低氧性肺动脉高压和慢性支气管炎、肺气肿并肺动脉高压动物模型的异同

目的 比较低氧性肺动脉高压与慢性支气管炎、肺气肿并肺动脉高压动物模型的异同,为研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病中肺动脉高压形成机制提供良好的实验模型.方法 24只雄性SD大鼠随机纳入10%低氧组(A组)、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿并肺动脉高压组(B组)及正常对照组(C组),8只/组.吸入10%氧2周制作A组,气管内注入脂多糖和每天烟熏混合刺激加18%低氧制作B组模型.各组测定血气分析、肺血流动力学并对肺泡灌洗液行白细胞计数、分类.肺组织HE染色或三联染色后观测气道炎症和肺血管重构的病理形态学改变.结果 (1)与C组比较,A、B组右心室收缩压、平均肺动脉压、右心室与左心室+室间隔重量比升高,腺泡内肌化型动脉增多、管壁增厚(P＜0.05).(2)BALF分析A组白细胞总数与C组差异无显著性(P＞0.05);B组白细胞总数及中性粒细胞增多(P＜0.05).(3) A组气道炎症以上皮细胞变性坏死、黏液杯状细胞增生为主,炎细胞浸润不明显.B组气道炎症符合慢性支气管炎、肺气肿改变,管壁呈现以淋巴细胞为主的多种炎细胞浸润.结论 B组同时体现了慢性气道炎症、肺气肿改变和肺血管重构的特征,更适合用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病中肺动脉高压形成机制的研究.     

肺腺泡内动脉构形重建与肺动脉高压等的关系

以野百合碱一次性皮下注射复制大鼠肺动脉高压和肺心病模型。应用光镜、电镜、免疫组织化学和形态定量等方法，观察了肺腺泡内动脉不同病变在肺动脉高压中的作用。结果表明了肺循环功能与结构之间的关系，反映出肺腺泡内动脉构形重建是肺动脉高压形成的病理学基础。结果提示肺腺泡内动脉壁周细胞的增生和肌样分化，对无肌型肺动脉的肌化意义重大。     

CO/HO体系影响缺氧性肺动脉高压幼年大鼠肺动脉超微结构的研究

目的 探讨血红素加氧酶，一氧化碳(HO/CO)体系对缺氧性肺动脉高压幼年大鼠肺动脉超微结构的影响。方法 将26只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组：对照组、低氧组、低氧 锌原卟啉(ZnPP)组和低氧 一氧化碳(CO)组。以右心导管法测定肺动脉压力，并对大鼠肺动脉进行超微结构观察。结果 低氧组大鼠肺动脉超微结构发生明显改变：内皮细胞呈柱状，部分核突入管腔，排列呈栅状，内皮细胞肿胀，胞浆内可见大量空泡，线粒体肿胀，内质网扩张；平滑肌细胞胞体肥大，胞浆中肌丝和致密斑减少。线粒体、粗面内质网和游离核糖体等三田胞器增多。约半数平滑肌细胞处于收缩表型，余呈过渡表型或合成表型，有肺血管结构重构形成。低氧 ZnPP组肺血管结构重建程度较低氧组加重：内皮细胞呈柱状，呈栅状排列，部分脱落致管腔，胞浆内可见大量空泡，线粒体肿胀，内质网扩张；平滑肌细胞形态不规则，胞体肥大，胞浆中肌丝和致密斑明显减少，粗面内质网和游离核糖体等细胞器明显增多。低氧组 CO组肺血管结构重建程度较低氧组减轻；内皮细胞胞体扁平，内衬血管内壁，其肿胀程度较低氧组减轻，空泡明显减少；平滑肌细胞改变较低氧组为轻，约半数平滑肌细胞处于收缩表型，余呈合成表型或过渡表型。结论 HO/CO系统对缺氧性肺动脉高压的形成以及缺氧性肺血管结构重建有重要的调节作用。     

慢性低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肾上腺髓质素前体N端20肽的变化

目的：探讨慢性低氧性肺动脉高压和肺血管结构重建时肾上腺髓质素前体N端20肽（PAMP）的变化。方法:将18只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和低氧组，每组各9只。常压低氧2周后，以右心导管法测定肺动脉平均压（mPAP），检测右心室与左心室加室间隔比值 ［RV/(LV+S)］，观测肺血管显微和超微结构的变化。并且以放免法测定血浆中PAMP含量，以免疫组化法检测肺组织中PAMP表达，以原位杂交检测肺组织中肾上腺髓质素（ADM） mRNA的表达。结果: 低氧组大鼠mPAP及RV/（LV+S）均明显高于对照组（均P<0.01）。光镜下，肺小血管肌化程度明显增强，肺中、小型肌型动脉相对中膜厚度明显增加。电镜下，肺腺泡内动脉内皮细胞增生、肿胀，内弹力层粗细不均，平滑肌细胞肥厚、向合成表型转化。并且低氧组大鼠血浆PAMP含量明显高于对照组（P<0.01），肺动脉PAMP表达和ADM mRNA表达均明显增强。结论：低氧后肺动脉PAMP表达和血浆PAMP含量的上调可能参与了慢性低氧性肺动脉高压和肺血管结构重建的形成。     

雌激素及其受体对低氧性肺血管重建的作用

 目的：探讨雌激素及其受体对低氧性肺血管重建的作用。 方法:采用间断常压低氧法建立大鼠低氧性肺动脉高压模型。将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分成：对照组、雌激素预防组、低氧组、雌激素治疗组、治疗对照组。以右心导管法测定平均肺动脉压(mPAP)；测定右心室肥厚指数［RV/(LV+S)］；图像分析技术测定肺小血管管壁厚度；用放射免疫法测定血清17-β雌二醇浓度。用RT-PCR方法检测肺组织中ERβ mRNA的表达，用免疫组化染色法检测肺小血管壁的ERβ蛋白表达。 结果:①低氧组、治疗对照组大鼠mPAP、RV/(LV+S)、WT%和WA%均高于对照组；雌激素预防组、雌激素治疗组大鼠mPAP、RV/(LV+S)、WT%和WA%均低于低氧组、治疗对照组。②低氧组、治疗对照组大鼠ERβ mRNA表达量和ERβ蛋白表达与正常对照组无差异。经雌激素干预后，雌激素预防组、雌激素治疗组的ERβ mRNA表达和ERβ蛋白表达显著高于低氧组、治疗对照组。 结论:17-β雌二醇能有效降低低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠的肺动脉压力、阻抑右心室肥厚,对低氧性肺动脉高压血管重建具有一定的预防和治疗作用，其作用可能是通过雌激素受体β实现的。     

Pinacidil对低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺动脉压和血浆内皮素-1的影响

目的：探讨钾通道开放剂pinacidil对低氧性肺动脉高压（HPH）及对血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）含量的影响。方法：将45只雄性Wistar大鼠分为3组：①对照组;②低氧组,每天低氧8 h,共4周;③治疗组,每天低氧前半小时腹腔注射pinacidil 3 mg/kg,共4周,4周后观察3组平均肺动脉压（mPAP）,右心室肥厚指标、血浆中ET-1的水平。结果：低氧组大鼠mPAP明显高于对照组。右心室肥厚显著,血浆中ET-1含量明显高于对照组;治疗组mPAP明显低于低氧组,右心室肥厚轻于低氧组,血浆中ET-1含量明显低于低氧组。结论：pinacidil能有效降低HPH中肺动脉压力、阻抑右心室肥厚,并影响血浆中ET-1的水平。     

关于β受体阻断剂对缺氧性心室肥厚的保护作用

肺小动脉和小静脉壁上普遍存在肾上腺素能α和β受体,因此在研究缺氧性肺动脉高压形成机制这一问题时,人们对交感神经介质及共受体的作用非常重视。Poricelli和Bergofsky在灌流猫的去神经左下肺时发现β受体阻断剂能加强缺氧引起的肺血管收缩。但在慢性缺氧实验中却得到不同结果,OStadal(1980)报道β受体阻断剂(Trime-pranol)对大鼠缺氧性右心室高压和右心室肥厚具有明显的保护作用。Vaelkel(1982)报道心得安能抑制大鼠缺氧性右室肥厚。Dennis(1982)的实验结果证明接受心得安治疗的减压缺氧动物,共右心室肥厚程度与非治疗组相同。本实验目的在于探讨β受体阻断剂心得安对慢性问断低压缺氧引起的大鼠右心室高压和心室肥厚是否具有保护作用?     

常压缺氧肺动脉高压大鼠心、肺、淋巴细胞β-肾上腺素能受体的变化

我室以往工作表明,利用自制常压缺氧舱复制缺氧性大鼠肺动脉高压模型,测得缺氧1周大鼠肺动脉压,右心室内压即升高,缺氧2周肺动脉压,右心室内压升高达高峰。本文用放射配基结合法测定缺氧一周及二周大鼠外周血淋巴细胞β-受体的变化,分别设立对照组,均n=10。同时测定缺氧二周时肺膜β受体,缺氧一周时心脏β受体的变化,一方面观察淋巴细     

764—3对大鼠低氧性肺动脉高压的作用

将大鼠置常压低氧舱(10％O_2～90％N_2)观察肺动脉压、右心室重及右心室功能的动态变化过程及764-3对其影响。低氧3天时除肺动脉压升高外上述其它指标无明显改变。自低氧7天时起,右心室重量及右心室功能也显著高于对照组,并持续至观察的21天。低氧21天后再吸常氧14天,上述变化基本恢复正常。764-3处理可显著缓解低氧所致的上述变化。结果提示低氧所致的变化在复氧后一定时期内可自然消退,764-3对低氧性肺动脉高压及右心室肥厚有明显的保护作用,作用机理有待进一步研究。     

慢性低氧对大鼠肺外肺动脉胶原基因表达的影响

复制常压低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠模型。测定肺动脉压、右心室收缩压及右心室重，用分子杂交法测定肺动脉、胸主动脉及右心室前胶原Ⅰ、Ⅲ型ｍＲＮＡ表达水平的变化和７６４－３处理对其影响。结果发现，低氧７天时肺动脉压、右心室收缩压及右心室重量显著增加。斑点印迹杂交分析显示肺外肺动脉中前胶原Ｉ型ｍＲＮＡ表达水平显著增加。７６４－３处理可显著缓解上述变化。肺动脉中前胶原Ⅲ型ｍＲＮＡ表达水平各组间无明显差异。胸主动脉     

End-tidal pressure of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and exercise performance in healthy subjects

High arterial CO(2) pressure (P(a)CO(2)) measured in athletes during exercise suggests inadequate hyperventilation. End-tidal CO(2) pressure (P (ET)CO(2)) is used to estimate P(a)CO(2.) However, P(ET)CO(2) also depends on exercise intensity (CO(2) production, .VCO2) and ventilation efficiency (being P(ET)CO(2) function of respiratory rate). We evaluated P(ET)CO(2) as a marker, which combines efficiency of ventilation and performance. A total of 45 well-trained volunteers underwent cardiopulmonary tests and were grouped according to P(ET)CO(2) at respiratory compensation (RC): Group 1 (P(ET)CO(2) 35.1-41.5 mmHg), Group 2 (41.6-45.7) and Group 3 (45.8-62.6). At anaerobic threshold, RC and peak exercise, ventilation (.VE) was similar, but in Group 3, a greater tidal volume (Vt) and lower respiratory rate (RR) were observed. Peak exercise workload and .VO2 were lowest in Group 1 and similar between Group 2 and 3. Group 3 subjects also showed high peak .VCO2 suggesting a greater glycolytic metabolism. In conclusion, a high P(ET)CO(2) during exercise is useful in identifying a specific respiratory pattern characterized by high tidal volume and low respiratory rate. This respiratory pattern may belong to subjects with potential high performance.     

Engagement of the EP2 prostanoid receptor closes the K+ channel KCa3.1 in human lung mast cells and attenuates their migration

Human lung mast cells (HLMC) express the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel K(Ca)3.1, which plays a crucial role in their migration to a variety of diverse chemotactic stimuli. K(Ca)3.1 activation is attenuated by the beta(2)-adrenoceptor and the adenosine A(2A) receptor through a G(s)-coupled mechanism independent of cyclic AMP. Prostaglandin E(2) promotes degranulation and migration of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells through the G(i)-coupled EP(3) prostanoid receptor, and induces LTC(4) and cytokine secretion from human cord blood-derived mast cells. However, PGE(2) binding to the G(s)-coupled EP(2) receptor on HLMC inhibits their degranulation. We show that EP(2) receptor engagement closes K(Ca)3.1 in HLMC. The EP(2) receptor-specific agonist butaprost was more potent than PGE(2) in this respect, and the effects of both agonists were reversed by the EP(2) receptor antagonist AH6809. Butaprost markedly inhibited HLMC migration induced by chemokine-rich airway smooth muscle-conditioned media. Interestingly, PGE(2) alone was chemotactic for HLMC at high concentrations (1 microM), but was a more potent chemoattractant for HLMC following EP(2) receptor blockade. Therefore, the G(s)-coupled EP(2) receptor closes K(Ca)3.1 in HLMC and attenuates both chemokine- and PGE(2)-dependent HLMC migration. EP(2) receptor agonists with K(Ca)3.1 modulating function may be useful for the treatment of mast cell-mediated disease.     

22种抗生素对醋酸钙不动杆菌抑菌浓度的研究

用ＡＭＳ法测定了２２种抗生素对１０２株自临床标本分离的醋酸钙不动杆菌的抑菌浓度，结果显示ＣＩＰ的抑菌浓度为０．７６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＴＯＢ、ＧＥＮ、ＩＭＩ、ＴＥＴ、ＡＭＩ和ＣＦＴ的抑菌浓度为１．７７～９．５４ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＦＺ、ＡＭＰ、ＣＦＳ、ＣＦＵ、ＴＩＡ和ＡＺＴ的抑菌浓度为１０．５０～１９．６２ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＰＩＰ、ＣＦＸ、ＴＩＣ、ＣＦＡ、ＣＥＰ、ＭＥＺ、ＣＦＰ和ＣＡＲ的抑菌浓度为２１．４４～３７．９３ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＩＴ的抑菌浓度为１８７．２８ｍｇ／Ｌ。在痰液、伤口及其它标本分离的醋酸钙不动杆菌的抑菌浓度测定结果中，多种抗生素的几何均数有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．００１）。     

Combinatorial roles for histamine H1-H2 and H3-H4 receptors in autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which histamine (HA) and its receptors have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. HA exerts its effects through four different G protein-coupled receptors designated H(1)-H(4). We previously examined the effects of traditional single HA receptor (HR) knockouts (KOs) in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the autoimmune model of MS. Our results revealed that H(1) R and H(2) R are propathogenic, while H(3) R and H(4) R are antipathogenic. This suggests that combinatorial targeting of HRs may be an effective disease-modifying therapy (DMT) in MS. To test this hypothesis, we generated H(1) H(2) RKO and H(3) H(4) RKO mice and studied them for susceptibility to EAE. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, H(1) H(2) RKO mice developed a less severe clinical disease course, whereas the disease course of H(3) H(4) RKO mice was more severe. H(1) H(2) RKO mice also developed less neuropathology and disrupted blood brain barrier permeability compared with WT and H(3) H(4) RKO mice. Additionally, splenocytes from immunized H(1) H(2) RKO mice produced less interferon(IFN)-γ and interleukin(IL)-17. These findings support the concept that combined pharmacological targeting of HRs may be an appropriate ancillary DMT in MS and other immunopathologic diseases.     

Adult mesenchymal stem cells support cisplatin-treated dorsal root ganglion survival

Human cannabinoid receptors 1 (hCB(1)R) and 2 (hCB(2)R) are expressed in the CNS and couple to G(i)/G(o)-proteins. The aim of this study was to compare coupling of hCB(1)R and hCB(2)R to G(alpha)(i2)beta(1)gamma(2) in Sf9 insect cells. High-affinity agonist binding at hCB(1)R, but not at hCB(2)R, was resistant to guanine nucleotides. hCB(1)R activated G(alpha)(i2)beta(1)gamma(2) much more rapidly than hCB(2)R in the [(35)S]guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding assay. Moreover, hCB(1)R exhibited a higher constitutive activity than hCB(2)R as assessed by the relative inhibitory effects of inverse agonists on [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding and steady-state high-affinity GTPase activity compared to the stimulatory effects of the hCB(1/2)R agonist CP 55,940 [(-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol]. G(alpha)(i2)beta(1)gamma(2) coupled to hCB(2)R exhibited higher GDP- and GTPgammaS-affinities than G(alpha)(i2)beta(1)gamma(2) coupled to hCB(1)R. NaCl effectively reduced constitutive activity of hCB(1)R but not of hCB(2)R. Collectively, hCB(1)R and hCB(2)R couple differentially to G(alpha)(i2)beta(1)gamma(2). Moreover, hCB(1)R exhibits higher constitutive activity than hCB(2)R. These differences point to distinct functions of hCB(1)R and hCB(2)R in the CNS.     

Construction of novel Brassica napus genotypes through chromosomal substitution and elimination using interploid species hybridization

A synthetic Brassica napus rapeseed with genome composition of A(r)A(r)C(c)C(c), made by combining A(r) from B. rapa (A(r)A(r)) and C(c) from B. carinata (B(c)B(c)C(c)C(c)), is valuable for making new genes available to breeders and gaining heterosis in crosses. An intergenomic hybrid A(n)A(r)C(n)C(c) was made from a hybrid between natural Brassica napus (A(n)A(n)C(n)C(n)) and a synthetic rapeseed. To construct the synthetic Brassica napus, hexaploid plants (2n=54, A(r)A(r)B(c)B(c)C(c)C(c)) were first obtained through chromosome doubling of trigenomic hybrids (2n=27, A(r)B(c)C(c)) between Brassica carinata (2n=34) and B. rapa (2n=20). Pentaploid hybrids (2n=46, A(r)A(n)B(c)C(c)C(n)) were then produced by crossing the hexaploid with the pollen of natural B. napus (2n=38). Chromosomes with dual and single B(c) genomes were observed in somatic cells of hexaploid and pentaploid plants. About 80% of pollen mother cells of pentaploid hybrids had 19 or more bivalents, indicating that the bivalents from A(r)/A(n) and C(c)/C(n) chromosomes were normally formed. The occurrence of trivalents and quadrivalents at diakinesis suggested that B(c), A(n) and A(r) or B(c), C(n) and C(c) homologous pairing and exchange might happen. The variable number of laggards, 3 and 4 in most cases, were observed in the majority of PMCs at anaphase. Results from genomic in situ hybridization showed that the laggards belonged mainly to the B(c) genome, suggesting that the B(c) genome could be eliminated in the gametes of pentaploid hybrids. 16.15% of seeds derived from self-pollinated pentaploids have 38 chromosomes, and 90% of 38-chromosome seeds were completely excluded B(c) genome. The cytological results of this experiment suggested that it is possible to obtain new materials with genome composition of A(r)A(r)C(c)C(c) for rapeseed breeding.     

Expression of PI(4,5)P2-binding proteins lowers the PI(4,5)P2level and inhibits FcgammaRIIA-mediated cell spreading and phagocytosis

We found that FcgammaRII-mediated cell spreading and phagocytosis were correlated with an increase of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)] level in cells. During the spreading, a long-lasting elevation of PI(4,5)P(2) and concomitant actin polymerization occurred. Filopodia and lamellae of spreading cells were enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase Ialpha (PIP5-kinase Ialpha) that colocalized with PI(4,5)P(2 )and actin filaments. Both spreading and phagocytosis were inhibited by expression of the C(374-440) fragment of PIP5-kinase Ialpha or the pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase Cdelta(1 )(PLCdelta(1)-PH), two probes binding PI(4,5)P(2). These probes reduced the amount of PI(4,5)P(2) in the cells, evoked reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and abolished PI(4,5)P(2) elevation during phagocytosis. Simultaneously, PLCdelta(1)-PH-GFP reduced the amount of PIP5-kinase Ialpha associated with the plasma membrane. In vitro studies demonstrated that PIP5-kinase Ialpha-GST bound PI(4,5)P(2), phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate, and less efficiently, phosphatidic acid. The data suggest that the PLCdelta(1)-PH domain, and possibly also the C(374-440) fragment, when expressed in cells, can compete with endogenous PIP5-kinase Ialpha for PI(4,5)P(2 )binding in the plasma membrane leading eventually to PI(4,5)P(2) depletion.     

Attenuation of ethanol-induced ataxia by alpha(4)beta(2) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype in mouse cerebellum: a functional interaction

Many epidemiological studies support the notion that people who drink alcohol also smoke cigarettes and vice versa thereby suggesting a possible functional interaction between these two most widely used psychoactive substances. We have earlier demonstrated that direct intracerebellar (ICB) microinfusion of nicotine dose-dependently antagonizes ethanol-induced ataxia and further that this antagonism occurs in a glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic guanylyl monophosphate (cGMP) sensitive manner. The present study was designed to determine the possible involvement of specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype alpha(4)beta(2) in nicotine-induced attenuation of ethanol ataxia. Using the Rotorod test and direct ICB microinfusion technique in stereotaxically cannulated CD-1 male mice, we performed the Rotorod test following ICB administration of the alpha(4)beta(2)-selective agonist, (E)-N-methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-buten-1-amine (RJR-2403; 31.25, 62.5, 125 ng) on ethanol (2 g/kg; i.p.) ataxia at 15, 30, 45, 60 min post-ethanol injection. RJR-2403 dose-dependently attenuated ethanol ataxia suggesting a role of alpha(4)beta(2) subtype in ameliorating ethanol-induced ataxia. Pretreatment with ICB dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE: 125, 250, 500, 750 ng), a potent alpha(4)beta(2)-selective antagonist, significantly reduced RJR-2403's effect further supporting the alpha(4)beta(2) involvement. DHbetaE (ICB) also antagonized ICB nicotine-induced attenuation of ethanol ataxia again reinforcing the role of alpha(4)beta(2) subtype. Additional evidence for the role of alpha(4)beta(2) subtype was provided when ICB alpha(4)beta(2) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment markedly antagonized RJR 2403-induced attenuation of ethanol ataxia compared with missense-treated animals. This was confirmed with an associated decrease in the expression of alpha(4)beta(2) subtypes indicated by immunoblot experiments. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation support an important role of alpha(4)beta(2) nAChR subtype in the expression of nicotine-induced attenuation of ethanol ataxia.     

Gastric and intestinal mixed and solely intestinal types of intestinal metaplasia in the human stomach

To generate a novel understanding of Intestinal metaplasia (IM) on the basis of cellular differentiation status, a total of 132 gastric surgical specimens were studied using gastric and small intestinal cell markers by much histochemical and Immunohistochemical techniques. The cases were divided into two types: (i) gastric and intestinal (GI) mixed type; and (ii) solely intestinal (I) type, with the reference to the presence of gastric and/or intestinal cell markers. The GI mixed type was subdivided into six subtypes: (i) a subtype consisting of surface mucous (Su), pyloric gland (Py), Intestinal absorptive (Ab), and goblet (Go) cells, but lacking Paneth (Pa) cells, GI(Pa-); (ii) a GI(Pa-) subtype without Py cells, GI(Py-, Pa-); (iii) a GI(Pa-) subtype without Su cells, GI(Su-, Pa-); (iv) a GI(Su-, Pa-) subtype with Pa cells, GI(Su-, Pa+); (v) a Gi(Pa-) subtype with Pa cells, GI(Pa+); and (vi) a GI(Pa+) subtype without Py cells, GI(–, Pa+).The I type was subdivided Into: (I) a subtype consisting of cells with Ab and Go cells, I(Pa-); and (ii) a I(Pa-) subtype with Paneth cells, I(Pa+). The GI mixed subtypes, except for the GI(Py-, Pa-) and GI(Py-, Pa+), were characterized by Intestinalized gastric plts connected with underlying pyloric glands. Immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) revealed a common prolifemtive cell zone between the two. The GI mixed type, especially the GI(Pa-) subtype, predominated in the pyloric mucose, while the I type was most frequent In the fundle region, suggesting that the pathogenesis of IM differs between these two locations. The results of the study confirm that IM is an abnormal and unstable differentiation status between the stomach and small Intestine.     

A light-hearted look at a lion-hearted organ (or, a perspective from three standard deviations beyond the norm) Part 2 (of 2 parts)

Throughout history, the heart has been associated not only with its life-sustaining function but also with its close ties to the human emotions. In this literature and internet review, we attempt to gather and organize information from both of these perspectives as they relate to the heart in the following 11 categories: (1) fun facts, (2) medical photography, (3) history, (4) languages (etymology), (5) nonmedical English expressions, (6) death, (7) the arts, (8) movie titles, (9) song titles, (10) Shakespeare, and (11) the Bible. Part 1 (previously published) covered the first five topics, and Part 2 will cover the last six topics. These data may be useful to those who are engaged in teaching about the cardiovascular system.