保留回盲瓣小肠切除14例报告

我院近8年对各种小肠疾病手术中确认需切除远端小肠,而其远切端距回盲瓣在10ｃｍ以内者,行保留回盲瓣肠切除吻合术共14例,无吻合口瘘发生,现总结如下。一、手术要点:开腹后确定小肠切除的远近切端,钳夹拟切肠段,游离肠系膜时要紧贴肠壁系膜缘进行。近切端肠内容尽量排空。拟作吻合的肠切端尤其是远切端须有出血,否则宁可再切除1～2ｃｍ肠管,然后行端端开放吻合(间断全层吻合、间断浆肌层加强)。针距、线结松紧度要适宜。对吻合口距回盲瓣5ｃｍ内的6例,切除阑尾经残端置入口径0.5～0.7ｃｍ的远端多个侧孔的硅胶管至吻合口近端回肠10ｃｍ左右…     

母子亲体小肠移植治疗小肠衰竭的方法及疗效探讨：附1例报告

目的：探讨母子亲体小肠移植的方法及其对短肠综合征所致小肠衰竭的疗效。方法：为1名15岁短肠综合征（仅残留小肠8cm）致小肠衰竭的男患者行小肠移植术。供体为患者母亲。取供体带血管蒂回肠中下段1.2m移植于受体腹腔，两端分别造瘘及作人工肛。二期手术于6个月后施行，将受体残余肠中部横断，上下端分别与供肠近、远段行端侧吻合。结果：供、受体手术顺利。受体一期手术后曾发生感染及排斥，经治疗后痊愈。二次术后随访8个月，受体小肠功能逐渐恢复，患者体重明显增加，一般情况好，进食半流质，生活能自理。结论：亲体小肠移植是治疗短肠综合征肠衰竭的有效方法。排斥和感染是威胁小肠移植安全的主要因素。     

保留回盲瓣的肠切除术

因腹股沟斜疝或股疝嵌顿、肠扭转及粘连性肠梗阻所致回肠远端坏死及回肠远端巨大憩室破裂而行回肠远端切除术，对其远切端距回盲瓣１５ｃｍ以内的病例，以保留回盲瓣的肠切除吻合术最符合生理及外科手术治疗的基本原则。【手术方法】开腹后先用两把直止血钳钳夹坏死段肠管...     

近回盲瓣回肠吻合应用于新生儿和婴儿急症的探讨

目的 探讨近回盲瓣回肠端端吻合术应用于新生儿和婴儿急症的可行性和安全性.方法 对2003-2006年行近回盲瓣回肠(末端回肠距回盲瓣10 cm以内)端端吻合术的15例新生儿和婴儿急症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组15例中回肠吻合口距回盲瓣均在10 cm以内,其中5 cm以内9例.1例残留小肠约40 cm者术后当日即自动出院,另14例均痊愈出院,平均住院10.5 d.仅1例发生切口感染,未发生吻合口漏等并发症.结论对新生儿和婴儿具有重要功能的尚未被病变累及的回盲部可采用近回盲瓣回肠端端吻合术,辅助肠减压手术多无必要.     

亲体小肠移植血管重建与二期肠吻合手术方式探讨

目的 探讨亲体小肠移植的手术技术和方式。方法 对1例短肠综合征患者分两期实施亲体小肠移植手术，一期手术采用患者母亲120cm回肠作为供体，动脉与受体乙状结肠动脉吻合、静脉与肠系膜下静脉属支吻合、移植肠襻两端腹壁造口；二期手术于首次术后188d将受体残留小肠横断，分别与移植肠襻的近、远端作端一侧吻合，保留原腹壁造瘘口。结果 两期手术顺利，先后发生的急性排斥反应和巨细胞病毒感染均得到有效控制，未发生消化道漏。受体已生存213d，二期手术后25d，体重增加4．5kg，进半流质饮食，生活能自理。结论 术前完善的检查和处理，术前设计多套方案对手术中的应变非常重要；采用门静脉回流方式是较为理想的术式；对移植肠襻采用二期吻合的方式降低了肠瘘的发生率。     

活体小肠移植术供体的选择及处置

目的 探讨活体小肠移植供体的选择原则和处置。方法 对我国首次成功的2例临床活体小肠移植进行回顾性研究。受体均为短肠综合征患。患1由其父供末端回肠150cm;患2接受其母亲末端回肠160cm。两供体的组织配型HLA与各自的受体半相符,ABO血型相同。供体进行严格的体检,肠镜及钡剂造影确定小肠的长度合适,D－木糖吸收实验证实吸收功能正常,血管造影示肠系膜血管分布正常。术前严格肠道准备,术中细致取肠及运用4℃UW液进行重力灌洗。供体术后常规处理。结果 两名供体术后恢复顺利,无手术并发症,肠道吸收功能恢复正常。受体1目前已经健康存活24个月,正常进食,生活自理,体重增加20kg;受体2已健康存活5个月。2例均出现了1次急性排斥反应,但经激素冲击治疗后得到控制。结论 选用组织相容性好、健康标准体重的亲体作为供体,术前供体的充分准备、术中细致操作、术后细心管理,是保证移植小肠存活和供体手术安全的关键。     

可控性回结肠贮尿囊阑尾输出道术

近年,我们为5例膀胱全切者施行可控性尿流改道术,效果满意,现报告如下。1广西桂东人民医院泌尿外科(广西梧州,543000)1　资料与方法1.1　临床资料本组5例,男4例,女1例,年龄47～61岁。4例为膀胱癌,1例为严重结核性膀胱挛缩,均符合全膀胱切除术指征。1.2　手术方法全膀胱切除后,取盲升结肠12cm,末段回肠24cm,分离肠袢并将回肠近侧断端与升结肠远侧断端作端端吻合,恢复肠道连续性。肠袢用新洁尔灭液冲洗干净,于肠系膜外侧缘纵行剪开末段回肠,并向下弯曲成U形,相邻创缘用肠线连续缝合,形成片状小肠瓣。距阑尾5cm处沿结肠系带剖开结肠前壁,至阑…     

活体部分小肠移植治疗短肠综合征并肠瘘1例的临床经验

目的 总结活体部分小肠移植在治疗短肠综合征合并肠瘘中的临床经验.方法 1例短肠综合征合并肠瘘患者接受其子的150 cm 回肠,供肠动、静脉分别与受体的腹主动脉和下腔静脉行端侧吻合,受体残余空肠与供体回肠近端行端端吻合,受体结肠与供肠远端行端侧吻合,供肠远端造瘘作为观察窗,术后给予免疫抑制等治疗. 结果患者小肠移植术后恢复顺利,肠道功能恢复,血管吻合口通畅,正常生活110 d后因心脏意外死亡.结论 短肠综合征合并肠瘘患者实施活体部分小肠移植是可行的,植入肠管的血管植入技术对小肠移植成功非常重要.     

保留回盲瓣末段回肠超短距离吻合的临床应用

目的 探讨保留回盲瓣在末端回肠超短距离吻合术中的安全性及可行性.方法 对2009年1月至2012年11月间6例保留回盲瓣末段回肠超短距离吻合的手术病例进行回顾性分析.结果 本组6例患者均痊愈,其中1例患者（肠系膜上静脉血栓形成）术后发生吻合口漏,经保守治疗后痊愈.结论 术中谨慎操作,保证末端回肠的血供及充分的回肠、结肠减压,术后积极抗感染、抑制肠液分泌及营养支持治疗,行保留回盲瓣的末端回肠超短距离吻合是安全可行的.     

先天性低位肠闭锁手术方法改进

作者对1例回肠远段盲端型肠闭锁,采用经肛门注气扩张结肠,肠切除端端吻合术,效果满意。随访3年5个月,小儿发育良好。 1 操作方法 ①麻醉后将带气囊导尿管插入肛门,向气囊注水10ml。②开腹后提出小肠闭锁端,距回盲(或闭锁)远端20cm处用一把肠钳夹之。术者用右手拇、示指握住肠钳处肠管,左手示、中指在肠钳上方挟住肠管,轻柔地将肠内容物由远向近徐徐推进,距第一把肠钳4cm处夹第二把肠钳,此时两肠钳间肠管空虚变细,于两肠钳间断肠,并以纱布保护好断端。③台下护士拉紧     

Living related small bowel transplantation: donor surgical technique

OBJECTIVE: To describe a standardized technique for ileal graft procurement in the setting of living related bowel transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Living donor transplantation has been successfully developed for kidney, liver, pancreas, and lung transplantation. More recently, living related small bowel transplantation (LR-SBTx) has been developed with the aim of expanding the pool of intestinal graft donors and reducing the mortality in patients on the waiting list. To date, a total of 25 LR-SBTx worldwide have been reported to the international registry. We herein report the largest single center experience. METHODS: A segment of ileum, 150 to 200 cm, is resected 20 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve (ICV), which is always preserved. The arterial inflow is given by the terminal branch of the superior mesenteric artery and venous outflow by a proximal segment of the superior mesenteric vein. The entire bowel is measured intraoperatively and at least 60% of intestine length is left in the donor. RESULTS: Since 1998, we have performed 9 terminal ileum resections for small bowel donation. None of the donors has experienced persistent alteration of bowel habits or malabsorption; only 1 minor wound complication has occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Terminal ileal resection with preservation of the ICV seems to assure fast functional recovery of the donor and has minimal postoperative complications.     

25 Years of a Standardized Technique for Living Donor Intestinal Transplantation: A Systematic Review

A safe, reproducible and standardized surgical technique for intestinal procurement and transplantation from a living donor (LD) was introduced in 1997 and has been used in the majority of cases since. The key principles are: 1. procurement of 180-200 cm of distal ileum in adults (about 60-150 cm in pediatric recipients depending on age and weight) on a vascular pedicle comprising the LD ileocolic vessels or terminal branches of the superior mesenteric vessels, 2. the terminal ileum (30-40 cm of the most distal ileum), the ileocecal valve and the cecum remain with the donor to not interfere with B12-absorption and bowel transit time, 3. systemic venous drainage with anastomoses between the LD ileocolic vessels and the recipient's infrarenal aorta and vena cava, and 4. restoration of recipient bowel continuity through proximal anastomosis and distal graft ileostomy for biopsy access and graft monitoring. Recipients of a successful LD intestinal transplant become total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-independent within a few weeks posttransplant. LD vs deceased donor (DD) intestinal transplants can be performed in a more timely fashion. Hence, LD (in contrast to DD) intestinal transplants are also pre-emptive procedures in patients with advanced, but still reversible, TPN-induced liver disease and help reduce the wait-list mortality for combined DD intestinal and liver transplants. Life-saving combined LD intestinal and liver transplants, albeit rare, have also been successfully performed either simultaneously or subsequently. There have been no reported deaths or major complications of living intestinal donors. A better metabolic profile has been reported in some donors post-donation. In total, 85 documented LD intestinal transplants have been performed worldwide at over 20 different transplant centers in 12 different countries. In about 70 transplants, the standardized technique was used. There has been no difference in outcome between LD vs DD intestinal transplants. Long-term studies have shown that > 10 year of graft function is not uncommon. Since the introduction of the standardized surgical technique, LD intestinal transplantation has evolved from an experimental to an established and standardized procedure.     

血缘性活体部分小肠移植术二例

目的 探讨血缘性活性小肠移植治疗短肠综合征的效果。方法 对2例短肠综合征患者切取有血缘关系的供肠行部分小肠移植术,1例18岁,男性,供体为患者的父亲,供肠150cm。另1例15岁,男性供体为患者的母亲,供肠160cm。移植肠动、静脉分别与受者的腹主动脉及下腔静脉行端侧吻合,移植肠一期消化道重建,末端造口,术后给予抗排异、抗感染、抗凝血及营养支持等治疗。结果 第1例患者术后曾出现贫血、急性排异反应,经积极处理得到控制,目前已存活26个月,肠道吸收功能正常,自由经口进食,能参加日常工作,第2例患者术后26d发生排异反应,顷冲击治疗好转,术后80d再次发生重度排异反应,经甲基强的松龙冲击无效,改为单克隆抗淋巴细胞抗体、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白冲击治疗,排异反应虽有好转,但发生不可控制的感染。抢救无效死亡。生存5个月。结论 具有血缘关系的活体部分小肠移植是治疗短肠综合征的一种方法。     

Vascular anastomosis and two-stage reconstruction of the gut in a living-related small bowel transplant recipient: a case report

AIM: We sought to discuss vascular anastomosis and gut reconstruction in a living-related small bowel transplantation recipient. METHODS: Living-related small bowel transplantation was performed successfully on a boy with short gut syndrome in two stages. In the first stage, 120 cm, of his mother's ileum was implanted into the recipient with the artery and vein anastomosed to the recipient's sigmoid artery and inferior mesenteric vein, respectively. The two ends of the implanted intestine were constructed as stomas. In the second stage, reconstruction of the continuity of the digestive tract was performed at 188 days after the initial transplantation. The residual small bowel was transected and both ends were anastomosed to the proximal and distal end of the graft in end-to-side fashion. The stomas were closed 30 and 43 days later. RESULTS: Both procedures were successful. Postoperative cytomegalovirus infection and acute rejection occurred successively and were controlled. No leakage of the reconstructed gut or other complications developed after the second procedure. The recipient is alive at 15 months with 8 kg an increase in weight. He is caring for himself independently and has a half-liquid diet, sometimes supplied with auxiliary enteral nutrition. A d-xylose test increased from 4.25% to 25% after the small bowel transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular anastomoses should be performed according to the state of graft and the recipient. The portal route is the first choice when possible. A two-stage gut reconstruction could decrease the incidence of complications, and offer a useful method in living-related small bowel transplantation.     

Living-related small bowel transplantation: two cases experiences

We have recently performed living-related small bowel transplantation for 2 patients. The first patient was a 14-year-old boy with total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-dependent short-bowel syndrome associated with hypoganglionosis of the entire intestine. He received a bowel graft from his 43-year-old mother. The second patient was a 27-year-old woman, who had massive enterectomy due to volvulus and developed vitamin deficiencies and severe metabolic disorders as a result of long-term TPN. She underwent living-related bowel transplantation from her 57-year-old mother. Blood types were ABO identical, cytotoxic cross matches were negative, and cytomegalovirus statuses were positive-to-positive in both cases. Up to one third of the donor bowel was harvested from the donor distal ileum more than 30 cm away from the ileocecal valve. The graft vessels were connected to infrarenal aorta, and inferior vena cava. The immunosuppressive regimen consisted of daclizumab, tacrolimus, and steroid. The graft surveillance was accomplished using zoom endoscopy and mucosal biopsy. The first patient developed progressive acute cellular rejection (ACR) on the 9th postoperative day (POD)-9 requiring OKT-3 therapy, which was effective. Two months after transplantation, he was weaned from TPN, tolerating oral intake with a fully functioning graft. The second patient experienced no episode of ACR and was weaned off TPN on POD-29 with a functioning graft. Her metabolic disorder dramatically improved after bowel transplantation. Both donors had no complication and were discharged from the hospital on POD-10. Living-related bowel transplantation is an extreme option of treatment for patients with short-bowel syndrome.     

Isolated adult intestinal transplantation using portal venous drainage

There is some evidence that portal venous drainage may offer immunologic and metabolic advantages in small bowel transplantation. Isolated small bowel transplantation was performed in 14 adult patients. In all cases, the donor pancreas was transplanted into another patient. During the donor procedure, the superior mesenteric artery and vein were separated below the division of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and below the veins of the pancreatic head. An arterial interposition graft was used in all cases. One donor mesenteric artery was reconstructed in 6 patients; two arteries in 5 patients; and three arteries in 3 patients. Proximal arteries of the graft were ligated and the upper part of the jejunum resected. In 10 patients, a direct anastomosis was performed in an end-to side fashion between donor superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and recipient inferior mesenteric vein (IMV). In 2 patients, a branch of the superior mesenteric vein was used and 2 patients required a venous interposition graft to confluence using the donor iliac vein. Patency of the venous anastomosis was documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) angiography after 6 months. No vascular complications have been observed to date. Portal venous drainage is technically feasible in most cases. An anastomosis to the recipient IMV offers the advantage of being direct despite the short donor vein segment. Furthermore, donor and recipient vessels are well matched for size. Using microsurgical techniques, vascular complications may be avoided.     

Review of various techniques of small bowel transplantation in pigs

Because of anatomical and physiological similarities to humans, porcine small bowel transplantation (SBTx) can be used as an appropriate experimental model in the field of surgical research. Various approaches to SBTx have been described in literature. The aim of this work is to present a review of different surgical techniques of SBTx which have been developed using the porcine model. Our analysis of Medline-cited studies dealing with different techniques of SBTx in porcine models was particularly focused on surgical aspects. With regard to graft procurement and enterectomy, the reported techniques vary widely. Arterial reconstruction is mainly conducted by performing the anastomosis between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) of the donor and SMA or infrarenal aorta of the recipient. Alternatively, an aortic segment of the donor can be anastomosed to the infrarenal aorta of the recipient. Venous anastomosis is frequently performed between the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) of the donor and SMV or the inferior vena cava (IVC) of the recipient. Some studies also report venous anastomosis between the portal vein of the donor and the recipient. Bowel continuity is then restored by end-to-end or end-to-side anastomosis. Remarkable results were generated thanks to improved techniques which include proximal side-to-side ileo-ileal anastomosis with double-barrel ileostomy, or so-called "Paul-Mikulicz-Ileostomy". Most frequently used were jejunostomy and the "Bishop-Koop-Ileostomy"--where the proximal part of the bowel is anastomosed end-to-side to the distal part, which is then exteriorized as an ostomy. Based on the techniques presented in this review, one must select the most suitable surgical technique of porcine SBTx among those various models.     

Small bowel transplantation using grafts from living‐related donors. Two case reports

Abstract A living‐related small bowel transplantation (SBT) was performed in two pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome. In both cases, the donor was the patient's mother. The distal ileum (100 cm, 120 cm) was harvested and the ileocolic vessels, ileocecal valve, and terminal ileum were left intact. The two donors were discharged from the hospital on postoperative days 15 and 6, respectively. Recipient 1 was a 2 year 6 month‐old boy with short bowel syndrome who underwent SBT due to loss of venous access. The graft vein was anastomosed to the recipient's infrarenal inferior vena cava. Despite triple immunosuppression (tacrolimus, steroid, and azathioprine), there were four episodes of rejection. The patient had been on total parenteral nutrition for almost his entire post‐transplant course. He died from Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 16 months after the transplantation. Recipient 2 was a 4 year 5 month‐old girl with short bowel syndrome who underwent an isolated small bowel transplantation because of recurrent line sepsis. Her pretransplant bilirubin was 8.0 mg/dl and a biopsy showed severe fibrosis. The graft vein was anastomosed to the recipient's inferior mesenteric vein. After transplantation, her bilirubin level became normal within 10 days. Triple immunosuppression (tacrolimus, steroid, and cyclophosphamide) together with a 3‐day course of OKT‐3 made her post‐transplant course feasible. After overcoming a single episode of rejection she left the hospital 4 months after SBT. The patient is currently (10 months after transplantation) hospitalized due to rejection, which is being successfully controlled, and she is off total parenteral nutrition. From our experience, harvesting of the distal ileum for use as a bowel graft can be safely performed. The advantages of living‐related grafts, optimal graft length, and choice of vascular reconstruction in SBT are yet to be explored.     

Small bowel and colon transplantation in rats using porto-portal cuff anastomosis

Portal versus systemic venous drainage and colon grafting are major controversies in the techniques of intestinal transplantation. The rat is the best animal for research in this field. Nevertheless, this model requires complex microvascular anastomoses that are responsible for the high incidence of technical failures. A cuff technique is an easier anastomosis method than a hand-suture. We describe a simplified rat model of small bowel and colon transplantation using a porto-portal cuff anastomosis. DONOR: The entire small bowel, cecum, and ascending colon are harvested on a vascular pedicle, consisting of a long aortomesenteric conduit and portal vein. The right colonic vessels are preserved. The graft is flushed and a cuff device is placed on the end of the portal vein. RECIPIENT: The graft is implanted through an end-to-side aorto-aorta hand-sewn anastomosis. A segment between the first and second jejunal branch is isolated between clamps to insert into the portal cuff. After reperfusion, the recipient's mesentery is divided just below the cuff anastomosis. The recipient jejunum, ileum, and ascending colon are removed en bloc, and the graft is anastomosed in continuity with the remaining naive intestine concluding the operation. This simplified technique surmounts the technical obstacles in rats because it is easily and quickly performed, maintaining the physiological portal drainage, preserving graft ileocecal valve and ascending colon, and reaching acceptable success after a short period of training.