Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in primary schoolchildren in Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract – The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in 513 primary school children in Nairobi. The clinical examination was performed in a room with natural daylight using T hylstrup & F ejerskov 's index (TFI). Overall, 18% of 6–8-yr-olds had dental fluorosis in the primary dentition and 76% of 13–15-yr-olds in the permanent dentition. There was no significant sex difference ( P >0.05) in either the prevalence or the severity of fluorosis. In children with mixed dentition, the prevalence and severity of fluorosis was higher in the permanent teeth. In the permanent dentition, no clear difference was demonstrable in the severity between the anterior and the posterior teeth. The degree of fluorosis in most of the children in the area served with river water (0.2–0.4 ppm F⁻) was of a very mild form. However, in the area served with borehole waters, 48% of the children and 40% of the teeth were found to have TFI scores 5. Measures to reduce dental fluorosis are necessary in the latter area.     

Behavioral characteristics of capsaicin mediated cutaneous,myogenic, and arthrogenic orofacial nociception in rats

ObjectiveTo assess changes in orofacial tactile sensitivity and gnawing related to capsaicin-mediated cutaneous, myogenic, and arthrogenic nociception in the rat.DesignAfter recovery from anesthesia, orofacial tactile sensitivity and gnawing were assessed using operant testing methods following capsaicin application. Twenty female CD-Hairless rats were tested with bilateral capsaicin cream application to the cheek or with isoflurane anesthesia alone. Following several weeks of recovery, animals (n = 20) received either 10 μL unilateral masseter injections of vehicle, or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to assess injection sensitization. After several weeks, masseter capsaicin (1.0%) injections (10 μL) were assessed compared to vehicle and PBS (n = 13). Weeks later capsaicin TMJ injections were evaluated. Animals (n = 11) received either 10 μL unilateral TMJ injections of capsaicin solution (1%) or vehicle.ResultsCapsaicin cream to the skin significantly altered gnawing activity (increased puncture time by 248 s (p = 0.0002)) and tactile sensitivity (decreased tolerated bottle distance by 0.980 cm compared to isoflurane only (p = 0.0001)). Similarly, capsaicin masseter injection increased puncture time (339.6 s, p = 0.07) and decreased tolerated bottle distance (1.04 cm, p = 0.005) compared to vehicle. However, intra-articular capsaicin in the TMJ only modified gnawing (increased puncture time by 133 s), with no changes found in tactile sensitivity compared to vehicle.ConclusionApplication of capsaicin to the skin and masseter had similar behavioral effects; however, intra-articular injections to the TMJ only affected gnawing. These data indicate the behavioral changes in rodent models of myogenic and cutaneous pain may be markedly different than models of arthrogenic pain originating from the TMJ.     

Assessment of orofacial dysfunctions, salivary cortisol levels and oral health related quality of life (ORHQoL) in young adults

Objective

To investigate the relationship of orofacial dysfunction and salivary cortisol levels with oral health quality of life (ORHQoL) in young adults.

Design

Thirty individuals of both genders (22.93 ± 2.42 years) participated. The orofacial dysfunction was evaluated using the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S) and the ORHQoL using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49). Saliva samples were collected during three days, at waking up and 30 min after, obtaining the awakening cortisol response – ACR. The data were analysed by Mann–Whitney test, Spearman's correlation and multiple linear regression (α = 0.05). The NOT-S scores and ACR (μg/dl) were dichotomized by the median (2.0 and 0.15, respectively).

Results

NOT-S and ACR showed similar values between genders (P > 0.05). The individuals with NOT-S scores above the median presented values of “physical pain” domain significantly higher than the individuals with scores bellow or equal to the median. Significant correlations were found between the OHIP-49 domains “physical pain” and “physical disability” and NOT-S scores. In multiple linear regression, significant values were observed between NOT-S and OHIP-49 and the domains physical pain, physical disability, psychological disability, social disability and handicap, with determination coefficients ranging from 0.09 to 0.15. There was not association with the ACR.

Conclusions

Individuals with orofacial dysfunction presented impairment in ORHQoL, but not enough to change salivary cortisol levels. Furthermore, gender did not have influence on ORHQoL in the studied sample.     

口腔颌面部结核的临床特征分析(附104例病例)

目的　探讨九十年代口腔颌面部结核的临床特点 ,以便进一步提高诊治水平。方法　对上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院 1990年 1月～ 1999年 12月 10年间 10 4例面颈部结核的临床表现及诊治经验进行总结 ,全组病例均病理确诊 ,并行 1～ 8年随访。结果　男女比为 1∶ 1.89;2 5～ 44岁为高发年龄组 ,占 33.7% ;6 .7%患者有系统症状 ;局部症状表现多为结节型占 75 % ;74例手术加药物治疗 ,30例单纯药物治疗 ;随访 1例复发。结论　九十年代口腔颌面部结核女性及青壮年患病率上升 ,系统症状少见 ,局部症状不典型 ,造成临床诊断困难。治疗上单灶性、单区域性淋巴结结核 ,腺体结核应手术与药物相结合 ;多区域性淋巴结核、粘膜及骨结核以药物治疗为主     

Clinical evaluation of a self-etching and a one-bottle adhesive system at two years

Objectives. The clinical performances of a self-etching adhesive system, Clearfil SE Bond, and a one-bottle adhesive system, Prime&Bond NT, were evaluated in non-carious Class V restorations for a period of two years.

Methods. Ninety-eight restorations were made by one operator for 32 patients. The resin composite used to restore the teeth were Clearfil AP-X and Spectrum TPH for Clearfil SE Bond and Prime&Bond NT, respectively. Two clinicians at the baseline, 6th, 12th and 24th months evaluated the posterior composites according to the modified Ryge criteria's. For this, color match, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, recurrent caries, anatomic form, postoperative sensitivity and retention rates were considered. The changes across time and across groups were evaluated statistically.

Results. At two years, 88 restorations were reviewed in 28 patients. The retention rates for Clearfil SE Bond were 93 and 91% for Prime&Bond NT. The percentages of the retention rates of both adhesive systems were not found to be different when calculating the failure rates. Recurrent caries, anatomic form and postoperative sensitivity were scored as Alpha for all restorations. Two cases of both adhesive systems showed slight marginal discoloration problems. Three restorations of Prime&Bond NT and one of Clearfil SE Bond had marginal adaptation problems at two years. One case for each adhesive system had slight color change after the same period.

Conclusion. We can conclude that both adhesive systems tested exhibited very good clinical performance at the end of two years.     

口腔颌面部淋巴瘤的临床特征及诊断

目的探讨原发于口腔颌面部淋巴瘤的临床特点、误诊情况及其诊断与鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院口腔科1991年1月至2008年3月收治的29例口腔颌面部淋巴瘤病例的临床资料：同时通过中国医院知识数据库收集1991年1月至2008年6月国内报道的有关口腔颌面部淋巴瘤的文献．对这些文献进行归纳与总结．探寻本病的一般临床特点及其诊断与鉴别诊断。结果口腔颌面部淋巴瘤可发生于任何年龄，患者年龄最小11个月，最大86岁，平均约50．2岁：男女之比为1．26：1：好发部位依次为颈部（20．1％）、颌颏下区（16．8％）、腮腺（11．4％）、腭部（10．3％）、下颌骨（7．3％）等处。临床表现呈多样性：无痛性肿块型（74％）、溃疡坏死型（13．9％）、炎症浸润型（7．3％）及水肿红斑型（1．5％）等。首诊易误诊为慢性淋巴结炎、淋巴结转移癌及颌面部软组织炎症等。病理分型中非霍奇金淋巴瘤（90．5％）较霍奇金淋巴瘤（9．5％）多见，非霍奇金淋巴瘤中B细胞型淋巴瘤（83％）较T细胞型淋巴瘤（17％）多见。结论原发于口腔颌面部的淋巴瘤临床表现呈多样性．需与其他疾病相鉴别。以减少误诊；确诊需依靠病理学诊断。     

Clinical and radiographic comparison of the effects of two types of fixed retainers on periodontium - A randomized clinical trial

Background

Most orthodontists believe that fixed retainers are necessary to maintain ideal dental relationships. However, untoward side effects might result from their long-term placement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic effect of two commonly used fixed retainers on the health of the periodontium.

Methods

Thirty patients were randomly divided into two groups to receive either a fiber-reinforced composite retainer or a spiral wire retainer extended on the lingual surfaces of both maxillary and mandibular arches from canine to canine. Periapical radiographs were obtained from the patients at the time of placement of the retainers and after the 6-month period to assess the radiographic conditions of the periodontium. Clinical examination was carried out at the same two time intervals.

Results

Even though there were no significant differences between the two groups of study at the beginning of the trial, there were statistically significant differences after the 6-month follow-up regarding the main outcomes of the study. Nearly all indices showed to deteriorate after 6 months in the fiber-reinforced group, while in the spiral wire group, this was not the case. As for the secondary outcomes, radiographic examination did not reveal any statistically significant differences after 6 months or between the two groups.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that spiral wire retainers elicit less detrimental periodontal response in the short-term follow-up compared to fiber-reinforced composite retainers as revealed by the primary outcomes of the study.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01314729","term_id":"NCT01314729"}}NCT01314729

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40510-014-0047-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Clinical, microbiological and immunological features associated with the treatment of active periodontosis lesions

Clinical, microbiological and immunological factors were examined using data from a subject with periodontosis. The subject was monitored at bimonthly intervals for 26 months at 6 sites per tooth for redness, plaque, suppuration, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and attachment level. Using attachment level measurements and the tolerance method of analysis, sites with active disease and control (inactive) sites of equal pocket depth were selected. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from these sites for predominant cultivable and dark field evaluation before, and 5 and 13 months after treatment by Widman flap surgery and systemic tetracycline. 50 isolates from each of 5 sites monitored before and after treatment were characterized and, if possible, identified. Active sites showed between 2 and 6 mm of attachment loss prior to therapy and "gained" between 2 and 9 mm of attachment after therapy. The control sites "gained" 0 to 1 mm of attachment after therapy. Bleeding on probing was significantly reduced after treatment, whereas plaque accumulation increased significantly in the sampled sites. Similar changes were seen in the remaining sites. The proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Selenomonas sputigena were elevated in active sites, while proportions of Bacteroides intermedius were elevated in control sites. 5 months after treatment, proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans, S. sputigena and Eikenella corrodens were significantly decreased in the previously active sites and proportions of B. intermedius and E. corrodens were significantly decreased in the control sites. 13 months after therapy, the proportions of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Capnocytophaga species had increased. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine models which could "predict" the outcome, attachment level change in the previous monitoring period. The proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. sputigena, which were associated with destruction, coupled with the proportions of Streptococcus sanguis II and Campylobacter concisus which were associated with "gain" could predict prior attachment level change with an r2 of 0.93. Humoral antibody response to A. actinomycetemcomitans and C. sputigena significantly increased in a period in which multiple actively breaking down sites were detected. Antibody responses to 20 other species tested did not significantly change during the course of monitoring. Crevicular fluid and tissue levels of antibody to A. actinomycetemcomitans were elevated in 5 of 6 active destructive lesions prior to therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Toluidine blue and Lugol''s iodine application in the assessment of oral malignant disease and lesions at risk of malignancy

The purpose of the study was to determine if toluidine blue application and counter staining with Logul's iodine would aid in diagnosis of oral dysplastic or malignant lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were studied. Routine use of these tissue stains was found to be sensitive and specific. The use of stains provided better demarcation of oral squamous cell carcinoma and dysplastic changes and assisted in site selection for diagnostic biopsy. The use of toluidine blue and Lugol's iodine can assist in assessment of patients at risk of developing malignant disease and those with lesions that are clinically suspect of dysplasia or malignancy.     

Sexual dimorphism,pattern of third molar and mandibular second premolar agenesis in Indian paediatric orthodontic patients

Objective

To determine and compare the prevalence and pattern of agenesis of third molar and mandibular second premolar in paediatric orthodontic patients of age group 9–15 for sexual dimorphism.

Longitudinal study on types of injury, complications and treatment in permanent traumatized teeth with single and multiple dental trauma episodes

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to compare the type of injuries, complications and treatment in permanent traumatized teeth with single and multiple dental trauma episodes (MDTE). One hundred and fifty-five children, aged 6–14 years, sustaining one or more traumatic episodes to permanent teeth were included in this investigation. After the medical and dental history the patients were examined clinically and radiographically and the diagnosis of trauma, the treatment plan and the applied treatment were recorded. Also, information regarding the number of traumatic episodes, the number of injured permanent teeth and the vitality of the pulp was collected. In follow-ups, traumatized teeth were examined clinically and radiographically to evaluate the treatment applied and to detect any complication. The t -statistic was used to test differences in the mean number of teeth per patient with different types of injury, complications and treatment between permanent traumatized teeth with single and multiple trauma episodes. A 95% probability level was used. The results showed that MDTE significantly affected the mean number of teeth per patient with fractured restoration, root fracture, concussion, pulp canal obliteration, root replacement resorption, filling therapy, surgery and prosthetic treatment. It was concluded that MDTE increase the risk of having certain types of injury, complications and treatment.     

2种光固化窝沟封闭剂的防龋效果评价

目的:探讨光固化窝沟封闭剂预防窝沟龋的临床疗效。方法:选择162例6￣8岁儿童的416颗健康恒牙,分为2组,分别采用窝沟釉质成形封闭术和窝沟杯刷清洗封闭术对窝沟进行封闭,比较2种封闭术封闭剂保留率和龋病发生率,并通过自身对照,观察2种封闭术的临床效果,采用SPSS10.0统计软件包进行χ2检验。结果:窝沟釉质成形封闭术3年封闭剂保留率和龋病发生率分别为85.4%、0.9%,窝沟杯刷清洗封闭术3年封闭剂保留率和龋病发生率分别为63.8%、6.7%,2组封闭剂保留率和龋病发生率均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:2种封闭术均有良好的临床疗效,窝沟釉质成形封闭术的防龋效果优于窝沟杯刷清洗封闭术。     

An immunohistochemical study of collagen types III, VI and IX in rabbit craniomandibular joint tissues following surgical induction of anterior disk displacement

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of surgical induction of anterior disk displacement (ADD) on type-Ill. VI and IX collagens of the rabbit craniomandibular joint (CMJ) tissues using an immunohistochemical technique. The right joint was exposed surgically, all discal attachments were severed except for the posterior discal attachment (bilaminar zone). The disk was then repositioned anteriorly and sutured to the zygomatic arch. The left joint served as a sham-operated control. Ten additional joints were used as non-operated controls. Deeply anesthetized rabbits were perfused with 2% buffered formalin 2 weeks (10 rabbits) or 6 weeks (10 rabbits) following surgery. The articular disk, bilaminar zone, mandibular condyle and articular eminence were excised. The last two were decalcified in EDTA. All tissues were then sectioned at 10 um in a cryostat. Sections were incubated with monoclonal antibodies directed against type-Ill. VI or IX collagens. Following incubation in the appropriate FITC-fabelled secondary antibodies, all sections were studied under the fluorescence microscope. The results showed a reduction in immunostaining for type-VI and IX collagens in the condylar cartilage, disk and articular eminence at 2 weeks, followed by an increase in their immunostaining at 6 weeks and the appearance of a de novo type-Ill collagen in the condylar cartilage and the articular eminence. It is concluded that surgical induction of ADD in the rabbit CMJ leads to alterations in its type-III. VI and IX collagens.     

Clinical,microbiological and ultrastructural features of angular cheilitis lesions in Southern Chinese

OBJECTIVE: To obtain basetine data on angular cheilitis in Southern Chinese. DESIGN: A cross-sectional investigation of the clinical, microbiological and ultrastructural features of the condition. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Thirty six Chinese adults with angular cheilitis; 28 controls matched for age and sex, with no inflammation. Clinical examination, swabs of lesions for microbiology, impressions of lesions for ultra-structure, using replica technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Severity of lesions, associated signs and symptoms, incidence and type of microorganisms, ultrastructural features. RESULTS: Of a total 68 lesions 32 were bilateral and four unilateral. Forty four (65%) were mild (Type I) and the remaining 24 (35%) moderate (Type 11). Infective agents were isolated from 37 (54%) lesions; pure growth of Candida spp and Staph. aureus was noted in nine lesions each; a mixed growth of the two in I I, beta-haemolytic streptococci in three and a mixed flora including coliforms in the other five. Candida spp were present in one control, beta-haemolytic streptococci in two and coliforms in four others. Scanning etectron microscopy revealed natural topography of the angular skin with sparse colonisation by bacteria and yeasts. CONCLUSIONS: Angular cheilitis in Southern Chinese seems to be characterised by a milder clinical presentation and classic infective agents of the disease: Candida spp and Staph. aureus.     

西藏日喀则地区口腔颌面间隙感染90例临床分析

目的 探讨西藏日喀则地区口腔颌面间隙感染患者的发病特点。方法 回顾2015年1月—2018年2月在日喀则市人民医院口腔科住院的90例颌面间隙感染患者的病例资料,分析发病年龄、职业、感染原因、好发部位等。结果 90例患者中,儿童、学生及农牧民为好发人群;牙源性感染为首要致病原因,以第一、二恒磨牙为主要病灶牙;单间隙感染71例,占78.89%;多间隙感染19例,占21.11%;下颌下间隙受累最多。结论 日喀则地区口腔颌面间隙感染发病年龄较早,应及早对儿童及父母开展口腔卫生宣教,提高医疗保健意识,并加强基层医疗队伍建设。     

MMP-14、ING4和HIF-1α在60例口腔鳞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的： 探讨人口腔鳞状细胞癌（oral squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC）组织中金属基质蛋白酶14（metallomatrix protease-14, MMP-14）、生长抑制因子4（inhibitor of growth family 4, ING4）和缺氧诱导因子1α（hypoxia-inducible?factor-1α, HIF-1α）的表达及临床意义,为OSCC的临床诊疗提供依据。方法： 选择东南大学附属中大医院2014年7月—2019年7月收治的60例口腔鳞癌确诊患者为研究对象,将口腔鳞癌组织制备成石蜡切片,作为实验组;另取20例正常口腔黏膜（NOM）组织石蜡切片作为对照组。应用免疫组织化学S-P法分析2组口腔黏膜组织中MMP-14、ING4和HIF-1α的阳性表达,并分析其与OSCC临床病理特征之间的关系以及3种蛋白表达的相关性。采用SPSS 23.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果： OSCC患者组织中的ING4阳性表达率为41.7%（25/60）,显著低于对照组的70.0%（14/20）（P<0.05）;MMP-14和HIF-1α的阳性表达率分别为68.3%（41/60）、71.7%（43/60）,显著高于对照组的20.0%（4/20）、15.0%（3/20）（P<0.01）。3种蛋白的阳性表达率与OSCC的TNM分期、分化程度以及是否有颈淋巴结转移显著有关（P<0.05）。在OSCC组织中,ING4与HIF-1α或MMP-14的表达呈显著负相关关系（r=-0.39, -0.51, P<0.01）,而HIF-1α和MMP-14的表达则呈显著正相关关系（r=0.45, P<0.01）。结论： MMP-14、ING4和HIF-1α与口腔鳞癌的进展密切相关,ING4下调能促进MMP-14和HIF-1α上调,最终促进OSCC的形成、生长、侵袭和转移。3种蛋白的表达可作为判断OSCC患者临床特征和预后的重要参考指标。