无创性电生理检查对阵发性室上性心动过速的评价

为探索无创性电生理检查对阵发性室上性心动过速（ＰＳＶＴ）类型的鉴别价值，采用Ｖ１导联Ｐ波（Ｐｖ１）和体表右胸导联Ｐ波（ＰＲＡＭ），反映右房激动电位；４个单极食管导联（ＰＶＥ）和一个双极食管导联Ｐ波（ＰＶＥＢ），反映左房激动电位。通过以上导联同步描记来观察左、右心房激动顺序，应用食管心房调搏的方法，基本可区别房室结折返和房室折返性心动过速以及其它形式的ＰＳＶＴ。     

B型预激综合征射频消融术后T波电张性调整

图１　说明见文内　　患者女性，１８岁。近１０年来反复发作心动过速，均突发突止。每次历时半小时至４小时不等，发作间歇期体检心肺正常，超声心动图正常，ＥＣＧ见图１呈Ｂ型预激综合征。Ｐ－Ｒ间期００８秒，ＱＲＳ间期０１４秒，各导联ＱＲＳ起始部有明显的δ波，ＱＲＳ－Ｔ：Ⅰ、ａＶＬ、Ｖ２～Ｖ６呈Ｒ或Ｒｓ型，Ｔ直立。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ、Ｖ１呈ｒＳ或ＱＳ型，Ｔ直立，ａＶＲ呈ｒＳｒ′型，Ｔ倒作者单位：２１５００４苏州医学院附属第二医院心电图室置。于１９９７１２２３行射频消融术，术中电生理检查证实为右后间隔附加…     

特发性左室室速酷似室上性心动过速一例

患者 ,男 ,2 2岁 ,因阵发性心动过速 7个月入院。无其它心脏病史 ,胸片及超声心动图正常。心动过速 12导联心电图ＲＲ间期规则 ,频率 16 7次 /分 ,ＱＲＳ波时限 12 0ｍｓ ,呈右束支阻滞 (ＲＢＢＢ)图形伴电轴左偏 ,Ｖ2 、Ｖ4、Ｖ5、Ｖ6呈ＲＳ形 ,Ｒ波起点至Ｓ波最低点 (ＲＳ间期 )≤ 80ｍｓ,Ｖ6导联Ｒ/Ｓ <1;Ｖ1、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联Ｒ波后见直立Ｐ-波 ,ａＶＬ导联Ｒ波后似见倒置Ｐ-波 ,ＲＰ-<Ｐ-Ｒ(图 1)。食管心电图见心动过速Ｒ波与Ｐ-呈 1∶1固定关系 ,ＲＰ-间期 =10 0ｍｓ(图 2 )。静注异搏定心动过速终止后窦性心律 12导联心电图ＱＲＳ波…     

体表心电图对窄型QRS波心动过速的鉴别诊断

采用体表心电图１０项指标对７３例窄型ＱＲＳ波（＜０．１２ｓ）心动过速鉴别诊断，并与电生理检查分型比较，射频电消蚀术验证，７３例均为室上性心动过速，其中房性心动过速１例，房室结折返住心动过速２６例，房室折返性心动过速４６例。１０项指标中，Ｐ’波及极性，ＲＰ’间期、ＲＰ’／ＲＲ比值、ＲＰ’间期与Ｐ’Ｒ间期二者的关系、Ｖ１导联之ｒ’波、ＱＲＳ波电交替、２°度房室传导阻滞对鉴别有肯定价值，检出符合率８２．２％。     

动态心电图计算机处理存在的问题P波和P－R间期

动态心电图计算机处理存在的问题Ｐ波和Ｐ－Ｒ间期刘霞，戚文航随着计算机技术的发展，动态心电图（ＡＥＣＧ）的心律失常分析不断趋于自动化。ＡＥＣＧ中的ＱＲＳ波是计算机处理所采集的主要样本。通常计算机通过测量Ｒ－Ｒ间期，叠加扫描ＱＲＳ波来处理各类心律失常，然...     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术后脉冲多普勒肺动脉频谱时间间期的测定（1）

本研究比较了３５例以二尖瓣狭窄为主的风湿性心脏病患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）前后的肺动脉频谱时间间期的改变。结果表明，ＰＢＭＶ术后右室射血前期（ＲＰＥＰ）及ＲＰＥＰ／ＲＶＥＴ明显减小，ＡＴ／ＲＰＥＰ增大；而加速时间（ＡＴ），右室射血期（ＲＶＥＴ），减速时间（ＤＴ）及ＡＴ／ＤＴ则无明显改变。ＰＢＭＶ前后ＲＰＥＰ／ＲＶＥＴ的改变与二维超声心动图测量的二尖瓣口面积改变呈正相关（ｒ＝０．４９６，ｐ＝０．０１），但与Ｇｏｒｌｉｎ公式计算的二尖瓣口面积改变不相关。我们认为ＰＢＭＶ后脉冲多普勒肺动脉频谱时间间期测定有一定变化。     

舒张晚期室早交替性酷似交替性预激综合征1例

患者女 ,5 8岁。因患直肠癌住我院治疗。术前心电图(ＥＣＧ)正常。术后第 4ｄ患者自觉胸闷、心悸。即刻做ＥＣＧ(见图Ａ)示 :窦性心律 ,Ｐ -Ｐ间距相等 ,频率 94次 ｍｉｎ ,ＱＲＳ形态有 2种类型 ,1种为室上性 ,另 1种为宽大的ＱＲＳ。 2种ＱＲＳ波交替出现 ,Ｒ -Ｒ′间距相等 ,宽大的ＱＲＳ起始部粗钝似δ波 ,酷似交替性预激综合征 (ＷＰＷ)。但由于宽ＱＲＳ前有窦性Ｐ波 ,Ｐ -Ｒ间期不固定 ,故考虑为舒张晚期室早二联律。当即静脉缓注利多卡因 10 0ｍｇ后查ＥＣＧ(图Ｂ) ,由于联律间期缩短 ,则显示为频发室早。因此 ,交替性ＷＰＷ诊断不…     

超声测量肺循环阻力和体循环阻力比值

探讨超声测量肺循环阻力和体循环阻力比值（ＰＶＲ／ＳＶＲ）的方法。超声测量４３例先天性心脏病患儿左、右室射血前期（ＬＰＥＰ,ＲＰＥＰ）、射血期（ＬＥＴ,ＲＥＴ）和加速期（ＬＡＴ,ＲＡＴ）,同时测量主、肺动脉血流量（Ｑｓ,Ｑｐ）。进而计算ＲＰＥＰ：Ｑｐ、ＲＰＥＰ：ＥＴ：Ｑｐ、ＲＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｐ、ＲＰＥＰ：Ｑｐ／ＬＰＥＰ：Ｑｓ、ＲＰＥＰ：ＥＴ：Ｑｐ／ＬＰＥＰ：ＥＴ：Ｑｓ和ＲＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｐ／ＬＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｓ。结果：超声测量ＲＰＥＰ：Ｑｐ、ＲＰＥＰ：ＥＴ：Ｑｐ和ＲＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｐ与心导管测量的ＰＶＲ／ｍ２比较,ｒ分别为０．６６、０．６５和０．７５。超声测量ＲＰＥＰ：Ｑｐ／ＬＰＥＰ：Ｑｓ、ＲＰＥＰ：ＥＴ：Ｑｐ／ＬＰＥＰ：ＥＴ：Ｑｓ和ＰＲＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｐ／ＬＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｓ与心导管测量ＰＶＲ／ＳＶＲ比较,ｒ分别为０．７８、０．７８和０．８９。其中ＲＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｐ／ＬＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｓ与ＰＶＲ／ＳＶＲ相关最好。超声测量ＲＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｐ／ＬＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｓ能较准确地估测ＰＶＲ／ＳＶＲ。     

显性预激体表12导联心电图定位房室旁路诊断标准的临床研究

目的 研究体表１２导联心电图与显性预激到预激旁路定位的相关关系。方法 本研究采用心外膜标测（ＥＣＭ）手术切断旁路（ＡＰ）、心内膜标测电生理检查（ＥＰＳ）射频消融术（ＲＦＣＡ）离断旁路方法，成功根治１２３例显性预激病人１３３条ＡＰ，并对其体表１２导联主电图进行对比研究。结果 体表心电图（ＳＥＣＧ）的四个特征变化对旁路定位有重要价值。这四个特征是（１）Ｖ１导联ＱＲＳ综合波形态；（２）肢体导入△波极性变     

多源性室性早搏二联律法则1例

患者男 ,2 7岁。临床诊断 :心肌炎、心律失常型。图示 3条为ＬＯＮＧ -ＴＥＲＭ(Ⅱ )导联 (ｃａｌ1 2 ,12 .5ｍｍ ｓｅｃ)连续描记。图中可见 3种形态ＱＲＳ波 :①正常窦性心律 ,频率为 79次 ｍｉｎ。②提早出现前无Ｐ波呈ＱＳ形者 (ＰＶＳＡ) ,联律间期为 0 .4 5ｓ。早搏后的Ｒ′ -Ｒ间期为 1.0 2ｓ。③继长间期后出现宽大畸形呈Ｒ型者 (ＰＶＳＢ) ,Ｔ波与主波方向相反 ,并以 0 .5 8ｓ的固定间期与前窦性激动形成二联律。心电图诊断 :①窦性心律 ;②频发多源性室性早搏 (ＰＶＳ)二联律。图 1　说明见正文讨论　ＰＶＳ二联律法则是折返性Ｐ…     

Noninvasive Diagnosis in Patients with Undocumented Tachycardias:

INTRODUCTION: Patients with symptoms suggestive of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) but no tachycardia documentation often undergo diagnostic electrophysiologic study. In dual AV node physiology with AV node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), the anterograde fast pathway is more sensitive than the slow pathway to the effects of adenosine. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that adenosine can be used as a bedside test for the diagnosis of dual AV node physiology and hence for AVNRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: During electrophysiologic study, 37 patients without prior documentation but symptoms indicative for PSVT received incremental dosages of adenosine during sinus rhythm until second-degree or greater AV block was observed. Suggestive signs of dual AV node physiology on the surface ECG (sudden jump of PQ interval > or = 50 msec) were found in 13 (76%) of 17 patients with inducible AVNRT but in only 1 (5%) of the remaining patients (P < 0.01). In the AVNRT group, the maximal increase of the PQ interval between two beats was greater (88+/-45 msec) than in the remaining 20 patients (17+/-11 msec) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Careful evaluation of surface ECG during administration of adenosine helps to identify patients prone to AVNRT. The adenosine test is a valuable noninvasive adjunct in patients with undocumented palpitations suggestive of PSVT.     

食管心房调搏指标诊断室上性心动过速价值的评定

以射频消融结果为依据，评定Ｓ＿２Ｒ跃增值和ＲＰ＿Ｅ时距对４８例慢－快型房室结折返性心动过速（Ｓ－Ｆ型ＡＶＮＲＴ）和１４１例顺向型房室折返性心动过速（Ｏ－ＡＶＲＴ）患者的诊断及鉴别诊断价值，并讨论两类心动过速食管调搏的定量判别标准。结果表明：（１）Ｓ＿２Ｒ跃增以≥６０ｍｓ诊断ＡＶＮＲＴ为宜，但有一定局限性，其敏感性、特异性、诊断价值分别为９１．６％、８５．８％、７２．８％。（２）ＲＰ＿Ｅ时距≤７０ｍｓ和＞７０ｍｓ分别对Ｓ－Ｆ型ＡＶＮＲＴ、Ｏ－ＡＶＲＴ的诊断及鉴别诊断价值较高。敏感性、特异性、诊断价值分别为９３．８％、１００％、１００％与１００％、９３．８％、９７．９％．（３）少数（１７％）右侧壁旁道逆传性心动过速ＲＰ＿Ｅ／Ｐ＿ＥＲ可＞１．０。（４）Ｓ－Ｆ型ＡＶＮＲＴ与Ｏ－ＡＶＲＴ的定量判别Ｓ＿２Ｒ跃增、ＲＰ＿Ｅ标准宜分别取≥６０ｍｓ、≤７０ｍｓ与＜６０ｍｓ、＞７０ｍｓ。     

体表心电图对阵发性窄QRS波心动过速鉴别诊断及定位的价值

目的:通过分析152例阵发性窄QRS波心动过速（NQRST）患者体表心电图（ECG）的6种指标,探讨ECG对NQRST鉴别诊断及定位的价值。方法:选取152例NQRST患者,其中94例为房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT),42例为房室折返性心动过速（AVRT),16例为房性心动过速(AT)。上述患者电生理机制均经腔内电生理检查所证实,对比分析每位患者窦性心律及心动过速发作时体表心电图在心率、ST-T改变、QRS波电交替、R-P′/P′-R相似文献   

Effects of bundle branch block on experimental A-V reentrant tachycardia

The effects of bundle branch block on experimental A-V reentrant tachycardia (PSVT) were studied in 17 dogs using an anomalous pathway simulatory (APS). The APS was a programmable digital electronic circuit with ability for ventricular sensing, retrograde conduction with programmable conduction time, and atrial stimulation. Close bipolar electrodes were positioned at seven contiguous atrial and ventricular sites (V_l) along the A-V ring, these being; anterior, lateral, and posterior right (AR, LR, PR), septal (S), and posterior, lateral and anterior left (PL, LL, AL). Right (R) (seven dogs) and left (L) (10 dogs) bundle branch block (BBB) were produced with transcardiac needle. After BBB, cycle length (CL) of A-V reentrant PSVT was significantly increased only with ipsilateral sites. Thus, with RBBB, CL of PSVT increased by 37 ± 3 msec., 27 ± 3 msec., and 23 ± 4 msec. (P < 0.001), at AR, LR, and PR sites respectively. With LBBB, CL of PSVT increased only with left-sided sites. Thus, CL increased by 34 ± 2.6 msec., 38 ± 4.6 msec., and 32 ± 3.3 msec., (P < 0.001) with PL, LL, and AL sites, respectively. PSVT CL and septal site did not change significantly after either R or LBBB. The increase in CL was explicable in terms of corresponding increases in intraventricular conduction time (H-V_l). There were slight compensatory decreases in A-H intervals for the increases in H-V_l. These studies confirm findings suggested by clinical electrophysiological observation.     

Atrioventricular conduction patterns in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

Atrioventricular conduction patterns suggestive of dual A-V nodal pathways have been reported in patients with and without a history of paroxysmal A-V nodal re-entrant tachycardia (PSVT). The purpose of this study was to determine whether significant association exists between this conduction pattern and the occurrence of PSVT in man. The pattern of A-V conduction was evaluated at similar pacing rates in 13 patients with documented PSVT and 135 patients with PSVT. Patients without PSVT were divided into groups with normal PR intervals (106 patients), PR intervals of 120 msec. or less (12 patients), and PR intervals of 200 msec. or greater (17 patients). Evidence of dual A-V nodal pathways was found in seven of 13 patients with PSVT and nine of 135 patients without PSVT, including eight of 106 patients with normal PR intervals, none of 12 patients with short PR intervals, and one of 17 patients with PR intervals of 200 msec. or greater. The incidence of dual A-V nodal pathways was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) in patients with PSVT when compared with all other groups. In two of four patients with PSVT, propranolol was found to unmask evidence of dual pathways; no evidence of dual pathways was produced by propranolol in 23 patients without PSVT. The data show that the pattern of dual A-V nodal pathways is common only in patients with PSVT and is significantly less frequent in patients without PSVT regardless of the presence of short or long PR intervals. The results of this study establish a strong association between this conduction pattern and the occurrence of PSVT in man.     

New electrocardiographic leads and the procainamide test for the detection of the Brugada sign in sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors and their relatives.

AIMS: Sudden unexplained death syndrome occurs in previously healthy South-east Asian young adults without any structural cause of death. The common electrocardiographic (ECG) change in sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors is right bundle branch block and ST elevations in leads V(1) to V(3), which are similar to the ECG pattern in the Brugada syndrome (Brugada sign). It is difficult to diagnose the Brugada sign with the 12-lead ECG in sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors and their family members because the ECG could be transiently normalized. We proposed using the higher intercostal space V(1) to V(3) lead ECG, together with procainamide to detect the Brugada sign. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 20 ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest patients, 13 sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors and their relatives (n=88) were studied using the single standard 12-lead ECG and the new six higher intercostal space V(1) to V(3) lead ECG (-V(1) to -V(3) and -2V(1) to -2V(3)). Ten sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors and relatives (n=48) who had a normalized ECG were also infused with procainamide (10 mg x kg(-1)i.v.) to unmask the Brugada sign and both ECG methods were recorded. Forty healthy individuals and 13 spouses served as the control group. Prior to the procainamide infusion, the Brugada sign could be detected in nine sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors (69.2%) and three (3.4%) relatives with the standard ECG and in 12 (92.3%) and nine (10.2%) with the new six-lead ECG. After the procainamide infusion, the Brugada sign could be demonstrated in seven sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors (70%) and seven (14.6%) relatives with the standard ECG and in nine (90%) (P=0.26) and 23 (47.9%) (P=0.0004) with the new six-lead ECG, respectively. All the controls were negative for the Brugada sign. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the new higher intercostal space lead ECG, with or without the procainamide test is helpful in detecting the Brugada sign in sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors and their relatives.     

临终患者伴发QT间期缩短的心电图分析

目的:探讨临终患者伴发QT间期缩短的心电图特征和临床意义。方法:常规测量10例临终患者的QT间期实测值(QT),通过QT间期换算公式计算QT间期预测值(QTp)、校正后QT间期值(QTc)以及QT/QTp比值。结果:10例临终患者心电图除出现各型传导阻滞、心室停搏等心电异常外,均伴随QT间期缩短(QTc<0.32～0.34s、QT/QTp<0.88)。结论:继发性QT间期缩短可能是出现于临终患者的一种罕见心电图表现,在一定程度上反映了心脏电活动衰竭,其预后不良,应引起临床高度重视。     

Paroxysmal regular supraventricular tachycardia: the diagnostic accuracy of the transesophageal ventriculo-atrial interval

Objective: To establish the diagnostic accuracy of the transesophageal ventriculo‐atrial (VA) interval in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) and normal baseline electrocardiogram (ECG). Methods: The transesophageal VA interval during tachycardia was recorded in 318 patients (age 45 ± 17 years, 58% female) with PSVT and a normal surface ECG between attacks. Subsequently, all patients underwent an ablation procedure establishing the correct tachycardia diagnosis. Results: AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), AV reentrant tachycardia through a concealed accessory pathway (AVRT), and ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) were found in 213, 95, and 10 cases, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified an optimal cutoff for a binary categorization of AVNRT versus AVRT/EAT at ≤80 ms (area under the curve 0.891). Owing to a biphasic distribution, AVNRT was very likely at VA intervals ≤90 ms with a sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of 87%, 91%, and 95%. In the range 91–160 ms the corresponding values for AVRT were 88%, 95%, and 88% (90%, 99%, and 98% in male patients). In the small group with VA intervals >160 ms (n = 29), the diagnosis was less clear (PPV of 67% for AVNRT). Conclusions: In patients with sudden onset regular tachycardia and a normal ECG during sinus rhythm, a transesophageal VA interval of ≤80 ms has the highest diagnostic accuracy to diagnose AVNRT versus AVRT/EAT. Overall, the biphasic distribution of VA intervals suggests considering AVNRT at 90 ms and below and AVRT between 91 and 160 ms (in particular in male patients) while the diagnosis is vague at VA intervals above 160 ms. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2011;16(4):327–335     

The postponed compensatory pause as a manifestation of positive feedback in atrioventricular conduction.

A patient with hypertensive cardiovascular disease was found to have unusual varieties of premature atrial and ventricular contractions. If the premature atrial contraction resulted in a greatly prolonged P-R interval, such that the increment in P-R exceeded the decrement in the preceding R-P, the next sinus P wave, occurring after a normal P-P interval, was found to be blocked. Also, numerous interpolated ventricular extrasystoles were observed in which the postextrasystolic P-R intervals were markedly prolonged and in which the compensatory pauses were postponed for one or two beats. We also present data from one dog in which a premature atrial activation produced a chain reaction such that complete A-V block occurred three beats later. We propose that the chain reaction which evoked the delayed block in the dog and the postponed compensatory pauses in the patient reflects the operation of a positive feedback mechanism in A-V conduction. Positive feedback is initiated by an extremely long P-R, which results in a very short R-P before the next cycle. This then leads to a still longer P-R, which then elicits a still shorter R-P. Block ultimately supervenes when the atrial activation wave arrives at the A-V junction during its effective refractory period.     

Sinus rhythm ECG criteria associated with basal-lateral ventricular tachycardia substrate in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy

ECG Criteria Associated with NICM VT . Introduction: Patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) usually have basal‐lateral scar in the left ventricle (LV). We sought to determine electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics that may help identify NICM patients with basal‐lateral scar and VT. Methods and Results: Phase I, study patients (n = 25) had NICM, VT, and endocardial/epicardial basal‐lateral LV low voltage consistent with scar on detailed mapping. ECGs were compared to controls (n = 18) with NICM, and comparable age and gender without VT/known scar. All patients had either sinus or paced atrial rhythm ECGs without bundle‐branch block or ventricular pacing. In phase II, criteria were evaluated prospectively, blinded to clinical data, using ECGs from 15 NICM patients, of which 7 patients had VT and endocardial/epicardial basal‐lateral LV scar on detailed mapping. Of ECG characteristics studied, V1 R and R:S ratio, and V6 S and S:R ratio were univariately associated with basal‐lateral‐scar associated VT. Controlling for LVEF and multicollinearity in multivariate analyses, V1 R ≥ 0.15 mV (P = 0.001) and V6 S ≥ 0.15 mV (P < 0.001), or V6 S:R ≥ 0.2 mV (P < 0.001), best predicted presence of basal‐lateral scar. In Phase II, the former criteria best identified those with NICM and VT because of basal‐lateral scar, with sensitivity and specificity 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusions: Among patients with NICM, VT, and normal QRS duration, V1 R ≥ 0.15 mV and V6 S ≥ 0.15 mV predicted presence of basal‐lateral LV areas of bipolar low voltage. This ECG information may have important value in defining presence of LV scar and possible risk for VT in NICM patients. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 1351‐1358, December 2011)