中国101个较贫困县农村学龄前儿童营养状况

总结分析了中国政府与联合国儿童基金会的合作项目：儿童营养监测与改善基线调查结果。该基线调查于１９９０年及１９９１年在全国２７个省１０１个较贫困县开展，共调查０～５岁儿童８６３９７名，调查内容包括儿童健康调查，膳食调查，家庭调查。结果表明：中国较贫困地区农村学龄前儿童生长发育较差，体重身高发育均明显低于ＷＨＯ标准。中重度发育迟缓，低体重及消瘦儿童患病率（低于ＷＨＯ标准－２ｓ）分别为３６．１７％，２３．６９％和３．６３％。营养不良患病率随儿童年龄增加而上升，但６～２４个月年龄段增幅最大，说明该年龄段为关键时期。儿童营养不良患病率与儿童在家庭中的排行有正相关关系。一些少数民族儿童的营养不良患病率较高。婴儿４个月内母乳喂养的儿童，其营养不良患病率明显低于混合喂养及人工喂养。儿童贫血率平均为３８．１％，６月～１岁年龄段最高达５０％。儿童膳食品种单一，蛋白质、热能、钙、ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２、ＶＣ等营养素摄入均不足。文章最终提出项目改善儿童营养状况的重点地区、年龄段及主要措施。     

1990年、1995年北京市5岁以下儿童营养状况分析比较

本文采用NCHS/WHO标准为参照人群,以年龄别体重、年龄别身高、身高别体重为评价指标,用Z评分法分别对1990年、1995年北京市5岁以下儿童体格发育及营养状况抽样调查资料进行评价,并分析比较两次调查资料。结果显示5岁以下儿童体重低下、生长迟缓、消瘦3项指标患病率1995年均比1990年下降,下降幅度分别为61.38％、54.19％、44.02％。3项指标各年龄组Z评分均值有所增加(除6～11月龄外),提示1995年北京市5岁以下儿童营养状况比1990年有明显改善。     

河南某幼儿园儿童膳食及营养状况调查

目的了解学龄前儿童的膳食结构及营养状况，为调整膳食结构提供科学依据。方法通过膳食调查、体格检查及血红蛋白测定，评价河南省直机关第二幼儿园407名幼儿的营养素摄人情况及一般营养状况。结果学龄前儿童平均每人每日能量、蛋白质、维生素A、核黄素、维生素B1、维生素E、铁、铜、磷、硒摄入量合理，但钙、锌摄入偏低，碳水化合物摄入偏低，脂肪摄入量偏高；幼儿营养不良检出率为0．73％，肥胖检出率为2．7％，无贫血儿童。结论儿童膳食结构不尽合理，动物性食物摄入过高，粮谷类、绿叶蔬菜及乳类食品摄入过低。     

广东省2002年学龄前儿童生长发育状况及评价

目的 了解广东省学龄前儿童生长发育状况，为进一步改善学龄前儿童生长发育水平提供科学依据。方法 利用2002年广东省居民营养与健康状况调查，获取6岁以下儿童共3569名体检资料，并进行描述性分析。采用世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐使用的参考标准，对儿童体格发育进行评价。结果 男童生长发育状况优于女童。城市儿童优于农村儿童。肥胖发生率城市高于农村，其中0-1岁女童及4-6岁男童肥胖率较高，分别为7．8％，9．8％；消瘦率、低体重率、生长发育迟缓率农村明显高于城市，其中消瘦率以0-1岁年龄段最高；低体重、生长发育迟缓发生情况相似，男童均以4-6岁年龄段最高，女童均以2-3岁年龄段最高。结论 6岁以下农村儿童生长发育和营养状况令人担忧，应尽早采取干预措施，改善环境因素。     

微维营养片对农村苗族学龄前儿童营养干预评价

对 1 62名农村苗族学龄儿童进行膳食营养状况调查 ,并分组用微维营养素片进行营养干预试验 ,结果表明 :苗族学龄膳食儿童热能及蛋白质基本达到 RDA,但钙、核黄素、维生素 A缺乏明显 ,膳食结构不合理 ,贫血发生率高 ,微维营养片对儿童贫血有明显改善作用 ,提出了几项促进学龄前儿童营养健康的建议措施     

郑州市某幼儿园儿童营养状况调查

为了解郑州市某幼儿园学龄前儿童营养状况，并为营养监测和改善提供基础资料。我们于１９９６年３月对该所幼儿园２６４名２～６岁儿童进行了为期５天的营养状况调查。结果表明：园中膳食每日营养素的平均摄入量钙、锌、核黄素、抗坏血酸存在不足。分别为平均供给量标准的２２．５％、５９．９％、５４．５％和７９．５％，其它营养素达８０％以上，同时测量了儿童的身高、体重，对年龄标准身高、年龄标准体重、身高标准体重三个反映营养状况的指标进行统计学分析，显示儿童明显营养不良、可疑营养不良、营养中等、超重以及肥胖儿所占比例分别为０．５２％、３５．４％、５６．３５％、３．３１％和４．４２％。血红蛋白测定儿童贫血患病率为５．３８％，尿核黄素／肌酐比值显示体内核黄素缺乏和不足者为６．８７％。     

中国较贫困地区0～2岁儿童辅食添加时间和种类对其生长发育的影响

目的研究辅食添加时间和种类对中国较贫困地区学龄前儿童生长发育状况的影响。方法采用营养监测与改善项目1990、1993、1995年3年对21个省共64个县0～2岁儿童监测数据。结果在4～6个月龄时添加蛋类、水果类食物的儿童低体重发生率、生长迟缓发生率和消瘦发生率均明显低于7～24个月龄时添加的儿童 (P<0.05)。4～6个月龄时添加乳类食物的儿童生长迟缓发生率和低体重发生率明显低于7～24个月龄时添加的儿童 (P<0.05)。4～6月龄时添加豆类食物的儿童生长迟缓发生率明显低于7～24个月龄时添加的儿童 (P<0.05)。结论辅食添加的时间有提前的趋势 ,辅食添加时间和种类可以显著影响我国较贫困地区0～2岁儿童的生长发育状况     

合肥郊区0—6岁儿童营养状况分析

目的：了解合肥郊区儿童的营养状况,评价农村儿保工作的质量。方法：于1990－1995年按既定诊断标准逐年调查全区0－6岁儿童佝偻病、缺铁性贫血（IDA）及营养不良的患病情况。结果;全区儿童营养不良、佝楼病及IDA的患病率分别为0.25％－1.06％,5.72％－18.44％及8．33％－42.9％;1992－1995年营养不良患病率有逐年下降的趋势,而佝偻病及贫血则相反;婴幼儿较学龄前儿童佝偻病患病情况严重,而贫血则相反;男女童营养状况无差异;经济状况较好的近郊儿童的营养状况明显好于经济状况较差的远郊儿童。结论：农村儿保工作的重点仍应放在营养缺乏病的防治上．对婴幼儿重点在佝偻病,学龄前儿童重点在IDA。     

我国贫困地区学龄前儿童生长发育状况及影响因素

目的：　了解我国贫困地区学龄前儿童生长发育状况和学龄前儿童生长发育的影响因素。方法：　总结分析中国政府与联合国儿童基金会的合作项目“儿童营养改善”基线调查结果。该基线调查于１９９６ 年１０ 月在全国１９ 个省２９ 个较贫困县开展，共调查０ ～５ 岁儿童１２ ３４４ 名、儿童家长２９３９ 名，调查内容包括：儿童健康调查及家长营养知识、态度和行为调查。结果：　随着经济的发展、人民生活水平不断提高。我国贫困地区儿童的生长发育状况也明显好转。学龄前儿童发育迟缓率和体重不足率明显下降，１９９６ 年为１６ ．２ ％ 和１４ ．１ ％ 。在影响儿童生长发育的因素中，母乳喂养、辅食添加和家庭经济状况是影响儿童生长发育的重要因素     

江苏贫困地区学龄前儿童营养状况及影响因素分析

目的研究贫困地区儿童营养问题及影响因素。方法采用Z评分法和身材分法对984名学龄前儿童的主要营养指标进行比较评价，并选择儿童家长询问调查194名儿童，探讨家庭年人均收入、母亲职业和文化程度等因素对学龄前儿童营养状况的影响。结果家庭年人均收入对儿童生长迟缓率有一定影响，低收入家庭儿童生长迟缓率高于中高收入家庭；母亲有职业的儿童，其超重儿及肥胖儿的发生率比母亲为纯农民（无职业）的儿童要高。结论急性营养不良已不再是我省贫困地区学龄前儿童普遍存在的主要营养问题，慢性营养不良、超重儿及肥胖儿的高发生率必须引起足够的重视。     

农村学龄前儿童营养改善效果分析

“儿童营养监测与改善”项目是到目前为止在中国开展的最大规模的针对农村学龄前儿童的营养改善项目,本文着重对项目初期、终期二次监测结果进行比较分析,结果显示,通过五年营养改善工作的开展,使得项目县儿童的营养状况有了不同程度的改善,全国平均发育迟缓发生率下降了２３．１％,低体重发生率下降了２８．６％,贫血患病率下降了４８％,这些改善效果的取得与几年来实施的以营养教育为主线,多种措施并举的改善方案,在一定程度上改变了儿童的不良喂养习惯,提高儿童的膳食质量有着非常重要的关系。     

Seasonal variation of food consumption and selected nutrient intake in Linxian,a high risk area for esophageal cancer in China

Linxian, China, is a region with high incidence of esophageal cancer and a history of poor nutritional status. Nutrition Intervention Trials were conducted in this area from 1985 through 1991 and found a reduction in total cancer mortality in the group receiving supplementation of beta-carotene/selenium/alpha-tocopherol. The positive results of those trials have, in part, been ascribed to the poor nutritional status of this population. To investigate more recent food patterns, nutrient intakes, and seasonal variations in the diet, dietary surveys were conducted among the residents of Linxian in 1996. Food consumption data were collected among 104 households in spring and 106 households in autumn using a method of food inventory changes. Intake of nutrients was estimated and compared to the Chinese Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). In both seasons, the five most common food groups consumed were cereals, fresh vegetables, yams, seasoning, and eggs. Low nutrient intakes were found for selenium (79% RDA and 66% RDA), zinc (72% RDA and 62% RDA), vitamin B2 (64% RDA and 52% RDA), and calcium (53% RDA and 39% RDA) in both spring and autumn. A large seasonal variation was seen in the consumption of leafy vegetables, root vegetables and eggs, all of which might have contributed to the lower intake of vitamin A (25% RDA), vitamin C (75% RDA), protein (76% RDA), and vitamin E (78% RDA) in autumn. These indicate that the nutrient intake in Linxian is inadequate for a number of vitamins and minerals including those shown to be associated with esophageal cancer.     

Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional status regarding vitamin A, iron and anthropometric indices and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community. Micronutrient, haematological, anthropometric and dietary indicators were used to assess nutritional status during a cross-sectional survey. The setting was a low socioeconomic rural African community (Ndunakazi), approximately 60 km northwest of the coastal city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The subjects were children aged 2-5 years (n = 164), and their caregivers (n = 137). Of the preschool children, 50% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 20 micrograms/dL), 54% were anaemic (Hb < 11 micrograms/dL), 33% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 10 micrograms/L), and 21% were stunted (Z-score for height-for-age < -2SD). Of the caregivers, 30% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 30 micrograms/dL), 44% were anaemic (Hb < 11 micrograms/dL), 19% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 12 micrograms/L), and 40% and 26% were overweight (BMI > or = 24 and < 30) and obese (BMI > or = 30), respectively. The children and caregivers consumed a cereal-based diet, with phutu (a stiff porridge made with maize meal), rice and bread as staple foods. Quantitative dietary analysis showed that the dietary intakes were high in carbohydrates (approximately 70% of total energy), while fat intake was within the prudent dietary guideline of 30% of total energy intake. Median dietary intakes were below 50% of the RDA for calcium, zinc (children only), vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin (children only) and vitamin B12. These preschool children and their caregivers consumed a high carbohydrate diet deficient in most of the essential micronutrients. The poor quality of the diet was reflected in a poor vitamin A and iron status, and one-fifth of the children showed linear growth retardation. Nutrition education and intervention programmes should address micronutrient deficiencies, with the focus not only on quantity, but also quality of the diet.     

合理饮用学生奶对学生体质发育的影响分析

目的：探讨合理饮用学生奶对学生体质发育的影响。方法：采用随机整群抽样的方法对银川市两所小学进行营养调查，及对小学生的体格发育指标测量的数据和血红蛋白测定数据进行分析。结果：学生膳食中热量及营养素摄入基本达到标准，但钙，维生素B2摄入不足，其中钙占RDA值的59．0％，维生素B2占66．7％。城区、郊区学生营养不良率分别为17．7％和27．7％，贫血检出率分别为11．8％和15．8％，人均每日由奶类来源的钙分别占14．1％和12．2％， 经统计学分析差异有显性（P＜0．05）。结论：摄入奶类食物多少与学生营养状况有一定的关系。提示开展“学生饮用奶计划”对学生体质发育有着积极的意义。     

中国儿童营养状况15年变化分析——5岁以下儿童生长发育变化特点

目的利用中国食物与营养监测系统1990~2005年的数据,对中国经济快速发展时期儿童生长发育特点进行分析,确定当前主要的儿童营养问题,为制定营养改善对策提供科学依据。方法本文用WHO推荐的NCHS标准评价儿童的身高体重发育状况,用Z评分方法,比较1990~2005年中国城乡5岁以下儿童的生长发育变化。结果1990年至2005年,中国5岁以下儿童的低体重率由22.6%降低到8.6%,生长迟缓率由41.4%降至13.1%。城乡儿童的生长迟缓率的差值由1990年的32个百分点降到了2005年的10.6个百分点。但中国贫困农村儿童的低体重率和生长迟缓率分别为12.3%与17.6%。由于中国儿童身高的改善滞后于体重的改善,在1992年前后出现了“生长迟缓型肥胖”现象。1995年,儿童“生长迟缓型肥胖”率最高,达12.6%。1995年后,中国城乡儿童的身高体重发育开始均衡发展,到2005年,中国儿童的身高体重均衡性有了显著的改善。结论15年来中国5岁以下儿童生长发育状况已有很大改善,城乡差距缩小。但是贫困地区儿童的营养不良患病率仍在较高水平,虽然近几年来有了较大的改善。作者提出了在保证6个月龄以下儿童纯母乳喂养的同时,采取适合中国国情的家庭内辅助食品的营养强化等综合干预措施的建议,并强调加强6~24月龄婴幼儿的辅食添加质量以及提高2岁以上儿童的膳食质量,将是进一步有效的提高中国5岁以下儿童营养状况的关键所在。     

Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 2–5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional status regarding vitamin A, iron and anthropometric indices and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community. Micronutrient, haematological, anthropometric and dietary indicators were used to assess nutritional status during a cross-sectional survey. The setting was a low socioeconomic rural African community (Ndunakazi), approximately 60 km northwest of the coastal city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The subjects were children aged 2-5 years (n = 164), and their caregivers (n = 137). Of the preschool children, 50% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 20 μ g/dL), 54% were anaemic (Hb < 11 μ g/dL), 33% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 10 μ g/L), and 21% were stunted (Z-score for height-for-age < -2SD). Of the caregivers, 30% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 30 μ g/dL), 44% were anaemic (Hb < 11 μ g/dL), 19% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels <12 μ g/L), and 40% and 26% were overweight (BMI ≥ 24 and <30) and obese (BMI ≥ 30), respectively. The children and caregivers consumed a cereal-based diet, with phutu (a stiff porridge made with maize meal), rice and bread as staple foods. Quantitative dietary analysis showed that the dietary intakes were high in carbohydrates (~70% of total energy), while fat intake was within the prudent dietary guideline of 30% of total energy intake. Median dietary intakes were below 50% of the RDA for calcium, zinc (children only), vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin (children only) and vitamin B 12. These preschool children and their caregivers consumed a high carbohydrate diet deficient in most of the essential micronutrients. The poor quality of the diet was reflected in a poor vitamin A and iron status, and one-fifth of the children showed linear growth retardation. Nutrition education and intervention programmes should address micronutrient deficiencies, with the focus not only on quantity, but also quality of the diet.     

我国较贫困地区农村学龄前儿童膳食状况

对１９８５～１９８９年７省较贫困的１８个乡农村儿童膳食调查资料采用平均摄入量、临界值及概率法进行了总结分析。结果表明，６～２４月龄母乳喂养儿的辅食品种单一，数量不足。断奶儿童各年龄组热能、蛋白质摄入量的平均值分别达ＲＤＡ的９２％～１０４％和７６％～８４％，但以ＲＤＡ为界值，仍有５３％～６２％及７４％～８５％的儿童热能、蛋白质摄入量低，用概率法分析蛋白质、钙、维生素Ａ、Ｂ２、Ｃ及铁摄入不足的人数比例分别是５０％～６０％、９３％～９７％、５１％～８７％、７４％～８６％、５８％～６６％和１２％～４７％。热能、蛋白质摄入量低于ＲＤＡ值儿童的身高、体重明显低于摄入量高于ＲＤＡ值的儿童。     

Dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children and their parents in Taiwan

The aim of this study was to assess and compare dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children and their parents. Fifty-six omnivores (28 children and 28 parents) and 42 vegetarians (21 preschool children with 18 lacto-ovo-vegetarians and 3 ovo-vegetarians; 21 parents with 16 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 2 ovo-vegetarians, 1 lacto-vegetarian, and 2 vegans) were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were taken; body mass index and weight-for-height index (WHI) were calculated. Nutrient intake was recorded using 3-day dietary records. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained to estimate hematologic and vitamin status parameters. Height, weight, body mass index, WHI, and triceps skinfold thickness value differences between omnivores and vegetarians in both parent and child groups were not found. Both omnivorous parents and their children had significantly higher fat and lower fiber intakes than vegetarian parents and children. Omnivorous children had significantly higher protein and lower vitamin C intakes than vegetarian children, whereas omnivorous parents had significantly lower vitamin A and iron intakes than vegetarian parents. Vegetarians and omnivores in both parent and child groups had mean calcium consumption less than 75% of the Taiwan dietary intakes. All mean hematologic and biochemical nutrient status indices were within the reference range in any groups. However, both vegetarian parents and children had significantly lower mean total cholesterol and serum ferritin concentrations than those of omnivorous parents and children. Our vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children had normal growth and adequate nutritional status. However, both parents and children had inadequate calcium intakes, which may potentially affect bone health, especially for preschool children in the growing stage.     

Nutrition,Cognition, and Social Emotion among Preschoolers in Poor,Rural Areas of South Central China: Status and Correlates

Existing empirical evidence suggests that the prevalence of undernutrition in remote and poor, rural areas is still high among Chinese children. While evidence reveals that undernutrition may detrimentally affect child development, studies focusing on rural Chinese preschoolers are sparse. Using the baseline survey of a preschool’s free nutritious lunch pilot program, this study examined the relationship between child undernutrition and developmental outcomes among a preschool-aged sample in poor, rural areas of China. We conducted the baseline survey in Hunan province in south central China in September 2018. A total of 1293 preschoolers living in two (then) nationally designated poverty counties in rural Hunan served as our study sample. Children’s nutritional statuses were measured using height-for-age z-score, weight-for-age z-score, and anemia, while their cognitive and socio-emotional skills were assessed using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), respectively. We find that 33% of sample preschoolers were anemic, whereas the incidences of stunting and wasting were 11% and 2%, respectively. About 54% of the sample children had delay in at least one of the developmental domains measured in this study. Our findings provide suggestive evidence supporting that children from certain backgrounds tend to experience worse nutritional and developmental outcomes than their counterparts. After controlling for socioeconomic status, we observed that both anemia and stunting were negatively associated with children’s cognitive performance; however, they were not associated with socio-emotional performance. As such, this study suggests that free lunch programs have the potential to change children’s developmental trajectory in preschool. We believe that our results will contribute to the debate surrounding whether the nutritious lunch program in China should be expanded to the preschool education level.