氮唑类抗真菌药物多晶型与共晶研究进展

药物的固体存在形式包括多晶型、共晶和盐等多种形式.晶型的变化可以改变固体化学物质的多种理化性质,进而影响药物的临床疗效和安全性.药物共晶(盐)能够在不改变药物结构的情况下修饰药物分子,从而改善溶解度、增加稳定性、提高生物利用度等.共晶和盐的主要区别在于是否存在质子转移.多晶型和共晶(盐型)研究已成为药物设计、审批、生产...     

晶体工程学技术改善药物理化性质以提高成药性

固体药物的溶解/溶出度、吸湿性和机械性质对药物生物利用度、处方工艺及稳定性等方面有深远影响。晶体药物理化性质与其内在晶体结构密切相关,药物晶体工程可以从分子水平改变药物晶体结构和修饰药物的理化性质,具有提高药物产品性能的潜质。本文从多晶型、无定形/共无定形和共晶等方面综述了晶体工程学技术对药物水溶性、吸湿性和机械性质的改善,为其在改善药物理化性质和提高成药性方面的应用提供参考。     

药物多晶型的研究进展

药物多晶型从 18世纪 2 0年代开始引起人们的注意 ,到本世纪 60年代以后得到很快的发展。由于其不但与制剂的制备工艺、质量及稳定性有关 ,而且有时影响药物的生物利用度和药效[1] ,因此得到越来越多的重视。1　药物多晶型的基本概念固体物质按其内部原子、离子或分子的排列方式可分为晶型 (包括假晶型 )和无定形。晶型基本成分的排立有一定的规律 ,无定形则相反 ;所有的晶型可以归结为正方、单斜、三斜等七个晶系。晶型形成的基础是物质微粒之间的相互作用 ,药物微粒间的作用方式可以是金属键、共价键、范德华力等 ,以此晶体可分为金属晶体…     

振动光谱在药物晶型表征中的应用研究进展

固态药物的多晶型研究对药物质量控制、生产工艺选择、临床疗效评价等发挥重要作用。振动光谱是药物多晶型表征的有力手段之一。本文重点概述了近年来利用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术和拉曼(Raman)光谱技术在活性药物成分(APIs)及药物共晶/盐的多晶型表征中的应用研究进展,阐明两种光谱技术在APIs和药物复合物的晶型分析中的应用特点,为药物开发过程中的结构分析提供理论支持。     

药物多晶型与固体制剂的关系研究进展

目的 介绍药物多晶型与固体制剂的关系研究的进展情况。 方法 通过参考 90年代国内外有关文献 ,综述药物多晶型对固体制剂的稳定性、溶出度、生物利用度等性质的影响 ;固体制剂的工艺过程 ,如干燥、粉碎、研磨、压片等亦会影响药物多晶型的特性。 结果 药物多晶型与固体制剂相互影响。 结论 药物多晶型研究与固体制剂的研究意义深远。     

固体口服制剂的相转化研究进展

固体口服制剂的相转化研究对选择工艺流程和研发新产品有重要意义。根据相转化机制，固相相变可以分为3种类型：多晶型的转化（polymorphic transition），水化与脱水（hydration／dehydration），玻璃化相与结晶（vierfication/crystallization）的相互转化。固体口服新制剂研究中应重视药物多晶型和无定形现象，预防和防治固相处方设计与工艺流程选择中发送的相转化。     

阿司匹林与双-O-甲基-β-环糊精的研磨混合物和包合物的分子特性、溶解特性及化学稳定性

制备散剂一类药物剂型时,一般采用研磨方法借以减少固体颗粒大小以增加溶解速率。有机化合物与微晶纤维素或环糊精研磨时,易使晶型变为无定形晶型而显示某些特性,如加速溶解和改善生物利用度等。用阿司匹林(Asp)与双-O-甲基-β-环糊精[(di-O-     

药物多晶型与固体制剂的关系研究进展

目的：介绍药物多晶型与固体制剂的关系研究的进展情况,方法：通过参考90年代国内外有关文献,综述药物多晶对固体制剂的稳定性,溶出度,生物利用度等性质的影响,固体制剂的工艺过程,如干燥,粉碎,研磨,压片等亦会影响药物多晶型的特性,结果：药物多晶型与固体制剂相互影响,结论：药物多晶型研究与固体制剂的研究意义深远。     

药物多晶型的研究现状

多晶型是影响药物质量和药物疗效的重要因素之一.在药物的早期研究与开发阶段对药物多晶型进行研究具有十分重要的意义.本文归纳总结了有关药物晶型研究进展,讨论了药物多晶型对药物的理化性质、生物利用度以及制剂方法和生产工艺控制等的影响,并介绍了固体药物晶型的研究的主要技术手段和进展.     

药物共晶研究进展

目的 为药物共晶的开发与利用提供参考.方法 查阅相关文献,综合分析药物共晶的特点、形成机理、在改善药物理化性质中的应用、筛选和制备、与盐的鉴别、多晶型等6个方面.结果 共晶的本质是一个超分子自组装系统,可在不损害药物原有药效的基础上实现对药物理化性质的修饰,从而提高药物的稳定性和生物利用度等特性.结论 药物共晶是一种具...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.