脂肪肝与胰岛素抗性的关系

目的 探讨脂肪肝与胰岛素抗性的关系.方法 对30例诊断为脂肪肝患者作回顾性分析.结果 多数患者合并胰岛素抗性综合征(高血压、肥胖症、糖尿病、高脂血症),18例接受口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)中,1例确诊为Ⅱ型糖尿病,17例患者中3例空腹血糖减损(IFG),1例糖耐量减退(IGT)及13例糖耐量正常(NGT)具有较正常人为高的血浆胰岛素(INS)浓度,胰岛素抗性脂数为8.91±1.52%.结论 脂肪肝与胰岛素抗性所致的代谢紊乱关系紧密,呈正相关系.     

不同糖耐量水平患者胰岛素抵抗与皮质醇、醛固酮相关研究

目的 探讨不同糖耐量水平患者的皮质醇、醛固酮、胰岛素抗体与胰岛素抵抗水平的关系.方法 选择115例糖耐量增高的患者,根据糖尿病诊断标准分为糖尿病(T2DM)组(39例)、糖尿病前期(PD)组(35例)、血糖受损(IGR)组(41例)作为研究对象.所有受试对象均在空腹条件下,测定体重指数(BMI),口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)和胰岛素释放实验,以稳态模型公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),同时进行空腹血浆皮质醇、血浆醛固酮以及胰岛素抗体检测,研究胰岛素抵抗指数与皮质醇、醛固酮以及胰岛素抗体的关系.结果 T2DM组、PD组和IGR组HOMA-IR同正常糖耐量组(NGT)比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.01);血浆皮质醇(COR)与HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.14,P＜0.05),胰岛素抗体和血浆醛固酮与HOMA-IR无相关性.结论 糖耐量增高的患者存在胰岛素抵抗,伴有肥胖者皮质醇明显增高,皮质醇与胰岛素抵抗具有相关性.     

阿卡波糖治疗糖耐量异常的疗效观察

目的 观察阿卡波糖对糖耐量异常患者的治疗效果.方法 用随机双盲法比较120例糖耐量异常患者在饮食加运动控制的基础上给予口服阿卡波糖和安慰剂干预治疗,治疗1年后,检测空腹血糖(FPG)及葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)后2h血糖(2HPG),总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹胰岛素(FINs)和OGTT后2h胰岛素(PINS)水平的变化.结果 阿卡波糖组和安慰剂组治疗前糖耐量试验无差异(P>0.05).安慰剂组糖尿病的发病率为8.3%;阿卡波糖组与安慰剂组相比FPG、2HPG、TC、TG、LDL、FINS及PINS均明显下降,糖尿病的发病率为5.0%.结论 阿卡渡糖能够降低糖耐量异常(IGT)人群糖尿病的发病率,在减轻胰岛素抵抗的同时,可使糖耐量异常明显改善.     

2型糖尿病家系非糖尿病一级亲属胰岛β细胞功能状态的研究

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)家系非糖尿病一级亲属在不同糖耐量时胰岛素分泌第一时相的变化,及其在2型糖尿病发生、发展中的作用。方法:收集T2DM一级亲属正常糖耐量(NGT)组30例、糖耐量异常(IGT)组32例及新诊断T2DM组38例,并以无糖尿病家族史的30例健康成人(NC)为对照组,进行25 g静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT),计算各组第一时相胰岛素分泌功能指数(AIR3-5)及胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)并进行比较。结果:新诊断的T2DM人群中,Homaβ、FPG、AIR3-5和ISI异常最为明显;而T2DM家系非糖尿病一级亲属的AIR3-5(53.67±2.36)mU/L和正常对照人群相比(80.85±1.43)mU/L出现下降;而ISI显著低于正常组均(P<0.01),但所有指标均处在正常人群和新诊断T2DM患者之间。结论:与正常对照人群相比,T2DM一级亲属NGT人群的胰岛β细胞第一时相胰岛素分泌减低,且存在胰岛素抵抗。     

脂联素受体1基因-3881T/C多态位点与中国人糖代谢的关系

目的研究脂联素受体1(adiponectin receptor1,ADIPOR1)基因-3881T/C多态位点与中国人糖代谢及胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法选取上海地区中国人糖耐量正常者370名,新诊断2型糖尿病患者294例,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态检测ADIPOR1基因-3881T/C变异,并测定所选人群的临床指标。结果(1)等位基因频率分布在2型糖尿病患者和正常糖耐量人群中差异无统计学意义(P=0.6749);(2)C等位基因在胰岛素抵抗的2型糖尿病亚组中频率较低(P=0.0121);(3)糖耐量正常人群中,C等位基因携带者空腹血糖较TT基因型者低(P=0.0140);(4)2型糖尿病患者中,C等位基因携带者舒张压(P=0.0466)及胰岛素抵抗指数HOMA-IR(P=0.0498)较TT基因型者低。结论ADIPOR1基因与中国人糖代谢及胰岛素抵抗相关。     

2型糖尿病家系非糖尿病一级亲属胰岛β细胞功能状态的研究

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)家系非糖尿病一级亲属在不同糖耐量时胰岛素分泌第一时相的变化,及其在2型糖尿病发生、发展中的作用.方法:收集T2DM一级亲属正常糖耐量(NGT)组30例、糖耐量异常(IGT)组32例及新诊断T2DM组38例,并以无糖尿病家族史的30例健康成人(NC)为对照组,进行25 g静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT),计算各组第一时相胰岛素分泌功能指数( AIR3-5)及胰岛素敏感指数( ISI)并进行比较.结果:新诊断的T2DM人群中,Homaβ、FPG、AIR3-5和ISI异常最为明显;而T2DM家系非糖尿病一级亲属的AIR3-5(53.67±2.36) mU/L和正常对照人群相比( 80.85±1.43) mU/L出现下降;而ISI显著低于正常组均(P＜0.01),但所有指标均处在正常人群和新诊断T2DM患者之间.结论:与正常对照人群相比,T2DM一级亲属NGT人群的胰岛β细胞第一时相胰岛素分泌减低,且存在胰岛素抵抗.     

原发性高血压患者糖负荷后血糖和胰岛素变化对游离脂肪酸水平的影响

目的:探讨糖负荷后血糖和胰岛素变化对血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平的影响。方法: 234例高血压病患者[2型糖尿病(DM)20例,糖耐量低减(IGT)74例,正常糖耐量(NGT)140例;男98例,女136例]做口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定0、30、60、120 min时相的葡萄糖、血清胰岛素和FFA水平。结果: 空腹血清FFA浓度(μmol/L):DM组(1 048.7±481.6)显著高于IGT组(706.1±332.1)(P＜0.05)和NGT组(725.8±353.9)(P＜0.05)。DM组OGTT血糖水平显著升高,胰岛素释放曲线呈反应低平,高峰不明显或呈延迟相。3组FFA释放均呈低下,DM组更为显著。30、60、120 min时相的血清FFA水平,3组均无显著差异。结论: 糖尿病患者空腹血清FFA水平升高,OGTT中糖尿病患者胰岛素分泌的绝对不足未能增大DM组FFA水平与IGT及NGT组的差异,相反缩小了与IGT和NGT组的差距,提示体内葡萄糖利用水平对血清FFA浓度可能有重要的影响。     

肝硬化时糖代谢紊乱与肝细胞胰岛素受体及胰腺细胞HBV DNA表达的关系

目的探讨肝硬化患者糖代谢紊乱与肝细胞胰岛素受体(IR)和酪氨酸蛋白激酶(TPK)表达,以及胰腺细胞HBV DNA阳性表达的关系。方法 应用地高辛素标记HBV DNA s 577 bp探针原位杂交技术,检测12例血清HBV标志物阳性的肝炎肝硬化患者肝、胰组织内的HBV DNA;应用图象分析系统对该12例肝细胞IR和TPK,进行抗胰岛素受体和酪氨酸蛋白激酶抗体免疫组化标记物定量测定。用免疫荧光组织化学双重染色技术,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察HBsAg和lR。肝、胰组织活检前,常规进行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验。结果 肝细胞HBV DNA阳性11例(11/12),糖耐量试验异常(IGT)7例中肝细胞HBV DNA均阳性(7/7),糖耐量试验正常(NGT)5例中HBV DNA阳性4例(4/5)。胰腺细胞阳性8例(8/12),IGT7例中胰腺细胞HBV DNA均阳性(7/7),NGT5例中仅1例HBV DNA阳性(1/5),IGT组与NGT组胰腺细胞检出HBV DNA差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。IGT的肝硬化患者肝细胞内IR和TPK表达较NGT的肝硬化患者差异有非常显著意义(tIR=3.617 P<0.O1,tTPK=20.143P<0.01)。肝细胞内IR与TPK表达量高度相关,r=0.82597(P<0.01)。免疫荧光组织化学双重染色显示肝细胞和胰岛细胞IR阳性处有HBsAg存在。结论HBV不仅能侵害肝细胞,也能直接侵害胰岛细胞。后者可能是HBV感染后并发类胰岛素依赖性糖尿病的直接     

PCOS患者血脂、激素、糖耐量和胰岛素抵抗指数及其与BMI、GAUC的相关性分析

目的 分析多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者血脂、性激素、糖耐量和胰岛素抵抗指数及其与体重指数(BMI)、血糖曲线下面积(GAUC)的相关性.方法 将辽阳市第三人民医院60例PCOS患者作为研究对象,其中非胰岛素抵抗患者(31例)为对照组,胰岛素抵抗患者(29例)为研究组.比较两组激素、血脂、胰岛素抵抗指数和糖耐量的情况,并通过Pearson相关性分析胰岛素抵抗指数与胰岛素抵抗患者BMI、GAUC的关系.结果 相比对照组,研究组患者BMI、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的水平均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),而两组患者总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平的比较,均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);两组患者黄体生成素、雌二醇及卵泡刺激素水平的比较,均无明显差异(均P ＞0.05);相比对照组,研究组胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及GAUC的水平均显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);PCOS胰岛素抵抗患者的胰岛素抵抗指数与BMI、GAUC均存在显著相关性(均P＜0.01).结论 PCOS胰岛素抵抗患者BMI、甘油三酯、HDL、胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖及GAUC均明显升高,并且胰岛素抵抗指数与BMI、GAUC均存在显著的正相关关系,提示提高体重与葡萄糖耐量可能会增加PCOS胰岛素抵抗患者发病的可能性.     

糖尿病前期胰岛素和胰高血糖素检测的临床意义

目的探讨糖尿病前期患者胰岛素和胰高血糖素水平在空腹及标准馒头餐后的变化情况,为临床提供有价值的诊疗参考。方法对我院收治的246例糖尿病前期患者分别进行血糖、C-肽、胰岛素、胰高血糖素空腹和标准馒头餐后1、2h和3 h血清或血浆浓度水平检测;并根据空腹血糖和1 h血糖检测结果将糖尿病前期分为:单纯空腹血糖受损(isolatedimpaired fasting glucose,I-IFG)、单纯糖耐量减低(isolated-impaired glucose tolerance,I-IGT)和IFG合并IGT 3种形式。并对3种形式糖尿病前期患者标本的检测结果与同期收集的36例健康对照组检测结果作比较。结果 3种形式下的糖损伤都存在着胰岛素和胰高血糖素分泌异常情况,且3种不同形式的糖损伤患者在各组中胰岛素和胰高血糖素分泌异常百分比差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05),而各组胰高血糖素分泌异常情况均显著高于胰岛素分泌异常情况(P <0. 01)。结论对糖尿病早期患者进行胰岛素和胰高血糖素检测,可为临床提供更为有效的临床诊疗依据。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.