下肢动脉造影评分系统对慢性下肢缺血截肢平面选择的价值

目的:对35例下肢慢性缺血性截肢患者进行病例分析,探讨下肢动脉造影评分系统对慢性下肢缺血患者截肢平面选择的指导价值。方法:首都医科大学宣武医院血管外科自2001-06/2004-08采用下肢动脉造影评分系统指导完成35例下肢慢性缺血性患者进行截肢。对因慢性下肢缺血需行截肢的患者术前行双下肢动脉造影检查,根据首都医科大学血管外科研究所制定的动脉造影评分系统选择截肢平面(膝上截肢分数<12分,膝下截肢12～19分,半足截肢20～25分,截趾>25分),术中均按预定平面完成截肢。术后根据截肢残端一期愈合率对下肢造影评分系统进行评价。结果:按实际处理分析,实验纳入35例患者,33例进入结果分析,2例脱落,1例术后4d死于急性心肌梗死;另1例术后出现缝线反应。①下肢慢性缺血性截肢患者残端一期愈合率:33例截肢患者中,31例患者伤口达一期愈合,2例患者伤口未达一期愈合,患者截肢残端一期愈合率为93.94%。②下肢慢性缺血性截肢患者残端未达一期愈合的原因:2例患者伤口未达一期愈合,其中1例为人工血管搭桥术后截肢患者,残端反复破溃2年以上,人工血管去除后残端愈合;另1例因残端渗出较多,皮瓣下积液引流不畅,行残端切开引流后伤口愈合。结论:本实验无因缺血造成的伤口延期愈合或再截肢患者,说明这项新的截肢平面判断标准是行之有效的,提示可利用下肢动脉造影评分系统进行截肢平面预测。     

磁共振血管造影对糖尿病足及下肢动脉病变的诊断价值

糖尿病足是糖尿病患者的一种高发病率并发症，血管性病变所致的糖尿病足需要无创的检查手段来明确血管闭塞部位、程度及范围。增强磁共振血管造影对于下肢动脉狭阻的诊断几乎可取代X线血管造影检查，而对于血管移植术前足部动脉弓血管成像磁共振血管造影显示能力甚可高于X线血管造影。磁共振成像对于糖尿病足血管及神经病变的预测、诊断、动脉移植术前明确血管情况、了解截肢范围等具有丰富的诊断意义。     

下肢静脉疾病顺行造影41侧分析

本对资料完整的38例41侧下肢静脉顺行造影的X线表现特点分析如下。     

下肢静脉曲张的深静脉顺行造影X线分析

下肢静脉曲张作为外科常见病，其发病原因很多，下肢深静脉顺行造影虽是一种有创检查，但创伤小，操作简便，安全，可以充分了解静脉病变原因及静脉瓣的破坏情况和范围，目前仍是下肢静脉疾病最为可靠的诊断方法。我院自2001-07以来对肢体行进行深静脉顺行造影，对其X线征象分析如下。     

磁共振血管造影对糖尿病足及下肢动脉病变的诊断价值

糖尿病足是糖尿病患者的一种高发病率并发症,血管性病变所致的糖尿病足需要无创的检查手段来明确血管闭塞部位、程度及范围。增强磁共振血管造影对于下肢动脉狭阻的诊断几乎可取代X线血管造影检查,而对于血管移植术前足部动脉弓血管成像磁共振血管造影显示能力甚可高于X线血管造影。磁共振成像对于糖尿病足血管及神经病变的预测、诊断、动脉移植术前明确血管情况、了解截肢范围等具有丰富的诊断意义。     

介入治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病的中长期疗效分析

【目的】探讨介入治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病的中长期疗效。【方法】选择下肢动脉缺血性疾病的患者106例,其中42例患者经数字减影血管造影（DSA）证实为髂动脉和／或股动脉闭塞,64例髂动脉和／或股动脉、胭动脉不同程度管腔狭窄,术中采用经导管动脉内溶栓治疗64例,机械开通31例,经皮血管腔内成形术（PTA）101例,支架置入69例（116枚支架）,术后随访12～60个月,分析介入治疗后的中长期疗效。【结果】术中未出现血管破裂、穿孔等严重并发症;术后所有患者下肢缺血症状明显减轻或消失。随访期间1例患者于术后15个月死于急性心肌梗死,21例患者再次出现下肢缺血症状,经DSA检查6例内膜增生引起支架阻塞,6例非治疗部位血管病变进展所致下肢缺血,9例溶栓及PTA治疗部位血管再狭窄,均经PTA或支架置入治疗后症状好转出院;其余84例症状无复发,血管超声复查提示管腔通畅、血流良好。【结论】介入治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病操作创伤小、中长期疗效好,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗慢性下肢缺血94例不同病变分期患者的效果比较

目的：观察自体骨髓干细胞移植对慢性下肢缺血间歇性跛行期、静息痛期、溃疡期和坏疽期患者治疗效果的比较。方法：选取2003-03／2005-02首都医科大学宣武医院收治慢性下肢缺血患者94例（102条患肢），男59例，女35例，年龄平均69．5岁。病因：糖尿病性下肢缺血90条患肢（84例患者），单纯动脉硬化闭塞症7条患肢（6例患者），血栓闭塞性脉管炎5条下肢（4例患者）。间歇性跛行期13条患肢（12例患者）；静息痛期41条患肢（38例患者）；组织缺损期包括溃疡期和坏疽期，分别有26条患肢（24例患者）和22条患肢（20例患者）。①全部患者均行自体骨髓干细胞移植，采用下肢局部肌肉注射、下肢动脉腔内注射、下肢局部肌肉注射和动脉腔内注射同时进行3种方法。下肢局部肌肉注射是将经过分离、提纯的自体骨髓干细胞，采用多点方法注射在患肢缺血部位的肌肉内；下肢动脉腔内注射是将骨髓干细胞注射在下肢动脉腔内，注射时要用球囊导管阻断下肢动脉闭塞处的近端血流，时间3-5min；下肢局部肌肉注射并动脉腔内注射的方法是同时采用前2种方法进行移植。②主要临床症状与体征主观指标的评估：间歇性跛行期根据在正常速度下行走的距离分为5级（0级：行走≥500m，无疼痛；1级：行走400-499m，有疼痛；2级：行走300-399m，有疼痛；3级：行走100-299m，有疼痛；4级：静息痛，无法行走或行走〈100m，有疼痛）。静息痛期根据疼痛与否及疼痛程度分为5级（0级：无疼痛；1级：偶有疼痛，被问及能回忆起；2级：疼痛经常出现但能耐受，不需或偶用一般止痛剂；3级：经常使用一般止痛剂；4级：因疼痛影响睡眠，一般止痛剂难以缓解）。患肢冷感根据患肢有无冷感及冷感的程度分为5级（0级：无冷感；1级：受累肢体偶有发凉、怕冷的感觉；2级：受累肢体经常有发凉、怕冷的感觉；3级：受累肢体明显有冷、凉的感觉#采用局部保温措施后症状能得到一定程度的缓解；4级；受累肢体明显有冷、凉的感觉，采用局部保温措施后症状仍无明显改善）。③主要临床症状与体征客观指标的评估：新生侧支血管评估根据其数量分为4级（0级：无新生侧支血管；1级：少许新生侧支血管；2级：中量新生侧支血管；3级：丰富新生侧支血管）。保肢率以术后2个月为基准，观查各期的截肢率和保肢率。④疗效评估：患肢疼痛、冷感和间歇性跛行未减轻为无变化，减轻1级为改善，减轻2或3级为明显改善，达到0级为症状消失；创面愈合并且疼痛消失为治愈，创面明显缩小为明显改善，刨面缩小为改善，创面及疼痛无变化或扩大为无效。结果：按意向处理分析，纳入实验的94例患者102条患肢全部进入结果分析。①不同患病期的下肢缺血总有效率比较：间歇性跛行期100％，静息痛期92．7％，溃疡期83.3％，坏疽期59．1％。前3期比较基本相近（χ^2=1．01～2．23，P〉0．05）；静息痛期与溃疡期比较仍无差异（χ^2=1．11，P〉0．05）；前3期均显著高于坏疽期（χ^2=10．48，P〈0．01；在5．18，P〈0．05；χ^2=3．93，P〈0．05）。②不同患病期的踝肱指数变化：间歇性跛行期、静息痛期、溃疡期、坏疽期踝肱指数增加分别为46．2％，31．7％，34．6％和27.3％，无明显差异。③不同患病期保肢率：间歇性跛行期100％，静息痛期97．6％，溃疡期88．5％，坏疽期59．1％。前3期比较基本相近（χ^20．32～0．41，P〉0．05）；静息痛期与溃疡期比较也基本相近（χ^2=2．35，P〉0．05）；前3期均显著高于坏疽期（在15．87，P〈0．0l；χ^2=5．18，P〈0．05；χ^2=5．48，P〈0．05）。④不同患病期经皮氧分压增加与血管生成情况：经皮氧分压测定各期之间无明显差异。下肢动脉造影显示，有丰富血管生成的百分比各期之间也没有明显差异。结论：自体骨髓干细胞下肢局部肌肉注射移植治疗下肢缺血患者，在病变的早、中阶段和单纯溃疡阶段，其有效率和保肢率均无明显差异，但以上3阶段的有效率和保肢率均明显高于晚期的有组织坏疽阶段，充分说明自体骨髓干细胞移植特别适合下肢缺血患者病变的早期与中期，对于缺血晚期特别是患肢存在组织坏疽者的治疗效果仍有待进一步提高。     

下肢深静脉步进DSA造影技术的探讨

随着 DSA血管造影技术的进展 ,DSA作为检查血管性疾病的检测手段 ,在临床上得到广泛应用。步进 DSA的发展提高了下肢深静脉血管造影技术的准确性 ,我院近 2 a来采用步进DSA技术开展下肢深静脉造影 2 4例 ,取得了满意效果 ,现介绍如下。1　材料和方法1.1　材料　日本东芝 KXO- 10 0 G DSA系统 ,CAC- 80 0 0 VC形臂 ,CAT- 35 0 B导管床 ,EFP- 2 0 0 0 A图像处理系统 ,造影采用步进 DSA方式。1.2　方法　造影前患者做碘过敏试验 ,造影剂为 70 %泛影葡胺 6 0 ml。患者仰卧 ,用下肢固定带将患者下肢固定 ,于踝关节上方止血带压迫浅…     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗下肢严重缺血：32例报告

目的：观察自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗下肢严重缺血的疗效，并比较两种不同移植方式的效果。方法：2003-03／2004-04首都医科大学宣武医院治疗32例患者的35条严重缺血的下肢，分2种方法进行，16例18条患肢采用了小腿肌肉局部注射，16例17条患肢采用下肢动脉腔内注射。结果：二组患者总的疼痛缓解改善率分别为76．5％(13／17)和93．3％(14／15)。对缓解或改善患者的冷、凉感觉，二组患者总的有效率均为100％(16／16．14／14)。二组患者总的保肢率分别为83．3％(15／18，不包括l例足部截肢患者的术前足部已经坏死)和94．1％(16／17)。术后二组患者的踝肱比值(ABI)增加的例数分别为44．4％(8／18)和41．2％(7／17)。有14例患者15条患肢接受了下肢动脉造影，发现均有不同程度的新生侧支血管形成。踝部经皮氧分压测定显示有20条患肢于术后增加到高于目前临床上截肢的最低临界值2．67kPa。结论：自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗下肢缺血性疾病是一种简单、安全、有效的方法。虽然还缺乏远期的随访结果；然而，对于由于下肢远端动脉流出道差无法进行下肢搭桥的患者，或者由于年老体弱或伴发其他疾病不能接受手术搭桥的患者，无疑是一种可供选择的方法。     

下肢静脉疾病30例造影分析

下肢静脉造影是诊断下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全、下肢静脉血栓形成、静脉畸形和静脉瘤样病变的可靠方法。本文对下肢静脉病 30例进行了造影检查 ,分析如下。1　对象和方法本组 30例中男 2 1例 ,女 9例 ,年龄 10～ 6 3岁 ,受检肢体37例 ,双下肢 8例。临床主要表现有肢体肿胀、疼痛、沉重感、浅静脉曲张、郁滞性皮炎、湿疹、淤血性溃疡、浅静脉炎等。全组均采用下肢静脉顺行性造影检查。检查前 1～ 2 d,以 30 %复方泛影葡胺 1ml静脉内过敏试验。患者取头高足低 30°斜位。患肢踝部上方扎止血带 ,阻断浅静脉回流。于足背用 7～ 9号静脉针穿刺 ,3～ 1…     

Factors that influence the level of activities in persons with lower extremity amputation

This study explored the problems of prosthesis use in four dimensions of activity in 122 males and 9 females, aged 24 to 90 years, with lower extremity amputations. Comparisons were made between persons with above-the-knee amputation and those with below-the-knee amputation. A four-dimensional prosthetic problem inventory scale developed by the investigators was used. Results of this study provide a framework for identifying and addressing problematic areas in the use of prostheses.     

Postoperative management of lower extremity amputation

Postoperative management of lower extremity amputation continues to evolve with advances in prosthetic technology, surgical technique, and rehabilitation considerations. Almost 50 years ago, the first immediate postoperative prosthesis was conceived, and has been used since with varying degrees of success. More recently, use of the removable rigid dressing combined with aggressive physical therapy has been found to be a safe and cost-effective method of treatment for the new amputee.     

Postoperative analgesia in high amputation of the lower extremity

A prospective controlled study was conducted in 48 patients with atherosclerotic gangrene in the postoperative period after above knee amputation. It showed the tension of the cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal systems in patients with atherosclerotic gangrene in the pre- and early postoperative periods. Continuous epidural infusion of a local anesthetic ensures effective pain relief throughout the early postoperative period.     

Preamputation pain and acute pain predict chronic pain after lower extremity amputation.

Although previous research suggests that preamputation pain is a risk factor for pain after amputation, little is known about the association between acute postsurgical pain and chronic amputation-related pain. The current prospective study examined the associations of preamputation pain and acute postamputation pain with chronic amputation-related pain. The sample consisted of patients with lower limb amputation (N = 57) who provided both preamputation and postamputation data during a 2-year study period. Preamputation pain intensity and duration were assessed before amputation; acute phantom limb pain (PLP) and residual limb pain (RLP) intensity were assessed on postsurgical days 4 and 5. Acute PLP intensity was the only significant independent predictor of chronic PLP intensity at 6 and 12 months after amputation, whereas preamputation pain intensity was the only significant predictor of chronic PLP intensity at 24 months. Similarly, acute RLP was found to be the best overall predictor of chronic RLP. Other variables (age, gender, level and etiology of amputation, amount of postsurgical pain medication, and duration of preamputation pain) were not associated with chronic pain. These results suggest that higher levels of pain either before or soon after amputation might help to identify individuals at greatest risk for chronic pain problems and most in need of early, intensive pain interventions. PERSPECTIVE: This study suggests that both preamputation pain and acute pain soon after amputation might be associated with bothersome chronic pain. The results support further research on acute pain mechanisms and the effectiveness of early interventions aimed at preventing or managing amputation-related pain.     

自体外周血干细胞移植降低下肢缺血性疾病患者截肢率及截肢平面:30例报告

目的:观察自体外周血干细胞移植对下肢缺血性疾病截肢率及截肢平面的影响。方法:选择2003-11/2004-07解放军第四六三医院30例下肢缺血性疾病患者,已行单侧下肢截脚术3侧,均经药物治疗疼痛及创面无改善,经彩色超声多普勒和血管造影检查显示有不同程度的下肢血管闭塞,临床已诊断以闭塞部位确定截肢平面。施行自体外周血干细胞移植治疗,观察移植治疗后截肢率和截肢平面的降低情况,以及经自体外周血干细胞移植治疗后足部皮温,踝脓比、经皮氧分压、疼痛的改善及创面愈合情况。结果:按实际处理分析,30例患者均进入结果分析。①降低截肢率情况:27例患者移植后截肢8例,截肢率为30%(8/27),截肢率降低了70%。②截肢患者降低截肢平面情况:3例已截肢患者行再次截肢,8例移植后截肢,移植术后截肢患者11例中拟截肢平面为大腿6例、小腿2例、足3例,实际截肢平面为大腿3例、小腿4例、足趾3例、趾1例。降低截肢平面者8例。③移植前后患足皮温和经皮氧分压变化情况:移植后患者皮温较移植前明显升高[(325±1.3],(28.1±1.5)℃,P<0.011,移植后经皮氧分压测定较移植前明显增高[(4.0±0.80),(3.2±0.53)kPa,P<0.01]。④移植后3个月局部疼痛及创面愈合情况随访;疼痛消失、剖面愈合11例;疼痛减轻,创面面积减少5例;疼痛减轻,创面面积无明显变化7例;无效7例。结论:外周血干细胞移植治疗下肢缺血性血管病,可促进剖面愈合,降低截肢率和降低截肢平面,无明显副作用及并发症,可望成为一种简单的、有效的治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病的方法。     

Rehabilitation of the patient with a lower extremity amputation.

Preservation of life is an incomplete and inadequate objective for the lower extremity amputee. A comprehensive rehabilitation program must be designed to meet his individual needs. This is the responsibility of the professional community that purports to treat disease and maintain the health of the population. The multidisciplinary team functions in a coordinated effort to identify and resolve the amputee's problems, and to establish realistic goals during each phase of his rehabilitation program. The rehabilitation process begins when the prospective LE amputee is identified and continues until he has achieved optimal independence; that is, he has learned to cope with his disability within the boundaries of his normal environment.     

以下肢单瘫为主要临床表现的缺血性中风

目的 :探讨缺血性脑中风所致下肢单瘫的临床特点和受损部位。方法 :对33例急性中风所致下肢瘫痪患者进行分析。结果 :33例中 ,大脑前动脉分布区受损10例 ,大脑中动脉及大脑前、大脑中动脉分水岭区受损17例 ,脉络膜前动脉区2例 ,脑干区4例。结论 :急性缺血性中风所致下肢单瘫可发生在神经系许多不同部位     

Diabetes-related lower extremity amputation rates fall significantly in South Carolina

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study are to compare the diabetes-related lower extremity amputation (LEA) rate trend in South Carolina (SC) to that of the United States (US) and to determine changes in LEA rates in SC according to age, race, gender, and amputation METHODS: National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) and SC hospital discharge data for 1996 to 2002 were analyzed. ICD-9-CM codes identified all diabetic patients and occurrences of LEA. Linear regression was used to compare the LEA rate trends between SC and the US. RESULTS: LEA rates are decreasing throughout the study period. The slope is greater in SC compared with US (US slope = -0.00082; SC slope = -0.0015; P = 0.002), signifying a decrease in LEA rates of 1.5/1000 per year in SC and 0.8/1000 per year in the US. Furthermore, LEA rate decreases in SC are significant throughout all ages, races, genders, and amputation levels. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes-related LEA rates are decreasing in SC more rapidly than in the US. Ongoing community-level education may be assisting in the favorable trends.