经鼻内镜鞍内肿瘤切除术

目的 总结52例经鼻内镜鞍内肿瘤切除的一些经验以供参考。方法 1996年9月－2001年2月根据术前病理学分类和影像学分期，选择经鼻内镜外科治疗垂体腺瘤患者49例，鞍内颅咽管瘤患者2例，鞍内脑膜瘤1例。结果 除1例非分泌性腺瘤（V期）和1例脑膜瘤仅行大部分切除外，其余病例瘤组织均得到了完全切除，手术时间为40－180min(平均90min)，术野清晰，广阔，术后头痛，视力障碍和闭经泌乳等症状改善。血清泌乳素（prolactin,PRL)和（rowth hormone,GH）水平恢复正常。术后随访3－72个月，2例垂体瘤和1例颅咽管瘤复发，行相同进路的二次手术，复发率为5．8％。本组病例术后有6例患者出现尿崩，仅1例患者需应用口服抗利尿激素治疗。1例颅咽管瘤患者术后第3天出现一次癫痫发作，意识不清，经治疗后痊愈出院。全部病例均未见颅内出血，视神经损伤，脑脊液鼻漏，脑膜炎及其他功能低下等并发症发生。结论 经鼻内镜鞍内肿瘤切除术安全，简便，微创，是鞍内肿瘤切除的良好途径。     

鼻内镜下经鼻中隔后蝶窦入路切除累及鞍外的鞍区肿瘤

目的总结内镜下经鼻蝶扩大手术入路切除侵犯鞍外的鞍区肿瘤的临床经验,并对术后疗效及并发症进行评估。方法选择侵犯鞍外的鞍区肿瘤13例,在鼻内镜下经鼻腔切除鼻中隔后端,进入蝶窦,再磨去鞍底及周围骨质,进入鞍区及鞍外,行肿瘤切除术。结果术后病理检查结果显示,13例患者中垂体腺瘤8例,颅咽管瘤4例,脑膜瘤1例;8例肿瘤完全切除（61.5%）,4例部分切除（30.7%）,1例死亡。术后发生的主要并发症有尿崩症、脑脊液鼻漏、脑膜炎、下丘脑衰竭等。结论侵犯鞍外的鞍区肿瘤可以经鼻内镜下手术切除,但具有一定风险,需要谨慎选择。     

神经内镜下扩大经鼻蝶窦入路治疗颅咽管瘤

目的神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路术中能够直视肿瘤、无脑组织牵拉,已广泛应用于垂体腺瘤的手术治疗,而扩大经鼻蝶窦入路突破了传统的限制,提高了鞍上肿瘤及海绵窦区域肿瘤的切除率。神经内镜下扩大经鼻蝶窦入路治疗颅咽管瘤的安全性及有效性是目前关注的重点。方法回顾性分析20例颅咽管瘤患者的临床资料,均在神经内镜下行扩大经鼻蝶窦入路鞍区病变切除,结合国内外该入路治疗颅咽管瘤的文献进行讨论。结果20例均实现肿瘤全切除,无死亡病例。15例无任何并发症,4例出现1项并发症,1例出现2项并发症。仅1例术后新发视力、视野损伤;2例新发一过性尿崩;2例出现新发垂体功能减退;2例术中保留垂体柄,垂体功能并未见明显变化;2例术后感染,予抗生素治疗控制良好。术后随访：2例在术后8、18个月垂体核磁示可疑复发,其余最长随诊时间12个月复查时没有任何复发迹象。保留垂体柄的患者术后7个月的随访过程中未出现复发。结论神经内镜下扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除颅咽管瘤的安全性、有效性均比较乐观。颅底重建技术的发展极大降低术后脑脊液漏发生率,为手术提供了支持与保障。     

内镜经扩大鼻蝶入路切除鞍上肿瘤的临床分析

目的探讨内镜经扩大鼻蝶入路切除鞍上肿瘤、鞍内向鞍上或向前颅底扩展肿瘤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析了2013年11月~2015年7月内镜经扩大鼻蝶入路切除鞍上肿瘤、鞍内向鞍上或前颅底扩展肿瘤17例;其中颅咽管瘤6例、向鞍上或前颅底扩展垂体瘤9例、垂体柄朗格罕斯组织细胞增生症1例、视交叉海绵状血管瘤1例。结果14例（14/17,82.4%）全切除,2例颅咽管瘤近全切除,1例颅咽管瘤次全切除后接受伽马刀治疗。15例术前视力下降,14例（14/15,93.3%）术后视力改善;1例（6.7%）术后视力障碍加重,2周后恢复至术前水平。11例术前皮质醇正常,2例(2/11,18.2%)术后出现一过性降低。2例生长激素增高,术后正常。1例（1/17,5.9%）垂体瘤术后脑脊液鼻漏,二次手术修补。随访3~24个月,MRI未见肿瘤复发,无死亡患者。结论内镜经扩大鼻蝶入路从腹侧显露和切除鞍上肿瘤,视野清晰、无脑牵拉损伤,能更好地保护神经功能,是切除鞍上肿瘤的一种安全、有效的方法。     

内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除后颅窝斜坡区颅咽管瘤

颅咽管瘤是一种少见的颅内良性肿瘤，占颅内原发件肿瘤的1％～3％，手术是治疗此肿瘤的首选方法。以往采取经颅或经蝶入路显做镜下切除肿瘤，近年来随着颅底内镜外科技术的发展，有学者应用内镜经鼻蝶鞍膈上入路进行鞍上池、鞍区和第三脑室颅咽管瘤切除，取得了较好的手术效果，但后颅窝斜坡区颅咽管瘤是否适合经鼻内镜手术切除？目前少见文献报道。近期我们应用内镜采取鼻中隔经蝶入路的手术方法切除1例后颅窝斜坡区颅咽管瘤并获得成功。现就此病例的手术方法，手术中注意事项进行探讨。     

神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科中的应用

目的回顾性分析神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科手术中的应用。方法收集70例颅底疾病患者神经内镜经双鼻孔入路行颅底手术治疗的临床资料。其中垂体腺瘤40例,鞍结节脑膜瘤11例,嗅沟脑膜瘤、脊索瘤、脑脊液鼻漏修补及视神经管减压各3例,颅咽管瘤、齿状突畸形各2例,眶内海绵状血管瘤、表皮样囊肿及鼻咽癌各1例。术后观察患者临床疗效。结果手术切除肿瘤62例,完全切除54例(87.1%),次全切除8例(12.9%);其中3例脑脊液鼻漏修补完全治愈,3例视神经管减压后视力好转,2例齿状突切除术后神经症状明显改善。结论神经内镜经双鼻孔入路能充分暴露鞍区等颅底结构,有效避免因空间狭窄所引起的操作不便,值得临床推广应用。     

内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路治疗颅咽管瘤术后并发症的诊治经验

目的:总结内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路治疗颅咽管瘤术后并发症的特点及治疗措施.方法:回顾性分析15例行内镜扩大经鼻蝶手术切除颅咽管瘤患者的临床资料,记录术后并发症的发生情况.结果:15例颅咽管瘤患者中,肿瘤部分切除11例,近全切除4例.术后主要并发症:腺垂体功能减退(11/15),尿崩症(8/15),鼻出血(3/15),脑脊液...     

内镜下单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除鞍内病变

目的总结内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除鞍内病变的疗效与手术经验。方法回顾性分析136例鞍区病变患者的临床资料及手术方法,其中垂体腺瘤116例,Rathke囊肿16例,颅咽管瘤4例,均采用神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路鞍内切除病变。结果垂体腺瘤116例,肿瘤全切90例（77．6％）,次全切26例（22．4％）;Rathke囊肿16例,均全切16例（100％）;颅咽管瘤4例,全切1例（25％）,次切3例（75％）。术后视力及视野改善83例,内分泌指标恢复正常95例。脑脊液鼻漏7例,2周后自愈;一过性尿崩25例。本组无死亡病例,无颅内出血等其他并发症。结论神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路手术切除鞍内病变具有安全、视野清晰、术时短、肿瘤切除更为彻底及术后并发症少等优点,是较理想的经蝶手术术式。     

鼻科学

内镜下纤维胶封闭技术处理内镜扩大的经蝶入路术后脑脊液鼻漏 术后脑脊液鼻漏处理是目前鼻内镜进路切除中线颅底病变的研究热点问题。尽管重建技术不断改进,但还没有技术能彻底有效的防止术后脑脊液鼻漏。作者报道9例在意大利那不勒斯大学神经外科接受经鼻内镜扩大颅底手术（3例颅咽管瘤,2例鞍结节脑膜瘤,     

经额外侧入路切除鞍区占位病变技术探讨

目的 介绍经额外侧入路及显微手术技术切除１例颅咽管瘤,２０例大型、巨大型垂体腺瘤的经验。方法 所有病人均采用经额外侧入路。垂体腺瘤切除的要点：（１）先切除鞍内鞍上的大部分肿瘤;（２）电灼并切断来视神经、视交叉、颈内动脉及硬脑膜等处的肿瘤新生血管,切断一切供瘤及引流血管;（３）分片切除鞍上的瘤壁,电灼鞍内的瘤壁,同时全切残作的肿瘤;（４）保护好垂体柄。结果 １例颅咽瘤壁,予以全切;２例大型、巨大型垂     

鼻内镜脑垂体瘤手术

目的探讨鼻内镜脑垂体瘤手术的方法与疗效。方法鼻内镜单鼻孔蝶窦口入路手术治疗11例脑垂体瘤患者,其中生长激素瘤2例,泌乳素瘤2例,无功能腺瘤7例。11例患者均有不同程度头痛,泌乳异常2例,肢端肥大症2例,不同程度视力异常6例。结果11例患者均一次性切除脑垂体瘤,随访2年无复发,所有患者头痛症状消失,视力异常与泌乳异常恢复,肢端肥大症状无变化。术后1例患者出现短暂多尿现象,1例患者出现短暂脑脊液漏,经保守治疗均治愈。结论鼻内镜脑垂体瘤手术优点为微创、无面部切口、视野清晰、操作简单、安全有效且恢复快;不足之处在于单手操作,内镜容易被血液污染,出血较多时手术操作有一定困难。     

Approaches to sella turcica in endoscopic pituitary surgery

Recent advances in endoscopic sinus surgery suggested the potential for its surgical application to pituitary surgery. A number of institutions have reported the advantage of endoscope use in pituitary surgery, which is now widely accepted, but approaches to the sella vary in the literature. We retrospectively studied sella approaches in endoscopic pituitary surgery as rhinologists. Subjects included 6 cases of pituitary adenoma and 2 cases of Rathke's cleft cyst. A both-nostril transnasal transsphenoidal approach, our standard technique, was used in 6 cases. This approach consisted of elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps, resection of the vomer and sphenoid anterior wall, and opening of the sellar floor. Elevated mucoperiosteal flaps were used to close of the sella after tumor resection. All tumors were removed and no significant postoperative complications occurred. We found the both-nostril transnasal approach to be easy and time-saving and provided surgeon with a broad surgical field necessary to treat large tumors and accidental cases. Postoperative observation of the sella was easy for wide opening of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. In our experience with reoperation, we quickly accessed the sella and easily removed tumors in the second operation. Our technique therefore has an advance in treatment of recurrence. The both-nostril transnasal approach involves the same procedures as median drainage of the sphenoid sinus, so our technique may have advantages in preventing mucocele of the sphenoid sinus as a late complication of transsphenoidal surgery. The transnasal transsphenoidal approach via both nostrils is preferable rhinologically.     

Increased role of the otolaryngologist in endoscopic pituitary surgery: endoscopic hydroscopy of the sella

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to discuss the use of nasal irrigation and suction systems in endoscopic pituitary surgery to examine the sella and facilitate tumor removal. We describe a new technique of sellar exploration. METHODS: Following the endoscopic approach to the pituitary by the otolaryngology team, pituitary masses are resected. Then, the ClearESS nasal irrigation and suction system is used by the otolaryngology team to visualize the sella ("hydroscopy"). The combination of this ClearESS technology and angled endoscopes is used to scrutinize previously inaccessible areas of the tumor bed. RESULTS: Over 50 patients have undergone minimally invasive pituitary surgery via the endoscopic approach with postresection hydroscopy of the sella. The use of angled endoscopes in combination with the ClearESS technology greatly increased visualization of the sella, thereby facilitating complete tumor removal. There have been no complications associated with the use of hydroscopy. CONCLUSION: The use of angled endoscopes in conjunction with hydroscopy increases visualization of the sella. The otolaryngologist plays a critical role in this examination with manipulation of the angled endoscopes. Therefore, the role of the otolaryngologist is extended beyond the approach to the pituitary.     

经鼻内窥镜垂体腺瘤切除术

目的 探讨鼻内窥镜在垂体瘤手术中的应用价值和适应证。方法开展了２４例经鼻内镜 体腺瘤切除手术。２４例垂体腺回味各２０例为经鼻蝶窦进路，４例为经鼻中隔蝶窦进路。结果 ２０例经鼻蝶窦进路瘤组织得到了完全切除，手术所需时间较经鼻中隔蝶窦进路显微外科手术明显缩短。４例经鼻中隔蝶窦进路中３例瘤组织完全切除，１例非分泌性腺瘤患者因瘤组织侵犯鞍旁及海绵窦，仅行大部分切除。所有秫后能、视力障碍和闭经泌乳等症状均有     

鼻内镜下手术治疗前颅底及蝶鞍区肿瘤

目的探讨鼻内镜外科技术在前颅底及蝶鞍区肿瘤治疗中的方法及作用。 方法2004年11月至2008年6月对16例侵犯前颅底与蝶鞍区的肿瘤行鼻内镜手术,其中1例采用眶内容物剜除术加鼻内镜联合入路,所有手术均于全麻下进行,病理类型包括垂体腺瘤6例,内翻性乳头状瘤5例,中分化鳞癌1例,脊索瘤1例,原始神经外胚层瘤1例,嗅母细胞瘤1例,骨化纤维瘤1例。术后随访3个月～4年。结果经术中镜下、术后内镜或者影像学检查证实 15例肿瘤均被全部切除,1例脊索瘤为大部切除,1例垂体腺瘤患者术后出现脑脊液鼻漏, 经二次手术修补及规范治疗后痊愈。无颅内出血、感染及死亡病例。结论内镜经鼻入路能够充分显露和切除前颅底及蝶鞍区肿瘤, 可以更好地辨认深部结构, 视觉效果好,是一种较好的手术入路。但要求术者熟练掌握解剖学知识,具备娴熟的手术技巧,先进的仪器设备以及必要的综合处理的经验。     

Assessment of the efficacy of endoscopy in pituitary adenoma resection

OBJECTIVE: To obtain objective evidence that the use of endoscopy in the surgical management of pituitary tumors improves intraoperative visualization and significantly impacts operative outcomes. DESIGN: Case series of pituitary adenomas treated surgically by endoscope-assisted microscopic resection. SETTING: University-affiliated tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 9 patients referred for surgical management of pituitary adenoma. INTERVENTIONS: Each patient underwent transseptal transsphenoidal microscopic tumor resection. The procedure was modified by the use of intrasellar endoscopy as an adjunctive imaging modality. Following complete microscopic resection of tumor, rigid 0 degrees and 30 degrees 4.0-mm endoscopes were used to conduct a final survey of the sellar and parasellar spaces. Residual tumor fragments identified during this endoscopic examination were removed. OUTCOME MEASURES: Endoscopes were thought to have a significant impact on surgical therapy in cases where residual tumor that was not detected microscopically was identified and removed during endoscopic examination. Analysis of each case included correlation between intraoperative findings and retrospective review of dictated operative reports and intraoperative videotape. RESULTS: Three of the patients with macroadenoma (33% of total, 43% of macroadenoma cases) had tumor fragments that were only identified and removed endoscopically. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy provides distinct advantages over microscopy in imaging intrasellar and parasellar structures during pituitary tumor resection. These data support the numerous anecdotal accounts of the usefulness of pituitary endoscopy and are consistent with the small amount of objective evidence offered on the subject. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:1487-1490     

Staged endoscopic operation for large pituitary adenomas

The advantages of endoscopic transnasal pituitary surgery include a panoramic view of the area and easy reoperation. Based on this, we performed a planned staged operation in two cases of large pituitary adenomas, extending to the suprasellar lesion, using the endoscopic transnasal trans-sphenoidal approach via both nostrils. In the initial operation, a tumour mass was from the intrasellar region, however, that part of it in contact with the tumour capsule was left intact for prevention of peri-operative injury. The residual mass descended into the sellar floor at the second operation, and was easily resected with no complications. A staged operation by the endoscopic transnasal approach, although it requires two operations, is thought to be a safe and efficient procedure for the removal of large pituitary tumours.     

内窥镜下蝶窦和蝶鞍手术

目的 探讨内窥镜下蝶窦和蝶鞍区手术的体会。方法 内窥镜下治疗脑脊液蝶窦漏１例，蝶窦金属（子弹）异物３例，蝶窦囊肿５例，蝶窦霉菌病５例，蝶窦息肉１例，蝶筛窦腺癌１例；垂体腺瘤２３例（微腺瘤１７例，侵袭性腺瘤６例），颅咽管瘤２例。结果 蝶窦囊肿、息肉和霉菌病治愈；垂体微腺瘤和１例颅咽管瘤全切术；侵袭性腺瘤、１例颅咽管瘤和蝶筛窦腺癌部分切除，死亡１例（垂体腺瘤术中出血）；脑脊液鼻漏治愈；蝶窦异物２例取出