前路病灶清除同期植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨前路病灶清除同期植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法回顾分析我院2006年1月至2009年1月经前路病灶清除同期植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核患者26例,观察术后脊髓神经功能恢复、脊柱后凸畸形矫正、结核中毒症状的改善及脊柱的稳定性情况。结果所有患者均获得随访,时间6～36个月,平均随访18个月,胸腰背部疼痛及结核中毒症状消失,内固定位置良好,无松动、断裂等并发症,术后平均5个月植骨均获得骨性融合。术前Cobb角18.5°～56.0°,平均27.3°,术后1周及末次随访时Cobb角平均15.2°、17.6°,平均矫正12.1°,脊髓神经功能不同程度得到恢复。结论前路病灶清除同期植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核病灶清除彻底,脊髓减压全面,可有效矫正后凸畸形,术后即刻重建脊柱稳定性,是胸腰椎结核较安全有效的治疗方法 。     

经胸一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核

目的 探讨经胸一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核的手术方式及治疗效果.方法 采用前路钢板固定29例(髂骨植骨14例、肋骨植骨5例、钛网植骨10例),采用单钉棒内固定5例(髂骨植骨2例、钛网植骨3例).对34例采用经胸一期前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨、内固定术的胸椎结核患者随访12～24个月,观察术后局部疼痛缓解、脊髓功能恢复、后凸畸形矫正及脊柱稳定性情况,对手术方式、治疗效果进行回顾性分析.结果 病灶局部疼痛于术后半年消失,8例截瘫患者术后4个月截瘫基本恢复至正常.术前脊柱后凸Cobb角5.2～41.5°,平均27.3°,术后Cobb角0～28.4°,平均10.7°,较术前平均矫正度数16.6°.术后1年Cobb角丢失0～8°,平均丢失2.5°.随访12～24个月,33例达到植骨融合标准;1例虽未达到标准但疼痛消失,植骨内固定稳定,恢复日常生活.无手术感染及结核复发.结论 一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核,具有病灶清除彻底、直视下减压安全充分、复发率低、矫正后凸畸形满意、早期恢复脊柱稳定性等优点,临床效果满意.     

胸腰椎结核经前路一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗观察

目的探讨一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的治疗经验。方法 2001年2月—2007年2月采用一期前路病灶清除、自体植骨、前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核18例。结果经平均15个月随访,脊髓神经功能得到不同程度地恢复,植骨融合满意,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发,后凸角度平均矫正21.3°。结论一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核能够使病变节段在术后即刻获得足够的稳定性,为脊柱融合和结核病灶的静止提供一个良好的力学环境,是外科治疗脊柱结核安全和有效的方法。     

胸腰椎结核的外科治疗

目的观察胸腰椎结核前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定手术治疗的效果。方法对23例胸腰椎结核患者采用一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定手术,观察术后效果及植骨融合情况。结果术后随访6个月。6年,平均3年8个月,23例患者均临床治愈。脊柱后凸畸形平均矫正17例,不全截瘫患者神经功能完全恢复。结论胸腰椎结核前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定可重建脊柱稳定性,临床应用安全有效。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效评价

目的 评价一期前路病灶清除、植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效.方法 本组13例胸腰椎结核,男6例,女7例,年龄23～75岁.2节段11例;3及多节段2例,均采用一期前路病灶清除、植骨内固定.结果 术前后凸Cobb角平均16度,术后后凸Cobb角平均8.6度,未次随访后凸Cobb角平均9.8度,纠正丢失平均1.3度.结论 前路病灶清除、植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核并发症发生率低、融合率高,可获得并维持后凸畸形的纠正;单一入路即可完成于术,保留了更多的运动节段.     

前路病灶清除植骨融合一期钉板系统内固定治疗腰椎结核10例

目的探讨前路病灶清除植骨融合一期钉板系统内固定治疗腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法自2004年7月至2008年7月,对10例腰椎结核施行前路病灶清除植骨融合一期钉板系统内固定。本组年龄22-73岁,平均54岁;男7例,女3例;其中2例伴不全瘫。均采用自体髂骨植骨。脊柱畸形平均Cobb角为19.5°。术前常规抗结核治疗2-4周,术后规则抗结核治疗12-18月。结果10例患者均获得随访1-3年,平均18个月。术后切口均一期愈合,红细胞沉降率恢复正常;植骨于术后3个月开始出现融合,术后Cobb角平均为5.3°,平均矫正14.2°。未见植骨块移位及内固定物松动、断裂等。2例不全瘫患者术后神经功能基本恢复。结论经前路病灶清除植骨融合一期钉板系统内固定治疗腰椎结核可彻底清除病灶,重建和维持腰椎的稳定性,提高腰椎结核的治愈率。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨并内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的总结一期前路病灶清除,椎间植骨和前路内固定、手术治疗胸腰结核临床疗效,探讨前路内固定植入在脊柱结核外科治疗中的安全性和价值。方法分析2001年7月～2004年12月期间13例采用一期前路病灶清除椎间植骨并Zplate前路钛钢板内固定治疗患者的临床资料。结果13例病例随访平均19个月,所有病例无手术并发症、无复发,融合时间平均3.7个月,后凸矫正角度32.7°±8.3°。结论前路一期手术内固定治疗胸腰椎结核能有效矫正后凸畸形,恢复。脊柱稳定性和促进椎间植骨融合的目的,是一种安全和有效的治疗方案。     

前路病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨经前路病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效及经验。方法对31例胸腰椎结核患者,男性19例,女性12例,年龄20～71岁,年龄平均40.2岁。经2～5周正规抗结核治疗后行病变椎体次全切除(或全切除)及周边脓肿、死骨、肉芽组织及干酪样物等结核病灶清除,椎间大块髂骨植骨,Ⅰ期前路内固定术,术后继续抗结核治疗1～1.5年。结果31例术后除1例死亡外,全部获随访8个月～6年,平均22个月。1例脊椎结核复发,1例植骨未融合,植骨融合率96.7%,植骨愈合时间3～8个月,平均5个月。脊椎后凸畸形较术前平均矫正70.1%,脊椎高度较术前增高15～30mm,平均20mm。术后并发脊椎侧凸,内固定松动,引流孔窦道形成各1例。1例出现神经根刺激症状,2例伤口区麻木感,3例不全性截瘫患者术后脊椎功能皆明显恢复。结论经前路病灶清除植骨Ⅰ期前路内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核能彻底清除结核病灶,对脊髓及神经根彻底进行减压,促进脊髓及神经功能恢复,矫正脊椎后凸畸形,同时Ⅰ期建立和恢复脊柱的连续性和稳定性,促进脊柱植骨融合,提高了胸腰椎结核的治愈率。     

病灶清除植骨前路联合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨前路病灶清除同期植骨联合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效。方法采用前路病灶清除同期植骨,短节段椎体侧方固定,植骨块钛钉固定治疗胸腰椎结核35例。结果所有患者经6-36个月（平均8个月）的随访,结核病灶治愈,植骨块融合,无复发患者,腰椎后凸畸形得以矫正。结论前路病灶清除同期植骨联合内固定术是治疗胸腰椎结核安全有效的手术方法,固定可靠,植骨融合率高,可重建脊柱的稳定性     

Ⅰ期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的回顾分析病灶清除,Ⅰ期植骨融合内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效.方法29例胸腰椎结核病例,男16例,女13例.年龄25～72岁,平均46.2岁.病变部位,腰椎18例,胸椎11例.术中采用单根TSRH侧方固定23例.采用脊柱前路钉棒系统固定6例,用肋骨或髂骨椎体间植骨.结果25例随访,时间1～4年,优良率96%,植骨融合率100%,术后后凸畸形5°～46°,平均20°.无内固定合并症发生.结论术前术后规范药物治疗,术中直视下对病灶的彻底切除,行Ⅰ期植骨,内固定手术是可行的.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.