性,指导临床使用抗菌药物进行经验性治疗。方法收集移植病区分离病原菌经鉴定后,采用K-B法进行药物敏感试验,按CLSI抗菌药物敏感性试验执行标准判断药物敏感率,SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析。结果共分离出病原菌932株,其中革兰阴性菌占49.9%,革兰阳性菌占31.7%,真菌占18.4%;肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦最敏感,其中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为5.1、10.1%、11.1%和4.1%、17.8%、0;不发酵革兰阴性菌仅对少数几种抗菌药物敏感;利奈唑胺和万古霉素对革兰阳性菌高度敏感,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌全部敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对替考拉宁耐药率为12.2%、28.6%,对米诺环素耐药率为12.2%、24.1%。结论移植病区病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,对病原菌敏感的抗菌药物种类少且常呈多药耐药,了解和掌握移植病区常见病原菌及对抗菌药物敏感性为感染治疗提供有力的依据,有助于临床合理选用抗菌药物。     

老年科感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析医院2006～2008年老年科感染患者临床分离病原菌资料,了解老年科感染患者的病原菌分布及抗菌药物敏感性特征。方法采用API鉴定系统鉴定细菌及真菌;纸片扩散法测定细菌药物敏感性,Rosco纸片法测定真菌药物敏感性;WHONET5.4软件进行统计分析。结果医院老年科感染患者临床分离的2098株菌中,革兰阴性菌1534株(73.12%),革兰阳性菌268株(12.77%),真菌296株(14.11%);其中,检出率最高的病原菌是铜绿假单胞菌,共547株,占26.07%,其次是大肠埃希菌(12.77%)和克雷伯菌属(11.68%);耐药性分析结果显示,非发酵菌中,铜绿假单胞菌对大部分抗菌药物耐药率40.00%;不动杆菌属对美罗培南、亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感性较高,75.00%;而肠杆菌科细菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南敏感性则90.00%,但其对多数头孢菌素类耐药率50.00%,当采用联合酶抑制剂后,其耐药性可有明显下降;葡萄球菌属未发现万古霉素耐药株,但对其他多种抗菌药物耐药。结论老年科感染病原菌对多种抗菌药物耐药率较高,应加强抗菌药物合理应用。     

恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及其耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法选取医院2006年5月-2011年9月收治的605例恶性肿瘤患者进行回顾性分析,使用法国生物梅里埃公司ATB1525Expression全自动细菌鉴定分析仪进行菌株鉴定,使用纸片扩散法探究菌株耐药性。结果共检出病原菌605株,其中革兰阴性菌322株占53.2%,革兰阳性菌113株占18.7%,真菌170株占28.1%,排前5位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,分别占15.2%、11.4%、10.6%、8.3%、4.5%;革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星及环丙沙星耐药率较低;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素耐药率最低,敏感率达100.0%,除万古霉素外,革兰阳性菌对其他抗菌药物耐药性均较高。结论恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁耐药率较低,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素耐药率最低,对于出现感染的患者可根据其菌种选择适合的抗菌药物进行治疗。     

某三级综合医院2017年度细菌耐药性监测分析

目的了解2017年临床检出病原菌的耐药性,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供理论依据。方法利用微生物分离鉴定系统及纸片扩散法(K-B法)等,对2017年医院门急诊和住院患者临床检出病原菌的分布情况及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果 2017年共分离病原菌4 547株,其中革兰阴性菌3 163株占69.56%,革兰阳性菌983株占21.62%,真菌401株占8.82%。检出前五位的病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率分别<3.00%和10.00%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为14.67%和6.00%;鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别高达78.88%和79.37%。结论 2017年临床分离病原菌主要以革兰阴性菌为主,且革兰阴性菌的耐药形势非常严峻,合理选用抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

呼吸科1343例肺部感染患者病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的分析呼吸科肺部感染患者的病原菌分布与耐药性,为临床应用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析1343例肺部感染患者的临床资料。结果 1343例肺部感染患者痰培养阳性438例,占32.6%,分离出病原菌461株,其中革兰阴性菌372株,占80.7%,革兰阳性菌68株,占14.8%,真菌21株,占4.6%;病原菌排前5位依次为铜绿假单胞菌占26.7%、鲍氏不动杆菌占18.2%、肺炎克雷伯菌占13.4%、大肠埃希菌占11.1%、金黄色葡萄球菌占11.1%,革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性好,耐药率均<9.5%;革兰阳性菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺的耐药率均为0,真菌对两性霉素B的耐药率为0。结论肺部感染患者常见病原菌均具有较高的耐药性,临床抗感染治疗中应加强耐药性监测,合理选用抗菌药物。     

胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌分布及病原菌对抗菌药物敏感性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法选取2015年1月-12月在医院肝胆脾胃科收治的胆道感染113例患者术中胆汁标本;采用法国生物梅里埃全自动微生物检测系统进行菌种鉴定,抗菌药物敏感性实验采用纸片扩散法(K-B)。结果 113例送检标本分离出病原菌128株,革兰阴性菌94株占73.44%,革兰阳性菌29株占22.66%,真菌5株占3.91%;对亚胺培南革兰阴性菌耐药率最低,革兰阳性菌对庆大霉素、万古霉素耐药率为0;真菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑等常用抗真菌药物耐药性均较低,使用后可得到良好效果,但对两性霉素B显示出较大抵抗性。结论胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌耐药性较为明显,院内应规范化执行《抗菌药物临床应用管理办法》,增强临床合理用药理念,延缓细菌耐药性快速提升态势。     

烧伤病房患者病原菌调查及耐药性监测

目的分析烧伤病房患者病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集医院烧伤科2009年1月-2012年10月烧伤患者的创面分泌物中分离的病原菌,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏试验。结果共分离出病原菌358株,其中革兰阴性菌212株,占59.22%,以铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性球菌126株,占35.19%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌20株,占5.59%,以白色假丝酵母菌为主;主要革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南较敏感,但鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率较高,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁较敏感。结论烧伤病房患者感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要病原菌产生多药耐药性,因此,应加强烧伤病房病原菌分布及其耐药性监测,指导临床合理用药,减少耐药株的产生。     

重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的明确重症监护病房(ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌构成及耐药情况,为临床抗菌药物的应用提供依据。方法采用回顾性监测的方法,调查2009年1月-2010年4月ICU接受呼吸机通气患者中VAP病原菌特点。结果 65例VAP患者共检出病原菌68株,其中革兰阴性菌51株,占75.00%,革兰阳性菌12株,占17.65%,真菌5株,占7.35%;检出的主要病原菌是:鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、铜绿假单胞菌,分别占19.12%、16.18%、14.71%、13.24%;金黄色葡萄球菌耐药严重,鲍氏不动杆菌仅对阿米卡星具有较高的敏感性,对其他大多数药物具有耐药性;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对替考拉宁、头孢噻肟和美罗培南较敏感,对亚胺培南高度耐药,铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢噻肟、头孢唑肟、美罗培南、四环素的敏感性较高,对亚胺培南的耐药率较高,真菌对两性霉素B、酮康唑、制霉菌素的敏感率为100.00%,对氟康唑、伊曲康唑的敏感率为50.00%。结论 VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌且存在较严重的耐药现象,进行细菌培养和药物耐药性分析,对合理选用抗菌药物治疗VAP患者具有重要意义。     

复杂性细菌性尿路感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨复杂性尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性特点,为抗菌药物合理使用提供参考。方法收集2012年7月-2013年7月在医院治疗的125例复杂性尿路感染患者临床资料,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2Compact全自动微生物鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏试验。结果 125例尿路感染患者送检标本培养出311株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌59株占18.97%、革兰阴性菌213株占68.49%、真菌39株占12.54%;主要革兰阳性菌对多数抗菌药物耐药率均>50.00%,对万古霉素的耐药率0;革兰阴性菌对多数抗菌药物耐药率>50.00%,对头孢类抗菌药物耐药率均高达>90.00%;对美罗培南、呋喃妥因耐药率较低<15.00%;真菌对制霉菌素的耐药率为0。结论复杂性尿路感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主;革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌对抗菌药物耐药率较高,真菌对抗菌药物具有较好的敏感性,在进行治疗前,应进行药敏试验,根据试验结果选择敏感性高的抗菌药物。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.