2008-2009年肝胆外科病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的调查肝胆外科医院近2年病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2008年1月-2009年12月医院肝胆外科患者各类送检标本的病原菌种类、分布和对25种抗菌药物的耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共分离出病原菌594株,其中革兰阴性菌418株(70.4%),革兰阳性菌142株(23.9%),真菌34株(5.7%);革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌(19.9%)居多、革兰阳性菌以屎肠球菌(10.1%)居多,真菌主要为热带假丝酵母菌和白色假丝酵母菌;主要分离部位为腹腔引流液、痰液和胆汁;革兰阴性杆菌对碳青酶烯类以及含有酶抑制剂的药物耐药率较低,鲍氏不动杆菌对目前的抗菌药物耐药率高达81.7%～99.7%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对常用抗菌药物耐药性高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA);没有检测到对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌属;肠球菌属对利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率较低。结论肝胆外科患者医院感染主要病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,定期监测病原菌并按照药敏结果选择药物治疗很有必要。     

急性脑梗死患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布与耐药性研究

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法选取2014年4月-2015年2月医院收治的72例急性脑梗死并发下呼吸道感染患者,统计分析患者感染病原菌类型及其耐药性;使用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2Compact 30全自动微生物分析系统进行菌株鉴定,采用E-test法进行药敏试验,采用Whonet5.4软件进行药敏统计分析。结果 72例临床急性脑梗死发生下呼吸道感染患者送检标本分离出病原菌68株,检出率94.44%,其中革兰阴性菌31株占45.59%,以肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌为主,革兰阳性菌29株占42.65%,以金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌为主,真菌8株占11.76%,以白色假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌为主;肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林和庆大霉素耐药率均40.00%,对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率均10.00%;金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、亚胺培南耐药率均为0,对红霉素、氨苄西林和庆大霉素的耐药率40.00%;白色假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑的耐药率20.00%,对两性霉素B的耐药率40.00%。结论急性脑梗死并发下呼吸道感染患者感染病原菌种类较多,感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌为主,临床治疗中可根据药敏结果选择敏感的抗菌药物进行治疗。     

中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的分析医院综合ICU患者中心静脉导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的病原菌分布及其耐药性,为CRBSI治疗提供合理依据。方法回顾性分析医院2010年6月-2013年6月2 344例置入中心静脉导管患者的临床资料,分析确诊患者血液及中心静脉导管末端细菌培养及药敏结果,数据采用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行分析。结果 218例确诊为CRBSI,感染率为9.3%;共分离培养出病原菌218株,其中革兰阳性菌占64.7%、革兰阴性杆菌占21.1%、真菌占14.2%,前3位病原菌依次为表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌属及白色假丝酵母菌,分别占28.9%、14.2%、8.3%及8.3%;革兰阳性菌耐药严重,但对利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁均敏感;革兰阴性菌对各种抗菌药物耐药率均很高,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和亚胺培南耐药性相对较低;白色假丝酵母菌和热带假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑敏感性良好,光滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑耐药率较高,对伏立康唑较敏感。结论 CRBSI的主要病原菌为革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌,耐药现象严重,治疗困难,对病原菌进行培养和药物敏感性试验,对合理选用抗菌药物治疗CRBSI具有重要意义。     

医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解目前医院感染病原菌分布及对抗菌药物的耐药率,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法采用VITEK系统或API系统进行菌株鉴定,细菌药物敏感性测定采用纸片扩散法(K-B法),真菌药物敏感性测定采用Rosco纸片法,使用WHONET5.6软件对药敏结果进行耐药性分析。结果 2013年共分离病原菌8 907株,其中革兰阴性菌4 750株占53.3%,革兰阳性菌1 680株占18.9%,真菌1 378株占15.5%;革兰阴性菌中的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星较敏感,耐药率<10.0%;革兰阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌对庆大霉素、呋南妥因、利奈唑胺、万古霉素较敏感,耐药率<10.0%;假丝酵母菌属对抗真菌药物普遍较为敏感。结论检出病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,耐药现象较为严重,应根据病原菌的分布及其耐药性合理选用抗菌药物。     

尿路感染常见病原菌的耐药性分析

目的分析医院尿路感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床医师合理用药及医院感染控制提供依据。方法收集医院2012年1-12月尿液标本,采用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动细菌鉴定仪VITEK-2Compact进行病原菌分析,药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法进行,采用WHONET5.5软件进行数据统计分析。结果共检出病原菌573株,检出阳性率为30.62%,革兰阴性菌380株占66.32%,革兰阳性菌138株占24.08%,真菌55株占9.60%,其中革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌为主,革兰阳性菌以肠球菌属为主,真菌以白色假丝酵母菌为主;革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、庆大霉素耐药率较高,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物较敏感,耐药率<6.0%;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因100.0%敏感,对左氧氟沙星、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、青霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率较高。结论大肠埃希菌和肠球菌属是泌尿系感染的主要病原菌,由于耐药性逐年增加,临床应在尿培养和药敏试验的基础上合理选用抗菌药物。     

山东省医院感染监控网泌尿道感染病原菌及其耐药性分析

目的 了解山东省泌尿道医院感染病原菌及其耐药性变化趋势。方法 统计分析山东省医院感染监控网2001年8月-2005年7月,泌尿道医院感染病原菌及其耐药情况。结果 泌尿道医院感染共分离到病原菌933株,革兰阴性杆菌524株,占56.16%,革兰阳性菌214株,占22.94%,真菌195株,占20.90%;主要病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌（311株）、白色假丝酵母菌（74株）、肠球菌属（62株）等;药敏结果提示除真菌以外的大多数细菌出现多重耐药,革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南敏感,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素敏感。结论 定期系统地进行细菌耐药监测,对临床合理用药具有重要的指导意义。     

妇科住院患者医院感染病原菌特点及耐药性

目的:探讨妇科住院患者医院感染病原菌特点及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法:对我院2009年1月～2011年12月妇科住院患者1215例,对送检标本采用自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏分析,观察病原菌分布特点及耐药性。结果:医院感染113例,共培养分离出189株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌(G-菌)108株,占57.14%,主要为大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;革兰阳性菌(G+菌)61株,占32.28%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌,真菌20株,占10.58%,主要为白色假丝酵母菌13株,热带假丝酵母菌7株。革兰阴性杆菌对环丙沙星、阿米卡星、亚胺培南、阿奇霉素敏感率较高,对左氧氟沙星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦中度敏感,其他药物呈不同态势耐药。革兰阳性杆菌对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、万古霉素敏感率较高,其他药物呈不同态势耐药。结论:根据妇科住院患者病原菌分布特点和耐药性合理使用抗生素,能有效控制医院感染率。     

烧伤病房患者病原菌调查及耐药性监测

目的分析烧伤病房患者病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集医院烧伤科2009年1月-2012年10月烧伤患者的创面分泌物中分离的病原菌,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏试验。结果共分离出病原菌358株,其中革兰阴性菌212株,占59.22%,以铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性球菌126株,占35.19%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌20株,占5.59%,以白色假丝酵母菌为主;主要革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南较敏感,但鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率较高,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁较敏感。结论烧伤病房患者感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要病原菌产生多药耐药性,因此,应加强烧伤病房病原菌分布及其耐药性监测,指导临床合理用药,减少耐药株的产生。     

1023株中段尿培养的病原菌分布和耐药性

目的了解尿培养的病原菌分布和耐药性,为尿路感染的诊断及抗菌药物的合理使用提供依据。方法回顾性分析2018年8月至2020年7月医院住院患者中段尿培养的病原菌分布和耐药性,采用珠海迪尔公司96-DL全自动细菌鉴定和药敏分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,按照美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)发布的最新版标准判读药敏试验结果。结果7395例中段尿标本共分离出1023株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌710株(69.40%),主要为大肠埃希菌404株(39.49%),肺炎克雷伯菌95株(9.29%),奇异变形杆菌60株(5.87%);革兰阳性菌195株(19.06%),主要为屎肠球菌75株(7.33%)、粪肠球菌71株(6.94%);真菌118株(11.53%)。3种主要的革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率最高,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率最低;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,粪肠球菌对四环素的耐药率最高,2种主要的革兰阳性菌均对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁的耐药率最低;热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌对抗真菌药物的耐药率较高,白假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌对抗真菌药物的耐药率较低。结论大肠埃希菌为中段尿培养的主要病原菌,其耐药率高,临床医师应根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物,以减少病原菌耐药的发生。     

神经外科重症监护病房患者肺部感染病原菌分析

目的 探讨神经外科重症监护病房(NICU)患者肺部感染常见的病原菌构成及药物敏感性.方法 2006年3月-2007年3月,对NICU肺部感染患者的痰液标本进行细菌培养,分析病原菌分布及药敏试验.结果 病原学检查共分离出病原菌555株,分离率居前3位的分别为铜绿假单胞菌183株占33.0%、金黄色葡萄球菌114株占20.5%、肺炎克雷伯菌56株占10.1%;药敏结果显示各类细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为严重耐药和多药耐药;耐甲氧西林株占金黄色葡萄球菌的97.4%;真菌感染分离率明显增高,主要为热带假丝酵母菌(5.9%)、白色假丝酵母菌(3.8%)和光滑假丝酵母菌(3.6%),其对氟康唑、酮康唑及两性霉素B均敏感.结论 NICU肺部感染的患者以革兰阴性杆菌感染为主,病原菌耐药率高,定期进行药敏试验,指导临床合理选择用药,可获满意疗效.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.