A survey of mosquitoes breeding in used tire stockpiles in Connecticut

A larval survey of nine used tire disposal sites in Connecticut, was conducted from June through October 1987. No larvae of Aedes albopictus were uncovered indicating that this mosquito is not yet established in the state. However, eight other mosquito species in four genera were found. The most abundant and widely distributed species found breeding in permanent tire dumps were Ae. atropalpus, Ae. triseriatus and Culex restuans. Culex pipiens was the second most common Culex species followed by Cx. territans and Cx. salinarius. Other species included Anopheles punctipennis and Culiseta melanura. Larvae of Ae. atropalpus and Cx. salinarius were most frequently recovered from tire casings exposed to direct sunlight, while Ae. triseriatus and Cs. melanura predominated in tires shaded by bordering trees and low-lying vegetation. The other mosquito species showed no discernable preference for either habitat type.     

Larval survey of tire-breeding mosquitoes in Alabama

A state-wide survey of tire-breeding mosquitoes in Alabama was conducted in 2004 and 2005. Tire sites in all 67 counties in the state of Alabama were sampled for mosquito larvae. A total of 13,022 mosquito larvae, representing 12 species in 7 genera, was collected. The most frequently collected species were Aedes albopictus (70.4%), Culex territans (8.0%), and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (7.1%). The following species were also collected: Cx. restuans (6.0%), Cx. salinarius (2.7%), Orthopodomyia signifera (2.4%), and Cx. quinquefasciatus (1.4%). Ochlerotatus atropalpus, Toxorhynchites rutilus, Anopheles punctipennis, An. quadrimaculatus, and Psorophora columbiae each represented <1.0% of the total larval collections. No Ae. aegypti or Oc. japonicus were collected from tires during this survey. The first known collection of Ps. columbiae breeding in water-filled tires is reported.     

Stormwater ponds, constructed wetlands, and other best management practices as potential breeding sites for West Nile virus vectors in Delaware during 2004

We performed longitudinal surveys of mosquito larval abundance (mean mosquito larvae per dip) in 87 stormwater ponds and constructed wetland in Delaware from June to September 2004. We analyzed selected water quality factors, water depth, types of vegetation, degree of shade, and level of insect predation in relation to mosquito abundance. The 2004 season was atypical, with most ponds remaining wet for the entire summer. In terms of West Nile virus (WNV) vectors, wetlands predominantly produce Aedes vexans, culex pipiens pipiens, and Culex restuans. Retention ponds generally produced the same species as wetlands, except that Cx. p. pipiens was more abundant than Cx. restuans in retention ponds. Aedes vexans and Culex salinarius were the most abundant species to Conservation Restoration Enhancement Program ponds. Sand filters uniquely produced high numbers of Cx. restuans, Cx. p. pipiens, and Aedes japonicus japonicus, a newly invasive vector species. Site that alternately dried and flooded, mostly detention ponds, forebays of retention ponds, and some wetlands often produced Ae. vexans, an occasional WNV bridge vector species. Overall, seasonal distribution of vectors was bimodal, with peaks occurring during early and late summer. Ponds with shallow sides and heavy shade generally produced an abundance of mosquitoes, unless insect predators were abundant. Bright, sunny ponds with steep sides and little vegetation generally produced the fewest mosquitoes. The associations among mosquito species and selected vegetation types are discussed.     

诱蚊诱卵器和光催化捕杀蚊蝇器在蚊虫调查中的应用

目的了解陕西省白纹伊蚊分布边界地区的蚊类种群及生态习性;评价诱蚊诱卵器和光催化捕杀蚊蝇器在蚊虫现场调查中的应用效果。方法2006年7-9月在3个调查点选择6种不同生境,布放诱蚊诱卵器以诱获白纹伊蚊成虫及卵;布放光催化捕杀蚊蝇器捕获各种成蚊。结果宝鸡、韩城市发现白纹伊蚊分布。诱蚊诱卵器调查平均诱蚊诱卵指数(MOI)为17.92;白纹伊蚊繁殖高峰期在8月,以山地林地MOI最高,为33.20。光催化捕杀蚊蝇器在黄陵、宝鸡、韩城市共捕获成蚊925只,分属5属8种,淡色库蚊为优势种,构成比为76.11%。淡色库蚊、骚扰阿蚊、三带喙库蚊在各种环境均有分布,三带喙库蚊在养殖耕种区分布较多。结论白纹伊蚊分布边界与历史资料一致。淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、骚扰阿蚊为上述地区主要蚊种。诱蚊诱卵器和光催化捕杀蚊蝇器现场应用效果良好。     

Occurrence of tire inhabiting mosquito larvae in different geographic regions of West Virginia

Eleven species of mosquito larvae were collected in 568 collection visits to 209 abandoned tire pile sites in 33 West Virginia counties from April through October of 2003. Ochlerotatus j. japonicus supplanted the native Oc. triseriatus as the most common tire-colonizing species in the state. In general, the exotic Oc. j. japonicus was a better colonizer of tires than Oc. triseriatus in peridomestic, sunlit conditions throughout the state, whereas both species were equally likely to colonize tires in nonperidomestic, shaded settings. Aedes albopictus competed effectively with Oc. triseriatus from mid-summer through October in low elevation western counties but was not well represented in central counties of the state. Aedes albopictus was seldom collected at higher elevations in eastern counties. Culex pipiens, like Ae. albopictus, was more likely to be in collections from the western portion of West Virginia throughout the study period. Frequency of occurrence of Cx. restuans peaked in early season collections and declined as the season progressed, but Anopheles punctipennis and the medically unimportant Cx. territans gradually increased in frequency each month through September. Typically, species in the genus Culex and An. punctipennis were predisposed to peridomestic, sunlit habitats. Larvae of the predatory Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis were found mostly in nonperidomestic, shaded settings. This species initially appeared in mid-summer, and by August and September it was found in as many as 30% of the collection sites in western and eastern counties. Larvae of An. barberi, Oc. atropalpus, and Orthopodomyia signifera were poorly represented in collections.     

Mosquitoes associated with US Department of Agriculture managed wetlands on Maryland's DelMarVa Peninsula

Mosquito faunal studies were carried out 2004-2005 in Maryland's Eastern Shore wetlands managed by the US Department of Agriculture. The wetlands included flooded fields, inundated woodlands, and tidal salt marshes. Sampling methods included larval collections, adult landing counts, and CDC light and oviposition traps. A total of 1,186 larvae and 1,363 adults identified represented 14 species. Temporary pools were found to have the highest potential for rapid mosquito colonization with Psorophora columbiae the predominant species. Aedes vexans, Culex territans/pipiens, Ps. ciliata/howardii, and Anopheles crucians were collected primarily from pond and flooded woodlands. Ochlerotatus sollicitans larvae were sampled from tidal pools. The predominant daytime landing count species was Oc. sollicitans with Ps. ciliata, Ae. vexans, and Cx. territans also identified. Light traps collected An. crucians, the principal crepuscular species from flooded wooded areas. Aedes atlanticus, An. quadrimaculatus, Coquillettidia perturbans, Cx. restuans, Oc. sollicitans, Ps. ciliata, Ps. columbiae, and Uranotaenia sapphirina were also identified. Oviposition traps collected small numbers of An. crucians at the tidal marsh, 1 Ae. albopictus, and 1 each of Cx. territans/pipiens from the flooded woodlands. As a result of this study, it was recommended that abatement strategies be implemented during and after wetland construction to minimize the creation of temporary pool breeding sites.     

First record of Ascogregarina taiwanensis (Apicomplexa: Lecudinidae) in North American Aedes albopictus

Aedes albopictus collected in the East St. Louis, Illinois, area were found infected with the gregarine protozoan, Ascogregarina taiwanensis. Infection rates varied from 67 to 95% at 4 sites and 0 to 10% at 2 others. Lower infection levels were found in Ae. epactius (42%) and Culex restuans (one larva). Four mosquito species were cross-infected in the laboratory with gregarines isolated from field-collected hosts. Aedes atropalpus was 90% susceptible to A. taiwanensis (100% in Ae. albopictus), with abnormal development and some melanization of trophozoites and gametocysts. In Ae. aegypti and Cx. restuans, the experimental infection was much lower (12-56%) and exhibited abnormalities similar to the Ae. atropalpus infections. Ascogregarina oocysts recovered from both Ae. aegypti and Ae. atropalpus hosts were subsequently infective to Ae. albopictus. In Ae. triseriatus, A. taiwanensis infection was very low (25%, 1-2 trophozoites per larva); gametocysts were not observed nor were infectious oocysts obtained. We conclude that A. taiwanensis, newly introduced to the USA with Ae. albopictus, can develop in 4 indigenous mosquito species and can produce deleterious effects in at least 2, Ae. aegypti and Ae. atropalpus.     

2006-2008年宁波市蚊虫季节消长调查与分析

目的 掌握宁波市蚊虫季节消长情况,为蚊虫防制提供科学依据.方法 采用人工小时法和灯诱法调查成蚊,定期观察积水容器蚊幼虫孳生情况.结果 2006-2008年室内共捕获成蚊7495只,密度指数为69.40只/人工小时,雌雄比为1:1.54;其中淡色库蚊占99.17%,白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、三带喙库蚊分别占0.49%、0.20%、0.13%;成蚊密度高峰期分别为6-7月和10-11月.室内捕获栖息成蚊7886只,雌雄比为1:1.83;其中淡色库蚊占99.35%,白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、三带喙库蚊分别占0.33%、0.14%和0.18%.城区放置诱蚊灯312个,捕获成蚊11 881只,雌雄比为1.09:1,平均密度指数为3.17只,(灯·h),公园、居民区、医院密度指数分别为6.27、2.10、1.16只/(灯·h),以公园密度指数最高;淡色库蚊为优势种,占90.60%,三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、其他蚊种分别占8.73%、0.36%、0.17%和0.14%;密度高峰期分别为6-7月和10-11月.农舍放置诱蚊灯71个,捕获成蚊3078只,雌雄比为4.76:1,平均密度指数为3.61只/(灯·h);三带喙库蚊为优势种,占73.91%,淡色库蚊、中华按蚊、白纹伊蚊分别占20.47%、3.54%、1.23%,其他蚊种占0.84%;密度高峰期为7-8月.采集幼虫(蛹)23 912条,平均1992.67条/个容器,白纹伊蚊、淡色库蚊分别占75.17%和24.42%,其他蚊种占0.41%;5-9月为密度高峰期.结论 宁波市蚊虫季节消长变化明显,要加强蚊虫孳生地的治理、灭蚊防蚊和疫苗接种工作,防治蚊媒传播疾病的发生.     

Field comparison of Bermuda-hay infusion to infusions of emergent aquatic vegetation for collecting female mosquitoes

Field experiments were conducted in east-central Alabama in 2003 and 2004 to compare the attractiveness of selected gravid-trap infusions to ovipositing female mosquitoes. Comparisons were made among infusions of the following plants: Bermuda hay, Cynodon dactylon, and 3 species of emergent aquatic plants typical of Culex larval habitats, i.e., soft rush, Juncus effusus; a common sedge, Rhynchospora corniculata; and broad-leaf cattail, Typha latifolia. Experiments were conducted at a site in Lee County, AL, with an abundance of common nuisance mosquitoes, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus. Carbon dioxide-baited miniature light traps were operated concurrently with gravid traps to provide an activity index of mosquito species at the site. Gravid traps with hay infusion collected the greatest numbers of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Culex restuans females (2003). The results indicate that hay infusion is highly attractive to Cx. quinquefasciatus and is the infusion of choice for collecting females of this species in gravid traps. In the case of Ae. albopictus, infusions were not determined to be significantly different from one another in their attractiveness to gravid females. In general, females of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. restuans demonstrated selectivity when choosing an oviposition site, whereas Ae. albopictus females did not. Factors associated with the oviposition biology of the latter species most likely account for their lack of preference for any single infusion type.     

Bti微胶囊制剂防治蚊虫的研究

苏云金杆菌以色列变种（Ｂｔｉ）广泛应用于现场控制蚊幼虫，取得良好的杀灭效果。但由于现有剂型持效期短，限制了更大规模的应用，也给储存运输带来麻烦。本研究主要在室内评价了不同浓度Ｂｔｉ微胶囊制剂对中华按蚊、淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊幼虫的效果及持效。结果表明，该种制剂有一定的漂浮性，在水内稳定性较好，具较长的持效期，１．２５ｐｐｍ浓度４周内对白纹伊蚊幼虫仍有较理想的杀灭效果。推荐防治中华按蚊、淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊的需要剂量分别为０．２５、１．２５和０．０５ｐｐｍ，每２～３周施药１次。     

Relative abundance of tree hole-breeding mosquitoes in Boone County, Missouri, USA, with emphasis on the vector potential of Aedes triseriatus for canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Filariidae)

Aedes (Protomacleaya) triseriatus currently shares its habitat in the USA with the introduced species Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. In the late 1980s, before the introduction of these 2 species, Ae. triseriatus was the dominant tree hole- and artificial container-breeding mosquito in central Missouri. Aedes triseriatus represented 89% of the mosquito immatures collected from water-filled tree holes and artificial containers at 3 forested field sites in central Missouri, from May to October, 1986 to 1988. Laboratory-reared female Ae. triseriatus were able to support larval development of Dirofilaria immitis (canine heartworm) to the infective 3rd larval stage. A blood meal from a microfilaremic Collie-mix dog was sufficient to infect adult female mosquitoes, indicating that Ae. triseriatus is a possible vector of canine heartworm in central Missouri. Confirmation of the vector status of this species depends on the yet-to-be observed transmission of D. immitis by Ae. triseriatus in the field, possibly by experimental infection of dogs by wild-caught mosquitoes. Defining the role of this species in epizootic outbreaks could contribute toward accurate risk assessment as the abundance of Ae. triseriatus increases and decreases in response to the success of Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus, or other introduced container-breeding mosquitoes.     

The association of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Allende, Nuevo León, Mexico

The recent appearance of Aedes Stegomyia albopictus (Skuse) in Nuevo León (NL) worries health officials. It is a vector of dengue fever in Asia and is more resistant to lower temperatures than Ae. aegypti. The objective of this study was to learn about some ecological parameters of Ae. albopictus and their association with Ae. aegypti, and other culicids in Allende, NL, Mexico, during 1999. Allende is a small town close to metropolitan Monterrey, which has 4 million inhabitants. The design was random with monthly sampling of 175 ovitraps. Chi-square analyses were performed with data of presence, absence, frequency, and relative abundances. During the study, the species Culex tarsalis (Coquillet), Cx. thriambus (Dyar), Cx. pipiens (Linnaeus), Cx. coronator (Dyar and Knab), Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillet), and Ae. triseriatus (Say) were found. April is the month for large numbers of mosquito species. September had the highest populations in positive ovitraps (66.67%), followed by July (63.27% of traps). Aedes aegypti was the most abundant (65.13%), followed by Ae. albopictus (19.71%). Both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti were found from April until December. Aedes aegypti was more abundant than Ae. albopictus, except in August, when they were similar (chi2 = 0.197, P < 0.05). We found significant association between the presence of both species for every study month (chi2 = 9.837, P < 0.05), with a contingency coefficient of 0.247. September and November were the months having the most mosquitoes in this association. Only considering Ae. albopictus, more were found in ovitraps in July (34.6%), followed by September (33.3%). However, its presence was not significant throughout the year. Of 2 zones, in town and at the river, prevalence indicated that Ae. albopictus preferred the river. This mosquito is in its establishment phase in this area and requires further studies.     

广东国境口岸五种蚊种核糖体基因第2内转录间隔区分子鉴定方法研究

[目的]建立国境口岸不同蚊种的核糖体基因第2内转录间隔区（rDNA-ITS2）分子鉴定方法及其系统进化关系。[方法]针对蚊虫的rDNA核酸序列保守性，设计扩增rDNA-ITS2编码区的PCR引物，对广州机场、江门和湛江等国境口岸采集的致倦库蚊、三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、骚扰阿蚊等成蚊和实验室喂养的蚊幼虫进行PCR扩增和序列测定，并与GenBank中已知蚊虫的rDNA-ITS2进行同源性比较和系统进化分析。[结果]不同蚊虫的rDNA-ITS2扩增片断长度不同，M2引物对致倦库蚊、三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、骚扰阿蚊和中华按蚊的扩增片断分别为447bp-520bp、432bp-438bp、527bp-586bp、439bp-448bp和644bp。序列分析和系统进化关系显示，尖音库蚊组和三带喙库蚊聚类为库蚊属，再与白纹伊蚊和骚扰阿蚊聚类为库蚊亚科，库蚊亚科再与中华按蚊进行聚类，分子进化与蚊虫形态学鉴定的亲缘关系保持一致。[结论]建立的rDNA-ITS2分子鉴别技术可成功地应用于国境口岸范围内成蚊和幼蚊的亚科、属和种的区分和确定系统发育关系。这可以弥补蚊虫形态特征信息量的不足等传统分类系统的缺点，对国境口岸范围外来的或新发现的蚊种的鉴别提供了分子水平的技术依据。     

Ochlerotatus j. japonicus in Frederick County, Maryland: discovery, distribution, and vector competence for West Nile virus

Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus is reported for the 1st time south of the Mason-Dixon Line, in Frederick County, Maryland. Fifty-seven oviposition trap samples were collected throughout the county between June 30 and August 24, 2000. From 971 larvae reared from the oviposition traps, 5 species were identified: Ochlerotatus triseriatus (45%), Oc. j. japonicus (43%), Aedes albopictus (7%), Culex pipiens (4%), and Toxorynchites ritulus septentrionalis (<1%). Ochlerotatus j. japonicus was found widely distributed over the area sampled. This is the 1st record of Ae. albopictus in the county as well. Vector competence studies indicated that Oc. j. japonicus is an efficient laboratory vector of West Nile (WN) virus. Depending on the viral titer at time of feeding, the estimated transmission rates for Oc. j. japonicus for WN virus were 2-4 times higher than that for Cx. pipiens. Studies of the viral titer in mosquitoes over time showed that titers in the bodies of infected Oc. j. japonicus reached their peak (approximately 10(6.5) plaque-forming units/mosquito) between 7 and 11 days after taking an infectious blood meal, and that virus became detectable in the legs (an indicator of disseminated infection) as early as 3 days after taking an infectious blood meal.     

Larval mosquitoes in abandoned tire pile sites from West Virginia

Larvae of 13 mosquito species were collected from abandoned tire piles at peridomestic and nonperidomestic sites in 3 south-central West Virginia counties from May through September 2002. Ochlerotatus triseriatus was the most frequently collected species from May through August, whereas Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus japonicus were more prevalent in September. Prevalence of Oc. triseriatus and Culex restuans declined throughout the study period. Conversely, prevalences of Ae. albopictus, Oc. japonicus, Culex territans, and Toxorhynchites rutilus increased during the same period. Ochlerotatus atropalpus was significantly more likely to be encountered at nonperidomestic sites. None of the other species exhibited a significant predisposition for either peridomestic or nonperidomestic sites.     

Seasonal abundance and control of Culex spp. in catch basins in Illinois

Street catch basins in western Cook County, IL, were examined regularly June through August of 1987 to determine their seasonal larval production, adult mosquito harborage and the influence of abiotic factors on the associated mosquito population. Only larvae of Culex pipiens (63% of total) and Cx. restuans (37% of total) were recovered. These 2 species and Cx. erraticus were the most frequently collected adults. The abundance of mosquito larvae within catch basins was not correlated with water pH and only showed a weak, positive correlation with water temperature. Only a partial flushing of larvae (22-34% reduction) from catch basins by normal rainfall (less than 25 mm) was generally recorded. Treatments with larvicide oil (mineral seal oil/kerosene 175/tergitol) at a rate of 60-90 ml/catch basin resulted in a mean larval reduction of 97%. Adult females showed a mean reduction of 87%.     

北京口岸地区蚊虫监测报告

目的掌握北京口岸蚊虫的种类和季节消长,为蚊虫控制提供依据。方法成虫密度监测采用灯诱法和人帐诱法,幼虫密度监测采用勺捞法。结果共捕获成蚊14270只,经鉴定为4属6种,分别为中华按蚊、淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、刺扰伊蚊和骚扰阿蚊;共捕获蚊幼虫114条,为淡色库蚊和凶小库蚊。淡色库蚊为北京口岸的优势蚊种,活动高峰为9月。结论北京口岸蚊虫控制宜采用综合治理策略。     

The identification of Aedes albopictus in the Nearctic region

An introduced, breeding population of Aedes albopictus has been established in Harris County, Texas, and several parishes in Louisiana. The problem of its identification and separation from the indigenous Nearctic mosquito fauna is addressed. Using the keys of Darsie and Ward (1981), the author offers suggested inserts which will accomplish the identification of adult females and larvae in the Nearctic Region. Additional pointers are given for distinguishing albopictus from the 2 common container breeders, Ae. aegypti and Ae. triseriatus.     

上海市中心城区人诱停落法连续194天成蚊监测及种群动态研究

目的探索上海市城区中心地带蚊虫种群动态变化、时间分布及成蚊叮刺指数状况。方法选取城区蚊虫较易出现的公园和绿化区域环境类型（人民广场及人民公园地区）,采用人诱停落法进行连续194d的成蚊动态监测研究。结果2012年4月下旬至10月下旬共194d捕获成蚊1666只,包括3属5种,其中白纹伊蚊和淡色库蚊的构成比分别为71．1％和27．7％;成蚊日波动幅度较大,高峰期集中在7-9月,最高达到52只／d;成蚊种群的旬分布趋势显示,淡色库蚊高峰期出现在6月上旬,其密度在5-6月显著高于白纹伊蚊（均P〈O．05）;白纹伊蚊高峰期出现在7月下旬,7-9月期间,白纹伊蚊密度均显著高于淡色库蚊,属最优势蚊种。结论针对中心城区蚊虫侵害度采用人诱停落法进行连续194d成蚊监测尚属首次报道,研究提示蚊虫的常规监测方法存在一定的局限性和不准确性;上海市中心城区的蚊媒防治工作仍应针对白纹伊蚊和淡色库蚊两种优势蚊种,采取有效的、针对性的防控措施;此外研究提示,上海市中心城区适宜越冬蚊生存场所较多的现象可能导致次年淡色库蚊高峰期提前到来。