血管检查在自发性脑内出血或脑室出血病因诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨血管检查在自发性脑内出血或脑室出血的病因诊断中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2018年7月至2019年7月救治的100例自发性脑内出血或脑室出血的临床资料,其中脑内血肿56例,单纯脑室内积血19例,脑内出血破入脑室25例,接受320-CTA或DSA检查,查找出血原因.结果 320-CTA检查40例,检出动脉瘤5...     

数字减影脑血管造影对原发性脑室出血的病因诊断价值

目的探讨DSA在原发性脑室出血(PIVH)原发病因检出中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析25例原发性脑室出血患者的DSA检查结果。结果25例患者中检出AVM8例,MoyaMoya病3例,颅内动脉瘤3例,海绵状血管瘤1例,造影阴性10例。结论DSA检查对甄别原发性脑室出血的病因具有重要的诊断意义,对有条件的PIVH病例均应行DSA检查以明确病因,作进一步病因治疗。     

102例自发性脑室出血的临床分析

目的探讨自发性脑室出血的病因。方法回顾性分析2001年1月～2010年6月间收治的102例自发性脑室出血的临床资料。患者按年龄分为4组:1月～3岁者8例,3～40岁12例,40～60岁67例,>60岁15例,除婴幼儿外均行全脑血管造影或CT血管造影。结果主要的出血原因为烟雾病、动脉瘤、高血压和原因不明,不同年龄组的主要出血原因不同,1月～3岁者主要原因是维生素K缺乏,3～40岁组是血管畸形,40～60岁组是烟雾病和动脉瘤,>60岁组是高血压病。结论要明确自发性脑室出血病因应根据病史和行全脑血管造影或CT血管成像检查,不同年龄组的患者自发性脑室出血主要原因不同。     

脑室出血82例临床治疗分析

目的总结脑室出血治疗的体会。方法对2003年6月至2006年6月我院收治的82例脑室出血病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。此82例病人中，经DSA或CTA检查发现，脑动静脉畸形8例，颅内动脉瘤4例，Moyamoya病2例，余未查明出血原因（有的未做脑DSA或CTA检查）。采用脑室外引流术并尿激酶治疗68例，开颅手术治疗6例（4例颅内动脉瘤和2例脑动静脉畸形），介入治疗6例（均为脑动静脉畸形），保守治疗2例。大部分行双侧脑室穿刺（3例单侧）外引流治疗。发病至手术时间为2。24h。结果82例中，治愈30例，好转37例，长期植物状态3例，死亡12例。结论脑室出血患者意识障碍与脑室积血的量有直接关系，脑室外引流是治疗脑室出血的一种有效方法；脑室出血的病因治疗也非常重要。     

前瞻性研究脑室内出血的临床报告

目的 了解四川地区脑室内出血(IVH)的影响因素、病因、危险因素等,为IVH的临床研究提供依据.方法 采用前瞻性队列研究,以四川省3家三甲医院的住院患者为基础,进行多中心协作登记,收集包括人口学因素、IVH的危险因素、临床表现、辅助检查结果等数据.结果 纳入IVH患者660例,男416例(63.0％),女244例(37.0％);年龄17 ～ 93岁,平均(60.4±13.8)岁;原发性脑室内出血(PIVH)中高血压病31例(31.3％)、动脉瘤13例(13.1％)、血管畸形18例(18.2％)、烟雾病24例(24.2％)和未知病因13例(13.1％);而继发性脑室内出血(SIVH)中高血压病为391例(69.7％)、未知病因162例(28.9％)、动脉瘤、血管畸形和脑淀粉样血管病分别有3例(0.5％)、3例(0.5％)和2例(0.4％);入院时PIVH和SIVH组间GCS评分差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05;PIVH组47例(47.5％)手术治疗、32例(32.3)保守治疗,18例(18.2％)伽马刀治疗,另有2例(2.0％)介入治疗;SIVH组手术、保守和介入治疗分别是175例(31.2％)、383例(68.3％)和3例(0.5％),手术、保守和伽马刀治疗组间差异有统计学意义,P ＜0.05;多因素Logistic回归分析提示年龄、高血压是发生SIVH的独立危险因素.结论 本研究在国内外同类研究中样本量最大,研究质量较高,结论可靠,为IVH的临床研究设计提供了理论依据.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的病因诊断及介入治疗

目的通过数字减影脑血管造影（DSA）对自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）作病因诊断及颅内动脉瘤的介入治疗。方法对246例SAH患者行DSA检查以明确其出血原因。对138例确诊动脉瘤患者用GDC或EDC行血管内栓塞治疗。结果246例SAH患者DSA检查发现颅内动脉瘤155例（63．0％），其中动脉瘤合并脑动静脉畸形（AVM）3例，动脉瘤合并烟雾病1例，AVM 15例（6．1％），烟雾病10例（4.1％），高血压动脉硬化39例（15，9％），原因不明27例（11．0％）。138例颅内动脉瘤栓塞患者中1例术中出血死亡，1例术后1h再出血死亡；动脉瘤栓塞术后经DSA随访90例，随访时间为1个月至6．5年，发现13例再通（其中2例因再出血行DSA复查发现再通），再通率为14.4％，13例再通患者经再栓塞后未发生再出血。结论自发性SAH的主要原因是脑动脉瘤，DSA是明确SAH病因的可靠方法，GDC或EDC血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤安全有效，但有一定复发率，故应注意随访。     

非高血压性幕上出血性卒中头CT与DSA对比分析

目的 探讨非高血压性幕上出血性卒中头CT与DSA的关系。方法 对连续120例患者做回顾性分析。结果 全组CT示蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）76例、脑叶出血22例、脑室出血15例、基底节区出血7例；DSA异常93例，异常率77％，以动脉瘤最常见（46％），动静脉畸形（AVM）次之（23％），烟雾病较少（6％）及其它异常（3％）。在SAH中动脉瘤占显著优势（64％），而在脑叶及脑室出血中AVM多见（分别为59％、40％）。年龄≥40岁组动脉瘤的发生率是＜40岁组的2．4倍，相反＜40岁组AVM的发生率是≥40岁组的6．4倍。结论 SAH的病因多为动脉瘤，而脑叶出血或脑室出血以AVM多见。对非高血压性幕上出血性卒中，患者的年龄是鉴别血管病因的重要指征之一。     

脑池及脑室出血为主的颅脑损伤27例临床分析

目的分析有明确外伤病史,CT表现为脑池及脑室出血为主的颅脑损伤患者的影像资料,提高颅脑损伤合并脑血管病的诊断,减少漏诊。方法回顾分析我院神经外科自2012-06—2014-06间颅脑CT表现为脑池及脑室出血为主的27例颅脑损伤患者的影像资料,对其CTA或DSA诊断的结果进行分析。结果 27例患者男19例,女8例,年龄23~74岁,平均(49±9.8)岁。25例均行CTA或DSA检查,发现无阳性14例,阳性11例(颅内动脉瘤5例,多发颅内外血管严重狭窄或闭塞3例,脑动静脉畸形2例,烟雾病1例)。结论以脑池及脑室出血为主的颅脑损伤病人应常规进行CTA或DSA的检查,减少对脑血管病的漏诊。     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血合并脑室内积血的临床诊治

目的总结自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）合并脑室内积血患者的临床诊治特点。方法15例患者均经头颅CT证实为SAH并脑室内积血。行数字减影脑血管造影（DSA）检查9例,发现前交通动脉动脉瘤6例,大脑中动脉动脉瘤2例,颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤1例,其中1例给予电解可脱微弹簧圈栓塞治疗,另8例施行开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤。结果确诊为动脉瘤并行外科治疗的9例中,苏醒并能生活自理6例,重残3例。另6例非手术患者死亡。结论自发性SAH患者应尽早行DSA检查以明确诊断。对于明确诊断的颅内动脉瘤宜行开颅手术夹闭和血管内栓塞治疗。对伴脑室内积血动脉瘤患者急诊处理时要注意在外科治疗前,行脑室外引流术及脑室内注入尿激酶,可使动脉瘤内外压力梯度增加,增加再出血危险。     

尿激酶引流术治疗脑室内出血46例临床观察

脑室内出血是指由非外伤因素导致颅内血管破裂，血液进入脑室系统引起的综合征。其发病率很高，约占自发性颅内出血的20％-60％。脑室内出血分为原发性和继发性脑室内出血两类，常见的病因为高血压、动脉硬化、颅内动脉瘤、脑动静脉畸形、烟雾病等。脑室内出血是一种自然病程长、预后差、死亡率和病残率较高的脑出血性急症。我科自1998-01～2004—05，采用脑室外引流结合尿激酶治疗脑出血46例，获得满意疗效，现报告如下。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。