椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤1例及文献复习

海绵状血管瘤是中枢神经系统少见的一种血管畸形，多见于大脑半球，脊髓少见，硬脊膜外更为罕见。作报导1例64岁的男性硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤患，以进行性双下肢麻木无力为主要症状。结合相关献，对该肿瘤的临床表现、诊断、病理及治疗进行了回顾。     

单纯硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤3例并文献复习

中枢神经系统海绵状血管瘤好发于颅内,椎管内单纯硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤在临床罕见,但其临床症状及影像学表现有一定的特异性,现收集我科经手术病理证实的硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤3例,结合文献报道进行回顾性分析.     

椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤的诊治

目的总结单纯椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析2006年2月至2009年3月经病理证实的7例单纯椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤患者的临床表现、MRI特征和手术结果。结果 7例均表现为慢性双下肢麻木及无力,1例伴有神经根性症状;脊柱MRI显示6例病变位于胸椎,1例位于颈胸交界区;所有病变均达到手术全切,术后所有患者神经功能症状明显改善。结论单纯椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤临床少见;主要表现为脊髓及神经根慢性受压而出现神经功能缺损症状及体征;脊柱MRI示病变位于硬脊膜外脊髓背侧或一侧,且有经相应椎间孔向外生长的趋势;手术切除病变较为容易,术后患者神经功能改善明显。     

孟氏孔海绵状血管瘤1例报告及文献复习

目的探讨孟氏孔海绵状血管瘤的诊断、治疗和预后。方法报告1例经病理检查证实的孟氏孔海绵状血管瘤,结合文献复习,介绍其临床表现、影像学特点及手术治疗。缝果患者入院后分期行脑室外引流术及显微手术,全切病灶并打通脑脊液循环通路;术后随访4个月未见肿瘤复发。结论孟氏孔海绵状血管瘤是一种罕见部位血管畸形;主要临床表现为颅内压增高、记忆力障碍及共济失调等;影像学检查MRI有特异性表现;疏渗主要依靠病理学检查;治疗采用手术切除,脑室镜的应用有助于孟氏孔海绵状血管瘤的诊断和治疗。     

单纯椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤1例报告及文献回顾

正中枢神经系统海绵状血管瘤是血管畸形发育错构瘤,也称为海绵状瘤或海绵状畸形或静脉,占所有脑血管畸形的8%~15%,而发生于椎管内硬脊膜外的海绵状血管瘤较罕见,但其影像学表现却具有其特征性。2015年6月16日我科诊治T_1~T_2椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤一例。现报告如下:患者老年男性,因"双侧下肢麻木一年余,加重半个月"入院。神经系统查体:意识清楚,四肢肌力、肌张力正常,右侧季肋区及左膝关节以下平面痛觉及触觉减退,生理反射存在,双侧病理征阴性。MRI提示:T_1~T_2水平椎管内硬膜外有一大小约0.9 cm×2.9 cm肿物,T_1呈等信号,T_2呈高信号,肿物与     

脊髓圆锥部的髓内动静脉畸形并发同侧腰骶部的动静脉瘘

目的增强临床医师对脊髓圆锥部的髓内动静脉畸形(SAVM)并发同侧腰骶部的动静脉瘘(硬脊膜动静脉瘘和髓周动静脉瘘)的认识。方法回顾性统计分析4年来北京宣武医院共收治的6例圆锥部的SAVM并发同侧腰骶部的动静脉瘘的患者,分析其临床与影像学特征、治疗方式及预后转归。结果所有患者均在全脊髓血管造影后得到确诊。单纯手术治疗3例,先栓塞后手术1例,先手术后栓塞2例,术后症状全部改善。6例随访,未见症状加重及复发。结论早期发现、正确诊断、早期治疗是成功的关健。从头颈到骶椎完整的全脊髓造影对诊断至关重要。治疗的关键是既要完整去除圆锥部的畸形又要切断硬脊膜的血管,如硬脊膜支或根动脉对瘘口的供血,而保留正常的脊髓静脉引流。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的显微手术与血管内栓塞治疗

目的 分析硬脊膜动静脉瘘的治疗效果,探讨其治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析近3年来收治的11例硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的临床资料、治疗方式及术后转归.结果 11例患者中男10例,女1例.年龄33 ～ 67岁,平均53岁.所有患者均在脊髓血管造影后得到确诊.其中单纯手术治疗9例,栓塞治疗2例;所有患者术后症状得到不同程度的改善,改良Aminoff-Logue功能评分降低.11例随访6-24个月,未见复发症状.结论 显微手术和血管内栓塞治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘可以达到良好效果,部分病例采用血管内治疗须栓塞引流静脉近端.     

椎管硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤的临床特点及手术治疗

目的总结显微外科结合内固定手术治疗椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤的经验。方法回顾性分析4例椎管硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤的病例资料。3例表现为双下肢麻木乏力,病变位于胸椎;1例为单侧臀部疼痛,病变位于腰椎。均行显微手术切除,其中3例同时行椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合术。结果病变均全切除,术后病理为海绵状血管瘤,术后症状消失,脊柱稳定性可靠。结论椎管硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤少见,脊髓与神经根慢性受压而出现症状和体征,MRI具一定特征表现。充分暴露病变,利用显微神经外科技术,结合钉棒内固定技术,既能全切病变,也可有效确保脊柱稳定性,改善病人术后生活质量。     

急性硬脊膜外血肿的诊治特点

目的探讨急性硬脊膜外血肿的病因、临床诊治特点。方法分析近15年来经手术治疗的38例急性硬脊膜外血肿的病因、临床表现、MRI/DSA影像学及显微手术特点。结果38例病人均行MRI检查,28例直接手术清除血肿;10例行DSA检查,6例先行硬脊膜动静脉瘘(AVF)供血动脉栓塞,再手术清除血肿并切除瘘口,1例患者术前诊断急性硬脊膜外血肿,术后病理证实为脊髓结核急性期。随访2~9年。神经系统恢复到正常情况的13例;有轻度神经系统改变但生活可以自理的19例;需他人帮助者4例;2例因血肿压迫时间长,术后双下肢瘫痪及尿潴留未改善;本组无死亡病例。结论急性硬脊膜外血肿的早期诊断和早期治疗是提高疗效的关键。脊髓MRI检查是诊断急性硬脊膜外血肿的首选方法,清除血肿减轻其对脊髓的压迫是治疗本病的唯一有效方法,大的、高血流量的AVF术前栓塞供血动脉可减少术中出血。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的临床特征与显微外科治疗

目的 探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤的临床特征、影像学特点和显微外科手术治疗方法.方法总结分析广州医学院第二附属医院神经外科自1998年1月至2008年6月收治的189例颅内海绵状血管瘤患者的临床表现、神经影像学特征及显微外科手术治疗方法等资料. 结果 183例颅内海绵状血管瘤位于脑实质内,以头痛、癫痫及出血为主要临床表现,均全切除病灶;6例位于脑外中颅窝底区,其中全切除病灶5例,病灶活检1例. 结论 显微外科手术治疗颅内海绵状血管瘤是一种安全和有效的方法,其疗效满意.     

脑脊髓血管造影4D成像技术及其在脑脊髓血管病中的应用

目的 探讨脑脊髓血管造影4D成像技术及其在脑脊髓血管病诊治中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2022年1月收治的57例脑脊髓血管病的临床资料。使用双平板DSA机行2D-DSA、3D-DSA、4D-DSA数据采集,再将原始成像数据传输到后处理工作站,利用成像软件重建动态全循环立体影像。结果 57例中,脑动静脉畸形37例,硬脑膜动静脉瘘10例,硬脊膜动静脉瘘5例,脊髓髓周动静脉瘘2例,脊髓动静脉畸形2例,硬脊膜外动静脉瘘1例。4D-DSA均做出正确诊断,指导显微手术或血管内治疗,取得满意效果。结论 4D-DSA对影像进行动态分析,提供更精准的影像,丰富了脑脊髓血管病诊断金标准（DSA含金量）,对脑脊髓血管病的精准治疗有指导价值。     

Vertebro-epidural lumbosacral vascular malformations. An unusual cause of lumbo-sciatic pain

Sciatica is most commonly caused by nerve root compression secondary to herniated disk. Rarely, it can be due to a lumbosacral vascular malformation. We present five cases with such a malformation, presenting as a chronic lumboradiculagia. The patients were explored with computed tomography, MRI and selective spinal angiography. Polymorphic anatomic and hemodynamic aspect of these cases are reported: 1. One vertebral hemangioma with epidural extension; 2. Three purely epidural malformations: a) one epidural cavernous hemangioma, b) one epidural arteriovenous malformation, c) one epidural varix; 3. One paravertebral arteriovenous fistula with epidural venous drainage. Diagnosis of these rare malformations may be difficult. A multiplanar cross-sectional magnetic resonance and computed tomography scan with contrast enhancement can show characteristic abnormalities and may assist in recognition these malformations. Selective spinal angiography confirms the diagnosis, allows to classify the malformation and is required to evaluate endovascular therapeutic possibilities.     

Surgical treatment of spinal vascular malformations performed using intraoperative indocyanine green videoangiography

This study aims to evaluate the benefits of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography and associated surgical outcomes of patients with spinal vascular malformations. ICG videoangiography was used during 24 surgical interventions to treat spinal vascular malformations at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital from August 2009 to May 2011. The vascular malformations were removed or the fistulae were occluded with the assistance of ICG videoangiography. The completeness of fistula clipping or nidus extirpation and each patient’s neurological status were evaluated. Among these 24 patients, there were seven with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae, five glomus arteriovenous malformations, one juvenile arteriovenous malformation, nine perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae, and two perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae in combination with perimedullary arteriovenous malformations. Intraoperative ICG videoangiography confirmed the definite clipping of the fistulous points and complete removal of intramedullary arteriovenous malformations in all but one patient. All patients had satisfactory preservation of spinal cord blood supply and venous return. No adverse effects or complications related to ICG videoangiography occurred. Three patients were lost to follow up; 21 patients were followed clinically with a mean follow up of 7.5 months. The neurological deficits completely resolved in six patients, improved significantly in 10, remained stable in two, and were aggravated in three patients. Our experience shows that intraoperative ICG videoangiography offers useful information on the pathological and physiological vascular anatomy encountered during surgery for spinal vascular malformations.     

自发性硬脊膜外血肿

目的探讨自发性硬脊膜外血肿的出血原因、临床表现、MRI特征、诊断及治疗。方法本组7例自发性硬脊膜外血肿患者均行MRI检查。均采用后正中入路,行椎管探查、硬脊膜外血肿清除术并椎板减压术,4例术中见硬脊膜外血管畸形,分别在显微镜下予以结扎或电凝并切除病变。结果本组无1例死亡。随访0.5~2.5年,患者均预后良好,按脊髓损伤的Frankel分级,D级4例,E级3例。无复发。结论MRI检查能清楚显示血肿的部位、范围及脊髓受损情况,是诊断本病的最佳方法,及时的脊髓减压手术是改善自发性硬脊膜外血肿患者预后的关键。     

脊柱内固定技术在切除多节段椎管内肿瘤中的应用（附12例报道）

目的 探讨脊柱内固定技术在切除多节段（3个或3个节段以上）椎管内肿瘤中的作用。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年1月采用脊柱内固定技术结合显微神经外科手术治疗12例多节段椎管内肿瘤的临床资料。在显微镜下手术,应用体感诱发电位监测脊髓神经功能,在切除肿瘤的同时行椎弓根或侧块（颈段）钉棒内固定技术重建脊柱后柱。结果 5例室管膜瘤、2例脊膜瘤和2例硬膜外血管畸形均全切除,2例脂肪瘤大部切除,1例星形胶质细胞瘤部分切除;内固定时无神经、脊髓、血管损伤。术后无感染。9例术前有下肢肌力下降,术后2周明显好转;2例脂肪瘤术后出现下肢疼痛和麻木,但未出现肌力下降加重。术后X线检查示,内固定置入物基本符合要求。术后随访无固定装置断裂、移位病例。结论 脊柱内固定联合显微神经外科技术是在切除多节段椎管内肿瘤的同时、维护脊柱稳定性并巩固手术治疗效果的重要措施。     

28例中央轴空病的临床病理分析

目的探讨中央轴空病的临床病理特点及临床与病理间的关系。方法回顾性分析28例中央轴空病患者的临床及肌肉病理资料。结果28例中央轴空病病例中,22例出现明确的肢体肌无力,6例无临床症状；21例伴有骨、关节畸形；18例存在运动发育迟滞；在出生时,11例表现为松软婴儿,8例出现呼吸功能不全。所有病例在肌肉病理上均出现典型的中央轴空结构,部分病例同时出现一定量的偏心轴空以及多轴空结构；22例患者肌肉病理有明确的肌间质纤维化,与出现肌无力的患者相比,无临床症状者病理上出现相对较多的多轴空及偏心轴空,肌肉组织纤维化较轻。结论中央轴空病临床及病理表现可以有着很大的变异。     

Spine and spinal cord emergencies: vascular and infectious causes

This content presents infectious and vascular spinal emergencies, including epidural abscess, nontraumatic epidural hematoma, vascular malformations, and spinal cord infarction. The spine is subjected to multiple potential insults, such as trauma, infection, ischemia, hemorrhage, tumor, inflammation, and degeneration. All of these processes can lead to the sudden onset of neurologic symptoms, such as motor weaknesses, bowel and bladder incontinence, and sensory changes. Therefore, prompt recognition of these entities is important to reverse or minimize potential neurologic injury. The authors discuss several infectious and vascular spinal emergencies, including epidural abscess, nontraumatic epidural hematoma, vascular malformations, and spinal cord infarction.     

Spinal vascular malformations--typical and atypical findings

Vascular malformations of the spinal cord and its meninges are rare diseases which comprise true inborn cavernomas and arteriovenous malformations (AVM), including perimedullary fistulae, glomerular and juvenile AVMs, and presumably acquired dural arteriovenous fistulae. This article gives an overview of the imaging features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital subtraction angiography of both typical and atypical findings to describe the wide variety of possible pathological entities encountered. Clinical differential diagnoses, the neurological symptomatology and potential therapeutic approaches of these diseases, which may vary depending on the underlying pathology, are given. Although MRI constitutes the first choice diagnostic modality for suspected spinal vascular malformations, we conclude that the definite diagnosis of the disease and thus the choice of the appropriate therapeutic approach rests on selective spinal angiography which should be performed at a specialized center. Treatment in symptomatic patients offers an improvement in prognosis. Microsurgical treatment is recommended for symptomatic spinal cord cavernomas. Dural arteriovenous shunts can either be treated by microsurgical or endovascular approaches, the former being a simple, quick and secure approach to obliterate the fistula while the latter is technically demanding. In spinal arteriovenous malformations of both the fistulous and the glomerular type, the endovascular approach is the method of first choice; in selected cases, surgery or a combined therapy may be necessary.     

Spontaneous Resolution of Nontraumatic Acute Spinal Subdural Hematoma

Spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) is an extremely uncommon condition. Causative factors include trauma, anticoagulant drug administration, hemostatic disorders, and vascular disorders such as arteriovenous malformations and lumbar punctures. Of SSDH cases, those that do not have any traumatic event can be considered cases of nontraumatic acute spinal subdural hematoma, which is known to have diverse clinical progress. Treatment typically consists of surgical decompression and cases in which the condition is relieved with conservative treatment are rarely reported. We report two nontraumatic acute spinal subdural hematoma patients who were successfully treated without surgery.